The purpose of the study was to generate a knowledge contribution to graphic design. By examining the packaging of two milk and two oat drinks, the aim was to study and reflect on how companies represent sustainability through specific elements in the graphic design. The study is based on theories related to sustainability and packaging design, authenticity, greenwashing, certification of products and related studies. This study was based on qualitative research through visual and comparative analysis. Primary data has been created in the form of image analysis of packaging. The focus was on examining how companies imagine and convey messages about sustainability through the visual design of the packaging. The study has been conducted concerning the theory presented and reality. Consequently, research has become tied to the problematization of theory and study. In combination with theory, the empirical material resulted in a basis for analysis. The study showed that companies usually offer sustainability through certifications, informing consumers about food waste or abandonment of the use of the screw cap. Other things that may contribute to the brand’s perception as sustainable are packaging color and texture, using images associated with nature and information about how companies work with sustainability.

Les pyréthrinoïdes et les organophosphorés sont des pesticides très utilisés, à l’origine d’une imprégnation forte de la population, exposée à ces contaminants principalement via l’alimentation. De plus en plus d’études scientifiques suggèrent des liens entre l’exposition à ces composés et des maladies chroniques ou des troubles du développement de l’enfant. Paradoxalement, leur devenir biologique chez l’homme est mal connu. Certaines études suggèrent que ces insecticides sont susceptibles d’intéragir avec les transporteurs membranaires ABC et SLC, protéines localisées au niveau d’interfaces hémato-tissulaires qui prennent en charge de nombreux substrats endogènes, médicaments et contaminants de l’environnement. L’objectif de notre étude a été de caractériser les effets d’insecticides des familles des pyréthrinoïdes et des organophosphorés sur l’activité de nombreux transporteurs ABC et SLC prenant en charge des médicaments (P-gp, BCRP, MRPs, OATP-1B1,-2B1,-1B3, OCT1-3, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1 et MATE2K) par une approche in vitro. Nous nous sommes également attachés à caractériser par des expérimentations in vitro et in silico, les mécanismes des interactions et les éléments structuraux des pesticides à l’origine de ces effets. Nous avons montré que de nombreux organophosphorés et pyréthrinoïdes étaient capables d’inhiber des transporteurs d’efflux (MRP, BCRP, P-gp) et d’influx (OATP1B1, OAT3, MATE1, OCT1-2) et de stimuler l’activité de certains OATPs. Les pesticides testés inhibaient très fortement l’activité des transporteurs de cations (OCT1 et OCT2) et ont pu bloquer le transport de catécholamines médiés par ces protéines. Une approche qSAR a permis de définir des paramètres physicochimiques associés aux effets modulateurs des pesticides et une approche d’amarrage moléculaire (docking) a mise en évidence les sites de liaisons de la P-gp impliquées dans ces interactions. Les conséquences des modulations de l’activité des transporteurs, en termes d’effets toxiques et d’interactions médicamenteuses, restent à définir pour les populations exposées à de fortes doses de pesticides. Toutefois, la contribution des interactions observées aux effets toxiques de ces insecticides est peu probable car nécessitant des concentrations nettement supérieures à celles atteintes dans le cadre d’une exposition environnementale de la population générale. / The general population is chronically exposed to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides, mainly through alimentation. Several epidemiological studies have found an association between non-occupational exposure to these pesticides and chronic diseases and developmental disorders. Paradoxically, their biological fate in humans is poorly understood. Some studies suggest that these insecticides could interact with ABC and SLC membrane transporters. These membrane proteins, located at blood-tissue interfaces (liver, kidney, intestine ...), handle many endogenous substrates, drugs and pollutants. The objective of our study was to characterize, using an in vitro approach, the effects of pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides on the activity of numerous ABC and SLC human drug-transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRPs, OATP-1B1, -2B1, -1B3, OCT1-3, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1 and MATE2K). We have also tried to analyze the mechanisms of interactions and the structural requirements for insecticides-mediated modulation of drug transporters activities using in vitro and in silico approach. We have shown that many organophosphorus and pyrethroids are able to inhibit ABC (MRP, BCRP, P-gp) and SLC (OATP1B1, OAT3, MATE1, OCT1-2) transporters and can stimulate the activity of some OATPs. Moreover, the tested pesticides inhibited very strongly the activity of OCT1 and OCT2 and blocked catecholamine transport mediated by these transporters. A qSAR approach allowed to define physicochemical parameters associated with the modulating effects of pesticides and a molecular docking approach revealed the P-gp binding sites involved in these interactions. The consequences of transporter activitie modulation, in terms of toxic effects and drug interactions, remain to be defined for populations exposed to high doses of pesticides, occurring notably in response to poisoning. However the alterations of these transporter activities by insecticides are unlikely to contribute to organophosphorus or pyrethroids toxicities of chronic low-dose exposure.

O aparecimento de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glifosato tem colocado em risco a utilização de culturas que têm a tecnologia RR. A fim de verificar o desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glifosato, um experimento de campo foi realizado na estação experimental AgroMarochi localizada em Ponta Grossa, estado do Paraná, de 2009 a 2012, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes sistemas de produção, incluindo a rotação de culturas, culturas de cobertura e aplicação de herbicidas com diferentes mecanismos de ação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com dezesseis tratamentos e três repetições. Em função dos resultados, conclui-se que: (i) a rotação de culturas e de ingredientes ativos de herbicidas proporcionam melhor desempenho agronômico e econômico (menor risco de aparecimento de plantas daninhas resistentes e maiores produtividades), (ii) os sistemas 3 (soja/ trigo/ soja/ aveia /milho /trigo) e 4 (soja/ azevém/ soja/ azevém/ milho/ aveia), com 33% da área com rotação de cultura com milho na safra de verão, são os mais rentáveis independentemente dos cenários 1 e 2 do VPL (Valor Presente Líquido), (iii) os tratamentos com manejo padrão de herbicidas contribuíram no aumento da população das plantas daninhas (leiteiro, guanxuma, erva-quente, azevém - resistente e não resistente ao Glifosato e buva - resistente e não resistente ao Glifosato), e apresentaram menor rentabilidade, (iv) os manejos com rotação de herbicidas propiciaram a redução da população de plantas daninhas, (v) a cultura de aveia contribui para a redução de plantas daninhas, como azevém e buva resistentes e não resistentes ao glifosato, principalmente, (vi) área em pousio contribui para o aumento da população de plantas daninhas, como azevém e buva resistentes e não resistentes ao glifosato, principalmente, e (vii) a aplicação de Glifosato associado a Atrazina em pós emergência (tratamentos 6, 7, 11 e 14: sistemas de rotação de culturas 2, 3, 4 e 5, respectivamente) não diferiu da aplicação de Tembotrione associado a Atrazina (tratamentos 8, 9, 12 e 15: sistemas de rotação de culturas 2, 3, 4 e 5, respectivamente) na cultura de Milho RR sobre a população de azevém e buva resistente e não resistente ao glifosato. / The emergence of weeds resistant to Glyphosate has been putting at risk the use of crops that have the RR technology. In order to check the development of weeds resistant to Glyphosate, a field experiment was carried out at AgroMarochi experimental station located in \'Ponta Grossa\', State of Paraná, from 2009 to 2012, with the purpose of evaluating different agricultural production systems, including crop rotation, cover crops and application of herbicides with different mechanisms of action. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with sixteen treatments and three replications. In light of the results, it is concluded that: (i) rotation of crops and of active ingredients of herbicide provides better agronomic and economic performance (lower risk of emergence of resistant weeds and higher yields), (ii) the systems 3 (soybean/ wheat/ soybean/ oat/ maize/ wheat) and 4 (Soybean/ ryegrass/ soybean/ ryegrass/ maize/ oat), with 33% of the area with crop rotation with maize in the summer season, are the most profitable regardless of the scenarios 1 and 2 of the NPV (Net Present Value), (iii) treatment with standard management of herbicides contributed in increasing the population of weeds (Euphorbia heterophylla, Sida sp., Spermacoce latifolia, Lolium multiflorum - resistant and not resistant to Glyphosate, Conyza spp. - resistant and not resistant to Glyphosate), and had lower profitability, (iv) the management with rotation of herbicides favored reducing weed populations, (v) the oat crop helps in reducing weeds, as ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and Conyza spp. resistant and not resistant to Glyphosate, mainly, (vi) fallow area contributes to the increasing population of weeds, as ryegrass and Conyza spp. resistant and not resistant to Glyphosate, mainly, and (vii) the application of Glyphosate associate to atrazine in post emergency (treatments 6, 7, 11 and 14: crop rotation systems 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively) not differ from application of Tembotrione associate to Atrazine (treatments 8, 9, 12 and 15: crop rotation systems 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively) in RR maize crop over weed population of ryegrass and Conyza spp. resistant and not resistant to Glyphosate.

The two main sources of biomass for energy generation are purpose-grown energy crops and waste materials. Energy crops, such as Miscanthus and short rotation woody crops (coppice), are cultivated mainly for energy purposes and are associated with the food vs. fuels debate, which is concerned with whether land should be used for fuel rather than food production. The use of residues from agriculture, such as barley, canola, oat and wheat straw, for energy generation circumvents the food vs. fuel dilemma and adds value to existing crops. In fact, these residues represent an abundant, inexpensive and readily available source of renewable lignocellulosic biomass. In order to reduce industrys operational cost as well as to meet the requirement of raw material for biofuel production, biomass must be processed and handled in an efficient manner. Due to its high moisture content, irregular shape and size, and low bulk density, biomass is very difficult to handle, transport, store, and utilize in its original form. Densification of biomass into durable compacts is an effective solution to these problems and it can reduce material waste. Upon densification, many agricultural biomass materials, especially those from straw and stover, result in a poorly formed pellets or compacts that are more often dusty, difficult to handle and costly to manufacture. This is caused by lack of complete understanding on the natural binding characteristics of the components that make up biomass. An integrated approach to postharvest processing (chopping, grinding and steam explosion), and feasibility study on lab-scale and pilot scale densification of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw was successfully established to develop baseline data and correlations, that assisted in performing overall specific energy analysis. A new procedure was developed to rapidly characterize the lignocellulosic composition of agricultural biomass using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, baseline knowledge was created to determine the physical and frictional properties of non-treated and steam exploded agricultural biomass grinds. Particle size reduction of agricultural biomass was performed to increase the total surface area, pore size of the material and the number of contact points for inter-particle bonding in the compaction process. Predictive regression equations having higher R2 values were developed that could be used by biorefineries to perform economic feasibility of establishing a processing plant. Specific energy required by a hammer mill to grind non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw showed a negative power correlation with hammer mill screen sizes. Rapid and cost effective quantification of lignocellulosic components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) of agricultural biomass (barley, canola, oat and wheat) is essential to determine the effect of various pre-treatments (such as steam explosion) on biomass used as feedstock for the biofuel industry. A novel procedure to quantitatively predict lignocellulosic components of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw was developed using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Regression equations having R2 values of 0.89, 0.99 and 0.98 were developed to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin compounds of biomass, respectively. The average absolute difference in predicted and measured cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in agricultural biomass was 7.5%, 2.5%, and 3.8%, respectively. Application of steam explosion pre-treatment on agricultural straw significantly altered the physical and frictional properties, which has direct significance on designing new and modifying existing bins, hoppers and feeders for handling and storage of straw for biofuel industry. As a result, regression equations were developed to enhance process efficiency by eliminating the need for experimental procedure while designing and manufacturing of new handling equipment. Compaction of low bulk density agricultural biomass is a critical and desirable operation for sustainable and economic availability of feedstock for the biofuel industry. A comprehensive study of the compression characteristics (density of pellet and total specific energy required for compression) of ground non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw obtained from three hammer mill screen sizes of 6.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mm at 10% moisture content (wb) was conducted. Four preset pressures of 31.6, 63.2, 94.7 and 138.9 MPa, were applied using an Instron testing machine to compress samples in a cylindrical die. It was determined that the applied pressure (60.4%) was the most significant factor affecting pellet density followed by the application of steam explosion pre-treatment (39.4%). Similarly, the type of biomass (47.1%) is the most significant factor affecting durability followed by the application of pre-treatment (38.2%) and grind size (14.6%). Also, the applied pressure (58.3%) was the most significant factor affecting specific energy required to manufacture pellets followed by the biomass (15.3%), pre-treatment (13.3%) and grind size (13.2%), which had lower but similar effect affect on specific energy. In addition, correlations for pellet density and specific energy with applied pressure and hammer mill screen sizes having highest R2 values were developed. Higher grind sizes and lower applied pressures resulted in higher relaxations (lower pellet densities) during storage of pellets. Three compression models, namely: Jones model, Cooper-Eaton model, and Kawakita-Ludde model were considered to determine the pressure-volume and pressure-density relationship of non-treated and steam exploded straws. Kawakita-Ludde model provided the best fit to the experimental data having R2 values of 0.99 for non-treated straw and 1.00 for steam exploded biomass samples. The steam exploded straw had higher porosity than non-treated straw. In addition, the steam exploded straw was easier to compress since it had lower yield strength or failure stress values compared to non-treated straw. Pilot scale pelleting experiments were performed on non-treated, steam exploded and customized (adding steam exploded straw grinds in increments of 25% to non-treated straw) barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds obtained from 6.4, 3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 mm hammer mill screen sizes at 10% moisture content (wb). The pilot scale pellet mill produced pellets from ground non-treated straw at hammer mill screen sizes of 0.8 and 1.6 mm and customized samples having 25% steam exploded straw at 0.8 mm. It was observed that the pellet bulk density and particle density are positively correlated. The density and durability of agricultural straw pellets significantly increased with a decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm. Interestingly, customization of agricultural straw by adding 25% of steam exploded straw by weight resulted in higher durability (> 80%) pellets but did not improve durability compared to non-treated straw pellets. In addition, durability of pellets was negatively correlated to pellet mill throughput and was positively correlated to specific energy consumption. Total specific energy required to form pellets increased with a decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 to 0.8 mm and also the total specific energy significantly increased with customization of straw at 0.8 mm screen size. It has been determined that the net specific energy available for production of biofuel is a significant portion of original agricultural biomass energy (89-94%) for all agricultural biomass.

The two main sources of biomass for energy generation are purpose-grown energy crops and waste materials. Energy crops, such as Miscanthus and short rotation woody crops (coppice), are cultivated mainly for energy purposes and are associated with the food vs. fuels debate, which is concerned with whether land should be used for fuel rather than food production. The use of residues from agriculture, such as barley, canola, oat and wheat straw, for energy generation circumvents the food vs. fuel dilemma and adds value to existing crops. In fact, these residues represent an abundant, inexpensive and readily available source of renewable lignocellulosic biomass. In order to reduce industrys operational cost as well as to meet the requirement of raw material for biofuel production, biomass must be processed and handled in an efficient manner. Due to its high moisture content, irregular shape and size, and low bulk density, biomass is very difficult to handle, transport, store, and utilize in its original form. Densification of biomass into durable compacts is an effective solution to these problems and it can reduce material waste. Upon densification, many agricultural biomass materials, especially those from straw and stover, result in a poorly formed pellets or compacts that are more often dusty, difficult to handle and costly to manufacture. This is caused by lack of complete understanding on the natural binding characteristics of the components that make up biomass. An integrated approach to postharvest processing (chopping, grinding and steam explosion), and feasibility study on lab-scale and pilot scale densification of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw was successfully established to develop baseline data and correlations, that assisted in performing overall specific energy analysis. A new procedure was developed to rapidly characterize the lignocellulosic composition of agricultural biomass using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, baseline knowledge was created to determine the physical and frictional properties of non-treated and steam exploded agricultural biomass grinds. Particle size reduction of agricultural biomass was performed to increase the total surface area, pore size of the material and the number of contact points for inter-particle bonding in the compaction process. Predictive regression equations having higher R2 values were developed that could be used by biorefineries to perform economic feasibility of establishing a processing plant. Specific energy required by a hammer mill to grind non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw showed a negative power correlation with hammer mill screen sizes. Rapid and cost effective quantification of lignocellulosic components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) of agricultural biomass (barley, canola, oat and wheat) is essential to determine the effect of various pre-treatments (such as steam explosion) on biomass used as feedstock for the biofuel industry. A novel procedure to quantitatively predict lignocellulosic components of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw was developed using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Regression equations having R2 values of 0.89, 0.99 and 0.98 were developed to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin compounds of biomass, respectively. The average absolute difference in predicted and measured cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in agricultural biomass was 7.5%, 2.5%, and 3.8%, respectively. Application of steam explosion pre-treatment on agricultural straw significantly altered the physical and frictional properties, which has direct significance on designing new and modifying existing bins, hoppers and feeders for handling and storage of straw for biofuel industry. As a result, regression equations were developed to enhance process efficiency by eliminating the need for experimental procedure while designing and manufacturing of new handling equipment. Compaction of low bulk density agricultural biomass is a critical and desirable operation for sustainable and economic availability of feedstock for the biofuel industry. A comprehensive study of the compression characteristics (density of pellet and total specific energy required for compression) of ground non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw obtained from three hammer mill screen sizes of 6.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mm at 10% moisture content (wb) was conducted. Four preset pressures of 31.6, 63.2, 94.7 and 138.9 MPa, were applied using an Instron testing machine to compress samples in a cylindrical die. It was determined that the applied pressure (60.4%) was the most significant factor affecting pellet density followed by the application of steam explosion pre-treatment (39.4%). Similarly, the type of biomass (47.1%) is the most significant factor affecting durability followed by the application of pre-treatment (38.2%) and grind size (14.6%). Also, the applied pressure (58.3%) was the most significant factor affecting specific energy required to manufacture pellets followed by the biomass (15.3%), pre-treatment (13.3%) and grind size (13.2%), which had lower but similar effect affect on specific energy. In addition, correlations for pellet density and specific energy with applied pressure and hammer mill screen sizes having highest R2 values were developed. Higher grind sizes and lower applied pressures resulted in higher relaxations (lower pellet densities) during storage of pellets. Three compression models, namely: Jones model, Cooper-Eaton model, and Kawakita-Ludde model were considered to determine the pressure-volume and pressure-density relationship of non-treated and steam exploded straws. Kawakita-Ludde model provided the best fit to the experimental data having R2 values of 0.99 for non-treated straw and 1.00 for steam exploded biomass samples. The steam exploded straw had higher porosity than non-treated straw. In addition, the steam exploded straw was easier to compress since it had lower yield strength or failure stress values compared to non-treated straw. Pilot scale pelleting experiments were performed on non-treated, steam exploded and customized (adding steam exploded straw grinds in increments of 25% to non-treated straw) barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds obtained from 6.4, 3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 mm hammer mill screen sizes at 10% moisture content (wb). The pilot scale pellet mill produced pellets from ground non-treated straw at hammer mill screen sizes of 0.8 and 1.6 mm and customized samples having 25% steam exploded straw at 0.8 mm. It was observed that the pellet bulk density and particle density are positively correlated. The density and durability of agricultural straw pellets significantly increased with a decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm. Interestingly, customization of agricultural straw by adding 25% of steam exploded straw by weight resulted in higher durability (> 80%) pellets but did not improve durability compared to non-treated straw pellets. In addition, durability of pellets was negatively correlated to pellet mill throughput and was positively correlated to specific energy consumption. Total specific energy required to form pellets increased with a decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 to 0.8 mm and also the total specific energy significantly increased with customization of straw at 0.8 mm screen size. It has been determined that the net specific energy available for production of biofuel is a significant portion of original agricultural biomass energy (89-94%) for all agricultural biomass.

No description available.

No description available.

The ability to identify germplasm and select traits accurately is fundamental to successful plant breeding. Pedigrees and molecular markers facilitate these processes; however misleading experimental results can occur when incorrect relationships and/or cultivar names are recorded. Molecular markers can identify these inconsistencies, and with advances in genotyping technology these diagnostics can be done faster and more objectively. This study aimed to develop molecular marker assays and graphical genotyping methodologies for cultivar identification, seed purity assessment and trait selection in oat (Avena sativa L.). KBioscience’s Allele-Specific PCR (KASP™) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technologies were applied to a set of current Canadian oat cultivars to evaluate their utility for identifying cultivars and detecting intra-cultivar variation. Both KASP™ and GBS detected different extents of heterogeneity among a set of 160 seeds that originated from four seed sources of four cultivars. In both cases, the detected variation did not appear to be limited to a specific cultivar or seed source, reinforcing that all cultivars are heterogeneous. Graphical genotyping localized heterogeneity to specific chromosome regions, thereby distinguishing physical contamination from true genetic heterogeneity and heterozygosity. Pre-existing genotype data for 700 oat cultivars and breeding lines were also used to construct graphical genotypes for pedigree validation and discovery of potential sources for favourable quantitative trait loci (QTL) alleles. This methodology used historical QTLs and anchoring markers to identify 25 putative “high oil” allele carriers. The results from this study will provide diagnostic tools for cultivar identification and pedigree validation, in addition to meaningful information about existing heterogeneity and possible QTL locations in current cultivars.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA10MA084.pdf: 10543370 bytes, checksum: c4278e36095798e986451ebb91edcf8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Epidemiological data, clinical and pathological findings of the spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitrate and nitrite in cattle fed by oats (Avena sativa) and ryegrass (Lolium spp), diphenylamine test, and the nitrate content in the samples of the pasture where the outbreaks occurred are described. The disease occurs in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina, in which pastures have exuberant growth, after receiving excessive amounts of chemical and/or organic fertilizer, mainly when raining occurs after a period of dry wheather. The animals grazing these pastures quickly developed brown mucosa, tachypnea, staggering gait, frequent urination, bloating, lateral recumbency and death in few minutes or hours. At necropsy of four animals that died spontaneously, the main lesions found were brown mucosa, dark color of the blood (chocolate), intense red color of the skeletal muscles and of the left part of the myocardium. The experimental reproduction of the disease was performed in seven cattles, with pastures of four farms where the disease occurred. The animals were fed with fresh and hay oats and ryegrass. Four animals died, two became ill and recovered, and one was treated with 2 mg / kg per body weight methylene blue 1%, and one cattle did not show changes. Clinical signs and lesions of the sickened and died animals were similar to natural cases. Microscopic changes were not observed in spontaneous and experimental poisoning. The diphenylamine test was positive in all the farms where the outbreaks occurred. The chemical analysis performed on samples of pasture from several farms in which outbreaks of the disease occured ranged from 0.30% to 3.36% of nitrate in the dry matter. The disease is associated with the ingestion of oats and ryegrass pastures heavily fertilizer, which accumulates high levels of nitrate after a period of rain and is characterized by rapid breathing, dark-colored blood, brown mucous and rapid death / Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos e lesões da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitrato e nitrito em bovinos que pastoreiam em pastagens de aveia (Avena sativa) e azevém (Lolium spp), o teste da Difenilamina e os teores de nitrato nas amostras de pastagens onde ocorreram os surtos. A enfermidade ocorre em diferentes regiões do estado de Santa Catarina, quando as pastagens tem crescimento exuberante, após receberem quantidades excessivas de adubo químico e/ou orgânico, principalmente quando ocorrem condições climáticas de seca e posteriormente chuva. Os animais em contato com essas pastagens desenvolveram rapidamente mucosas de coloração marrom, taquipnéia, andar cambaleante, micção frequente, timpanismo, decúbito lateral e morte em poucos minutos, ou recuperação algumas horas após. Na necropsia de quatro animais que adoeceram espontaneamente, as principais lesões encontradas foram a coloração marrom das mucosas, a cor escura do sangue (cor de chocolate) e a coloração vermelho intensa da musculatura esquelética e do miocárdio esquerdo. A reprodução experimental da doença foi realizada em sete bovinos, com pastagens de quatro propriedades onde ocorreu a doença. Aveia e azevém verdes e sob a forma de feno foram administradas aos bovinos, destes quatro morreram, dois adoeceram e recuperam-se, um naturalmente e outro com a aplicação de azul de metileno a 1%, na dose de 2 mg/kg/peso vivo, e um bovino não apresentou alterações. Os sinais clínicos observados e lesões dos animais que adoeceram e morreram foram idênticos aos casos naturais. Alterações microscópicas não foram observadas nos casos naturais e experimentais. O teste da difenilamina resultou positivo em todas as propriedades em que ocorreram os surtos. A análise bromatológica realizada em amostras coletadas de várias propriedades em que ocorreram surtos da enfermidade variaram de 0,30% a 3,36% de nitrato na matéria seca. A enfermidade caracterizou-se principalmente por respiração ofegante, sangue de coloração escura, mucosas de coloração marrom e morte rápida de bovinos e está relacionada á ingestão de pastagens de aveia e azevém superadubadas, que acumularam alto teor de nitrato, após um período de chuvas precedido de seca

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research was conducted with the objective of studying the dynamics of soil temperature and water content as a function of the different amounts of black oat residue (Avena sativa Schreb.) in the soil cover, through existing relationships with meteorological variables, as well as the simulation of these dynamics using Hydrus-1D. The experiment was carried out in an Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico arênico (Rhodic Paleudalf) in Santa Maria - RS. The treatments consisted of the use of 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha-1 of oat straw in soil cover and an uncovered soil treatment (0 Mg ha-1). Soil temperature and water content at different depths, in addition to meteorological conditions, were measured during the period from December 1, 2014 to December 6, 2015. The effect of straw on soil temperature was analyzed at different depths, correlating covered soil temperature with uncovered soil temperature. The equations used for estimating soil surface temperature were adjusted by the least square method, where the surface temperature is estimated as a function of air temperature and incident solar radiation, and its performance compared to the sinusoidal equation. The hydraulic and thermal parameters required for the simulation of soil temperature and water content were optimized by the reverse solution and validated on uncovered soils. The optimized parameters were used to simulate the temperature and water content in soils with different amounts of straw with two contour conditions for the soil surface temperature, one measure and the other estimated. The straw affected the soil temperature down to 50 cm deep. The uncovered soil temperature at which inversion of the straw effect occurred was 19.6 ° C at the surface and 15.8 ° C at 50 cm depth. The presence of straw keeps the soil warmer than the soil without straw at the beginning of the day, but prevents it from warming similar to the ground without straw for the rest of the day, causing in turn that, bare soil gets warmer during the day and cools more at night compared to the covered soil. This temperature was similar in all amounts of straw, but decreased in depth. The temperature of the soil surface can be estimated as a function of air temperature and solar radiation. In uncovered soil the proposed equation presents better performance compared to the sinusoidal equation. In covered soils the sinusoidal equation had better performance. The optimal hydraulic and thermal parameters of the soil improved the simulations of temperature and soil water content. The soil temperature with different amounts of oat straw can be simulated using Hydrus-1D, and the use of the contour condition with the measured surface temperature performed better than the estimated surface temperature. / Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de estudar a dinâmica da temperatura e do conteúdo de água do solo em função de diferentes quantidades de resíduos de aveia preta disposta em cobertura por meio das relações existente com variáveis meteorológicas, bem como a representação destes comportamentos por meio de simulação utilizando o Hydrus-1D. O experimento foi conduzido em um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico arênico em Santa Maria - RS. Os tratamentos consistiram da utilização de três diferentes níveis de cobertura do solo (3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1) com palha de aveia (Avena sativa) e um tratamento com solo descoberto (0 Mg ha-1). A temperatura do solo e o conteúdo volumétrico de água, em diferentes profundidades, além das condições meteorológicas, foram mensurados durante o período de 01/12/2014 a 06/12/2015. O efeito da cobertura do solo com resíduos vegetais na temperatura do solo foi analisado nas diferentes profundidades correlacionando a temperatura do solo com palha e a temperatura do solo descoberto. O método dos mínimos quadrados foi usado para gerar equações de estimativa da temperatura da superfície do solo em função da temperatura do ar e da radiação solar e o seu desempenho foi comparado com a equação senoidal. Os parâmetros hidráulicos e térmicos, necessários para a simulação da temperatura e do conteúdo de água do solo, com o Hydrus-1D, foram otimizados por meio da solução inversa e validados em solos descobertos. Os parâmetros otimizados foram usados para a simulação da temperatura e do conteúdo de água em solos com diferentes quantidades de palha com duas condições de contorno para a temperatura da superfície do solo, uma medida e outra estimada. A palha exerce influência sobre a temperatura do solo até 50 cm de profundidade. A temperatura do solo descoberto em que ocorre a inversão do efeito da palha foi de 19,6 °C na superfície e 15,8 °C a 50 cm de profundidade. A presença de cobertura de palha mantém o solo mais aquecido que o solo sem palha no início do dia, mas impede que ele se aqueça igual ao solo sem palha no restante do dia. Assim resultando em uma percepção de que a palha aquece e resfria o solo em relação à temperatura do solo desnudo. Essa temperatura foi semelhante em todas as quantidades de palha, porém decresceu em profundidade. A estimativa da temperatura da superfície do solo pode ser estimada em função da temperatura do ar e da radiação solar. Em solo descoberto as equações propostas tem melhor desempenho que a equação senoidal. Em solos cobertos a equação senoidal teve melhor desempenho. Os parâmetros hidráulicos e térmicos do solo otimizados melhoraram as simulações da temperatura e conteúdo de água do solo. A simulação da temperatura do solo com diferentes quantidades de cobertura vegetal pode ser simulada usando o Hydrus-1D, sendo que o uso da condição de contorno com a temperatura da superfície medido teve melhor desempenho que o utilizando a temperatura da superfície estimada.