Si la responsabilité contractuelle et la responsabilité délictuelle sont aujourd’hui considérées comme les deux ordres de la responsabilité civile, elles sont deux sanctions distinctes car leurs régimes diffèrent. Unité de nature, dualité de régime : telle est la présentation actuelle de la distinction entre la responsabilité contractuelle et la responsabilité délictuelle. Toutefois, cette forme de distinction est contestée, tant en ce qui concerne l’unité de nature que la dualité de régime. Le débat est aussi passionnant qu’embarrassant, notamment du fait de l’insécurité juridique qui l’accompagne. A l’heure prochaine de la réforme du droit des contrats, il importe donc de faire le point sur ce débat récurrent, ce qui conduit à mettre à nouveau en procès la distinction entre la responsabilité contractuelle et la responsabilité délictuelle. Il apparaît alors que si l’unité de nature est réelle, la dualité de régime n’est qu’illusion. Ainsi, la distinction entre la responsabilité contractuelle et la responsabilité délictuelle disparaît. Sanction de l’inexécution d’une norme, la responsabilité civile n’est plus qu’une, à moins que le crépuscule de cette distinction ne soit l’aurore d’une nouvelle distinction, plus pertinente, entre une responsabilité simple et une responsabilité aggravée. / If contractual liability and tortious liability are considered today as being the two systems of civil liability, they are two distinct forms because their rules differ. Unity of nature, duality of rules : this is how the distinction between contractual liability and tortious liability is currently presented. However, this form of distinction is contested both regarding the unity of the nature and the duality of rules. The debate is as exciting as it is embarrassing, notably due to the legal insecurity it conveys. On the eve of the reform of contract law, it seems necessary to review this recurrent debate and thus reconsider once again the distinction between contractual liability and tortious liability. This present research suggests that if the former is effectively a reality, the latter is only an illusion. That being so, the distinction between contractual liability and tortious liability disappears. As a result of the inexecution of a norm, civil liability reveals its oneness, unless the twilight of this distinction is the dawn of another distinction, more relevant, between simple liability and aggravated liability.

Le 10 janvier 2010, un séisme dévastateur a frappé Port-au-Prince, la capitale de la République d‘Haïti et de nombreux camps de déplacés se sont formés à travers la ville. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons la situation du logement dans cette métropole à la suite du séisme comme observatoire. Ce contexte nous aide à illustrer la pertinence d‘imputer aux acteurs non-étatiques de l‘humanitaire (ANÉH) des obligations juridiques en matière de droits humains qui seraient insubordonnées à celles imputées aux États. Cette démarche cherche à promouvoir le respect et la mise en oeuvre des droits économiques et sociaux des populations vivant dans les camps de déplacés. Nous avons ciblé trois dimensions transversales des droits humains et du droit au logement: le principe de non-discrimination, le droit à la participation et le droit à un recours effectif. Celles-ci sont utilisées pour évaluer les interventions des ANÉH. Ensuite, nous analysons le cadre juridique international des droits de la personne qui s‘appliquait en Haïti à la suite du séisme et nous expliquons dans quelle mesure ce cadre impose des obligations aux ANÉH. La présente étude de cas est alimentée par des entrevues réalisées sur le terrain avec des résidents de trois camps et des membres du personnel des ANÉH. Nos résultats exposent dans quelle mesure les besoins en matière de logement de ces populations sont pris ou non en considération par les ANÉH. Ultimement, nous démontrons la nécessité d‘instaurer un mécanisme de contrôle des ANÉH qui serait indépendant de l‘État où survient la catastrophe.

Il est devenu commun, pour la doctrine civiliste, de présenter la scène juridique par la summa divisio des droits réels et des droits personnels. Les premiers permettent aux personnes d'exercer leur domination sur le monde des choses, tandis que les seconds constituent des liens de droit entre personnes – des obligations. Si la structure du droit réel apparaît, ainsi, comme un lien direct entre une personne et une chose, celle du droit personnel souffre la présence d'un débiteur, contre lequel s'exerce le droit. La doctrine considère que cette opposition structurelle des droits réels et des droits personnels se traduit, concrètement, par une différence de régime au profit du droit réel : ce dernier serait supérieur au droit personnel, du fait, notamment, de la plus grande efficacité de son régime de protection. Or, la thèse donne d'abord l'occasion de constater que cette hiérarchie dans le régime de protection des droits réels et des droits personnels ne trouve aucun fondement en droit positif. En conséquence, dès lors que la différence de régime des droits réels et des droits personnels est présentée par la doctrine comme la traduction de l'opposition structurelle de ces droits, la pertinence de cette classification structurelle apparaît douteuse. Pour autant, la thèse conduira à la conservation de la summa divisio des droits réels et des droits personnels. Ce maintien requiert, néanmoins, de modifier le critère de distinction qui organise actuellement la summa divisio, à savoir la prétendue supériorité du droit réel sur le droit personnel. Le plan suivi pour cette démonstration est le suivant : I : L'origine de la summa divisio II : Les incohérences de la summa divisio III : La correction de la summa divisio / It has become common for civil law doctrinal writings to present the legal developments by a summa divisio of real rights and personal rights. The real rights allow persons to exercise their domination over the world of things, whereas personal rights constitute legal relationships between persons - obligations. Even if the structure of real right, thus, seems like a direct relationship between the person and the thing, personal right suffers from the debtor's presence against whom this right is exercised. The doctrinal writings consider that this structural opposition of real rights and personal rights is concretely interpreted as a difference in the regime to the benefit of real right: the latter would be superior to personal rights particularly because of the greater efficiency of its protection regime. However, the thesis first gives an opportunity to note that this hierarchy in the protection regime of real rights and personal rights has no basis in positive law. Consequently, when the difference between the real rights and personal rights regime is presented by the doctrinal writings as a structural opposition of these rights, the relevancy of such structural classification appears doubtful. However, the thesis will lead to the safeguarding of the summa divisio of real rights and personal rights. This nevertheless requires modifying the criterion of distinction that currently organizes the summa divisio, namely the alleged superiority of real right on personal right. The plan for demonstrating the above is as follows: I: Origin of the summa divisio II: Inconsistencies in the summa divisio III: Correction of the summa divisio

This master thesis discusses legal status of a member of the limited liability company according to the Czech and Slovak legislation. The legal status is analysed mostly in terms of member's rights and obligations. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the ways in which the status of the member originates and terminates. Each chapter starts with an analysis of the Czech legislation, which is followed by comparison with the Slovak. Finally, the legislations are evaluated including similarities and differences and remarking their advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the thesis is to verify, whether the legal status of the member is similar in both countries, since they are closely connected historically, geographically and politically.

Shareholder is an essential part of a joint stock company. No joint stock company can exist without its shareholders. Although, due to the nature of a joint stock company shareholders are not entitled to direct exercise of executive functions in the company, they may influence the operation of the join-stock company using their shareholder's rights. In connection with participation in the company, shareholders have also other rights, in particular right to a profit share or to a liquidation share. Special rights are granted to a minority shareholders (or qualified shareholders), due to their weaker position in the company. In addition, shareholders must fulfill certain obligations towards the company, in particular to fulfill a contribution obligation and to behave loyally towards the company. The aim of this thesis is to describe in general all the rights and obligations of shareholders, i.e. to describe its legal status in the company pursuant to the Business Corporations Act. The Business Corporations Act is effective for a relatively short time (as of 1 January 2014) and though it is largely based on the repealed Commercial Code, the interpretation of certain provisions may raise more questions than answers. Therefore, this thesis also seeks to point out possible ambiguities of this new legislation and to offer a solution to them.

in English This diploma thesis analyzes the legislation focused on the internal security of the state, especially it is focused on fire protection units and integrated rescue system. The aim of the diploma thesis was to open the problematic issues of the relevant legislation. The first part deals with the theoretical analysis of the relevant legislation and the second part contains research that is aimed at verifying the application of this legislation in practice. The first chapter deals with the factual definition of the components of the integrated rescue system, both the basic components and other components. It also discusses the basic coordination of the components of the integrated rescue system. The second chapter describes the factual definition of fire protection units in relation to other components of the integrated rescue system and then presents the various types of fire protection units. Individual types of fire protection units are defined in terms of their division, material definition, establishment, organizational structure and personnel substrate. The third chapter already deals with some narrowly defined aspects. The chapter describes the mutual cooperation and operation of fire protection units, including the introduction of the institute of the intervention commander, which...

Legal practice with the focus on the duties of an attorney at law Abstract The dissertation thesis focuses on the exercise of the legal profession in the Czech Republic and its aim is to contribute to the professional and scientific discussion on the provision of attorney services, focusing on the attorney-client legal relationship. In its theoretical part, the dissertation thesis marginally discusses the historical context of the emergence of the legal profession as an independent and separate profession of legally erudite persons, both at the general level and at its specific levels, while emphasizing the strict observance of the constitutional right to legal assistance and its national and international legal anchoring and enforceability. The thesis analyses in detail and critically evaluates the performance of the legal profession de lege lata in accordance with the current legislation in force and simultaneously in comparison at the European and international level. The main content of the thesis is primarily the analysis of the legal relationship between the attorney-at-law and the client with an emphasis on a detailed analysis of the attorney-at-law's rights and obligations in individual legal proceedings and aside from them and on the performance of attorney services de lege artis. The dissertation...

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические основы и законодательная база предоставления субвенций бюджетам бюджетной системы Российской Федерации. Во второй главе исследованы методические основы и проведен анализ предоставления субвенций региональным и местным бюджетам на примере консолидированного бюджета Свердловской области. В третьей главе предложены пути совершенствования порядка предоставления субвенций на финансовое обеспечение расходных обязательств субъектов РФ и муниципальных образований. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources used. The first chapter discusses the theoretical foundations and legislative framework for the provision of subsidies to the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The second chapter explores the methodological foundations and analyzes the provision of subventions to regional and local budgets on the example of the consolidated budget of the Sverdlovsk region. The third chapter proposes ways to improve the procedure for providing subventions for financial support of expenditure obligations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formed.

Within the last decade, scholars and practitioners alike have noted a surge in the use of legal financial obligations (LFOs) in criminal justice processing. These include fines, fees, and costs that are applied to defendants’ cases from “upstream” agencies such as police departments to “downstream” agencies including jails, prisons, probation and parole agencies, and treatment centers. Legal financial obligations can be large, and the result is that outstanding balances often accumulate into unwieldy amounts of criminal justice debt. Recently, a small handful of qualitative studies have shown that these LFOs and debts can have adverse impacts on returning prisoners and their families, including increased stress, strained family relationships, worsened depression, and longer periods spent under criminal justice surveillance for those too poor to pay off outstanding balances. In addition, some of this work suggests that these financial obligations can increase the likelihood of returning to crime. This dissertation expands on the major contributions of these recent qualitative works by addressing the lack of quantitative research in this area. Toward this end, longitudinal data from the Returning Home Study (n=740) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques are used to test whether LFOs and debt indeed have adverse impacts on key outcomes of interest in reentry research, including family relationships, depression, justice involvement/entanglement, and recidivism. Findings reveal partial support for past research and theory. Legal financial obligations do not appear to have impacts on depression, family conflict, and several measures of recidivism on average. However, outstanding debt owed to community supervision agencies (i.e., probation/parole/mandatory community supervision) significantly increases the likelihood of remaining under supervision, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of returning to prison. Implications for decision-making bodies from state legislatures to corrections agencies are discussed. / Criminal Justice

Cette thèse est composée de trois articles abordant différentes problématiques en relation avec la modélisation, la couverture et la tarification des risques d’assurance et financiers. “A general class of distortion operators for pricing contingent claims with applications to CAT bonds” est un projet présentant une méthode générale pour dériver des opérateurs de distorsion compatibles avec la valorisation sans arbitrage. Ce travail offre également une nouvelle classe simple d’opérateurs de distorsion afin d’expliquer les primes observées dans le marché des obligations catastrophes. “Local hedging of variable annuities in the presence of basis risk” est un travail dans lequel une méthode de couverture des rentes variables en présence de risque de base est développée. La méthode de couverture proposée bénéficie d’une exposition plus élevée au risque de marché et d’une diversification temporelle du risque pour obtenir un rendement excédentaire et faciliter l’accumulation de capital. “Option pricing under regime-switching models : Novel approaches removing path-dependence” est un projet dans lequel diverses mesures neutres au risque sont construites pour les modèles à changement de régime de manière à générer des processus de prix d’option qui ne présentent pas de dépendance au chemin, en plus de satisfaire d’autres propriétés jugées intuitives et souhaitables. / This thesis is composed of three papers addressing different issues in relation to the modeling, hedging and pricing of insurance and financial risks. “A general class of distortion operators for pricing contingent claims with applications to CAT bonds” is a project presenting a general method for deriving probability distortion operators consistent with arbitrage-free pricing. This work also offers a simple novel class of distortions operators for explaining catastrophe (CAT) bond spreads. “Local hedging of variable annuities in the presence of basis risk” is a work in which a method to hedge variable annuities in the presence of basis risk is developed. The proposed hedging scheme benefits from a higher exposure to equity risk and from time diversification of risk to earn excess return and facilitate the accumulation of capital. “Option pricing under regime-switching models: Novel approaches removing path-dependence” is a project in which various risk-neutral measures for hidden regime-switching models are constructed in such a way that they generate option price processes which do not exhibit path-dependence in addition to satisfy other properties deemed intuitive and desirable.