The Swedish Social Services Act (2001:453) states that crime victims should be a priority group for the social services and that they have a responsibility to ensure that victims receive the needed help and support. The aim with this study was to examine how the Swedish municipal social services fulfil their responsibility for the psychosocial wellbeing of crime victims, by examining the collaboration between Victim Support and the social services. Interviews were conducted with crime victims, crime victim coordinators and social workers. The social services have an overall responsibility for the psy-chosocial support to crime victims. However, the study show that in reality the social services, in many cases, do not provide this help and support, as there is a view that it is not their responsibility. Instead, the victims are referred to various support organisations such as Victim Support, without really knowing what kind of support they are offering. Furthermore, the social services in some mu-nicipalities argue that there is no opportunity for them to collaborate with Victim Support due to con-fidentiality, even though it is possible in other municipalities. Through collaboration resources can be saved, and knowledge and awareness of the victims’ needs can be increased. This can eventually lead to that victims’ receive better care, which can result in shorter recovery time for crisis that may have occurred due to the experience of crime. / I socialtjänstlagen (2001:453) framgår att brottsoffer ska vara en prioriterad grupp för socialtjänsten och att de har ansvar för att se till att brottsoffer får hjälp och stöd. Syftet med denna studie var att un-dersöka hur socialtjänsten uppfyller sitt ansvar för det psykosociala stödet till brottsoffer, genom att undersöka samverkan mellan socialtjänsten och Brottsofferjouren. Studien genomförs genom intervju-er med brottsoffersamordnare, socialsekreterare och brottsoffer. Det framkommer att socialtjänsten, enligt socialtjänstlagen, har det övergripande ansvaret för det psykosociala stödet till brottsoffer. Re-sultatet från studien visar dock att socialtjänsten i många fall inte ger hjälp och stöd till brottsoffer, då det finns ett synsätt att de inte har ansvar för detta. Istället hänvisas brottsoffren till olika stödorganisa-tioner såsom Brottsofferjouren, utan att socialtjänsten har någon djupare kunskap om vad dessa orga-nisationer erbjuder för stöd. Vidare menar socialtjänsten i vissa kommuner att det inte finns någon möjlighet att samverka med Brottsofferjouren på grund av sekretess, trots att andra kommuner kan göra det. Samverkan kan vara ett bra sätt att spara resurser, samtidigt som kunskapen och medveten-heten kring brottsoffers behov ökar. Detta kan på sikt göra att brottsoffer får ett bättre omhänderta-gande, vilket i sin tur kan resultera i kortare återhämtningstider efter den kris som kan ha uppstått i samband med brottsupplevelsen.

This study analyzes Colombia's current process of reintegrating former combatants into civil society. By employing four different citizenship perspectives constructed as ideal types it is shown how issues such as participation, political influence and the relation between rights and obligations are being addressed in the Colombian reintegration program. By relating these findings to current debates on the relation between security and development in DDR research, the study aims to reconcile the hitherto rather separated but yet intimately related discourses of DDR and citizenship. The analysis of the Colombian program gives a multifaceted picture of the country’s reintegration process where several citizenship perspectives are discerned in various and sometimes overlapping ways. Beyond contributing to an enhanced understanding of the Colombian process, the study illustrates the numerous ways in which diverging citizenship perspectives may be incorporated into a wider framework of peace and state-building and the potential tensions that are discerned in different approaches to DDR.

Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

International climate change agreements and the European Union legislation have an influence on different levels of governance, including national legal systems and administrative schemes. The following research question is addressed in the doctoral dissertation: “How does Lithuania, specifically the industrial sector, implement GHG reduction requirements under the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union regulations?” Implementation of GHG emission reductions is analyzed from a perspective of multi-level governance and sociology of law. The research is carried out on four levels – supra-state; state; sub-state and societal. These are described as international; national; administrative and industrial arenas in the dissertation. Hence the implementation of climate change legal rules is based on authoritative decision-making across multiple territorial levels. In the dissertation, legal frameworks regarding reductions of GHG emissions are described - and the institutions along with their mandates are identified. There is a hierarchical top-down regulated implementation of legal rules and actors involved at different levels. A perspective based upon Sociology of Law makes it possible to relate the top-down implementation of legal rules to society. In the dissertation the most dominant driving forces and norms affecting actors on each level of implementation are evaluated, by interviewing respondents from state and administrative institutions and industrial companies... [to full text] / Tarptautiniai klimato kaitos susitarimai ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai veikia skirtingus valdymo lygmenis, įskaitant nacionalines teisės sistemas ir administravimo modelius. Disertacijoje iškeltas tyrimo klausimas – kaip Lietuva, konkrečiai pramonės sektorius, įgyvendina šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (toliau – ŠESD) emisijų mažinimo reikalavimus, nustatytus Kioto protokolu ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Reikalavimų mažinti ŠESD emisijas įgyvendinimas yra analizuojamas daugiapakopio valdymo perspektyvoje. Analizuojami keturi lygmenys – viršvalstybinis, valstybinis, subvalstybinis ir visuomeninis, kurie disertacijoje gretinami su tarptautine, nacionaline, administracine ir pramonės plotmėmis. Taigi klimato kaitos teisės aktų įgyvendinimas paremtas valdžios sprendimų priėmimo dispersija skirtinguose lygmenyse. Disertacijoje apibūdintos teisės sistemos, susijusios su ŠESD mažinimu, identifikuojant institucijas ir jų įgaliojimus. Remiantis teisės sociologijos perspektyva, hierarchinis teisės normų įgyvendinimo principas siejamas su teisės poveikiu (ir atsaku) pramonės sektoriuje. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą imant interviu iš tyrimo dalyvių, kurie dirba valstybės ir administracinėse institucijose ir pramonės įmonėse, išnagrinėti ir įvertinti skatinantys veiksniai ir normos, veikiančios dalyvių elgseną kiekviename tiriamajame lygmenyje. Ištirtas pramonės sektoriaus atsakas politikos įgyvendinimo procese bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl Kioto protokolo ir Europos Sąjungos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Kadangi vaikas auga ir vystosi, jo apsaugai bei priežiūrai turi būti skiriamas ypatingas dėmesys. Vaiko teisės numato ir jo atsakomybę, todėl žinodamas savo teises, jis turi suvokti, kad šalia esantys žmonės turi tas pačias teises. Mokinių neformali fizinio ugdymo(si) veikla yra neatsiejama nuo teisių ir pareigų konteksto: viena vertus, vienas iš pagrindinių sportinio rengimo tikslų yra padėti jauniems žmonėms tobulėti socialiai, mokantis bendrauti, varžytis pagal nustatytas bendravimo ir elgesio normas, garbingos kovos principus. Kita vertus, dirbant su jaunimu pagrindiniu dalyku reikia laikyti jauno sportininko sveikatą, jo saugumą ir gerovę. Tyrimo objektas – sportuojančių mokinių teisių ir pareigų suvokimas. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti sportuojančių mokinių teisių ir pareigų neformaliajame fiziniame ugdyme(si) suvokimo ypatumus. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (mokslinės literatūros apžvalga ir apibendrinimas); empiriniai (anketinė apklausa; turinio (content) analizė); statistiniai (aprašomosios statistikos metodas; Chi kvadrato kriterijus (x2) tikrinant skirtumus ir sąsajas tarp atskirų kintamųjų). Tyrime dalyvavo 132 dviejų amžiaus grupių sportuojantys mokiniai: 64 11–12 metų tiriamieji bei 68 15–16 metų tiriamieji. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sportuojantiems mokiniams, ypatingai vyresniojo amžiaus paaugliams, prioritetu tampa ne teisė rinktis – dalyvauti treniruotėje ar ne, o pareiga lankyti visas pratybas. Veiksmai, kurių reikalauja neoficialios sporto šakos taisyklės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / As far as the child is growing and developing, his care and supervision must be given the special attention. Children rights also define his responsibility; therefore, knowing own rights, he is to perceive that surrounding people have the similar rights. Non formal physical education is closely linked to the context of rights and obligations: on one hand, one of the most important aims of the physical preparation is to help young people to develop in social context by learning to communicate, compete under the pre-defined norms of behaviour and communication, principles of the fair-play. On the other hand, upon working with youth the most important is thing is the health of the young sportsman, his safety and well-being. Object of the survey – perception of rights and obligations of students doing sports. Aim of the survey is to reveal peculiarities of perceiving rights and obligations of students doing sports within the context of non formal physical education. Methods of the survey: theoretical (review and generalisation of the scientific literature); empiric (questionnaire; content analysis); statistical (method of the descriptive statistics; Chi-square criterion (x2) in verifying differences and links between separate variables). 132 sports active students from two age groups participated in the survey: 64 respondents of 11–12 years old and 68 respondents of 15–16 years old. Results of the survey indicated that the sports active students, especially senior teenagers... [to full text]

Across six Chapters, this thesis examines the legal effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on the employees, Board of Directors and shareholders of companies with the objective of gaining in-depth understanding of this area. The thesis then develops legal and practical solutions for the problems and negative effects associated with M&As, specifically regarding employees, Boards of Directors and shareholder companies involved in such operations. This research determines to answer the following question: How do mergers and acquisitions (M&As) affect employees, management and shareholders rights and obligations? And what the legal basis for transferring their rights and liabilities between companies involved in M&As? Despite the importance of M&As as a means of economic concentration and emergence in terms of major commercial or industrial projects, the laws of both the UAE and Qatar do not sufficiently address the issue of mergers or their goals and conditions. They also fail to regulate acquisitions or to otherwise specify when acquisitions become necessary for companies. Furthermore, the laws do not specify the rights of workers regarding their knowledge of or participation in M&As or developed adequate solutions for the negative impacts on companies workers in such processes. These laws do not provide the right for the Board of Directors of the transferor company to merge with the Board of Directors of the transferee company. Additionally, they also unsuccessfully address the minority shareholders right (those not interested in the merger) to exit the merged company and recover the value of their shares. Moreover, the UAE and Qatar have not developed appropriate solutions for the exchange of shares between companies involved in mergers in the case of dissimilarity between the actual values of the shares of both companies. This has notably led to jurisprudence and judiciary confusion between the concept of M&As, their legal nature and the legal basis or theory for the transfer of the rights and liabilities of employees, management and shareholders between companies involved in M&A operations. In accordance with legal texts, the above discussion, M&A legal theory and the theory of the agency contract between a company and its Board of Directors, the thesis argues that M&As should not lead to cutting labour contracts or negatively affect employee rights as long as corporate ventures remain in place and M&A operations do not lead to the liquidation of merged or acquired companies. Also, the thesis shows that a company is linked with its Board of Directors through a special form of agency contract, which justifies the transfer of the rights of the Board of Directors of the merged company with regards to the merging or new company management. The thesis also develops solutions and processes for the exchange of shares between merged companies when there are differences between the actual values of their shares, through the shareholders of the merged company buying shares from the merging company or by selling their shares to the merging company and recovering the value of their shares in cash. The study also recommends taking a set of procedural measures during M&As, modifying some of the relevant legal texts of the UAE and Qatar, which would mitigate the negative effects of mergers and acquisitions. Furthermore, this research suggests ways to improve such laws to reach the level of those of developed countries, in order to encourage mergers and acquisitions in the region.

Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2003.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Leiden, 2005. / "Stellingen" inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. xiii-xxiii) and index.

Lors d’une opération immobilière de construction, deux ensembles de règles, qui sont le droit de la construction et le droit de la consommation, viennent se superposer pour apporter un certain niveau de protection lorsque l’acquéreur ou le maître de l’ouvrage est un consommateur ou un non-professionnel. Corrélativement, ils génèrent de nombreuses obligations mises à la charge des professionnels. Ce projet de recherche a donc pour finalité de réaliser, d’une part, un état des lieux des différentes problématiques de protection nées de l’application cumulative de ces deux branches du droit et, d’autre part, de proposer des solutions de règlement en cas de « conflit ». En effet, si les conséquences positives d’une telle combinaison sont indéniables, cette étude ne serait pas complète si l’on n’envisageait également les effets pervers que cette double protection peuvent engendrer dans la pratique au regard de l’économie du contrat, du secteur du bâtiment et de l’esprit qui anime le droit de la construction de manière plus générale. L’objectif poursuivi étant de rendre le droit plus efficace pour sécuriser, autant que possible, l’opération de construction, pour l’ensemble des acteurs du secteur : tant professionnels, pour qu’ils prennent la mesure de leurs responsabilités et obligations (entrepreneurs, promoteurs, architectes, banquiers, notaires…) que pour le « consommateur immobilier » : accédant ou maître d’ouvrage, qui doit pouvoir avoir une vision, la plus claire possible, des contrats qui lui sont soumis afin que sonconsentement soit réellement éclairé. / In a building construction operation, two sets of rules, which are construction law and consumer law,are superimposed to bring a level of protection to the consumer purchaser of real estate. Correlatively,they generate many obligations for the professionals. The objective of this research project is thereforeon the one hand to provide an inventory of the various protection issues arising from the cumulativeapplication of these two branches of law and, on the other hand, to propose settlement solutions in caseof "conflict". Although the positive consequences of such a combination are undeniable, this studywould not be complete if one did not also take into account the perverse effects which this dualprotection may entail in practice with regard to the economy of the contract, the building sector and thespirit of construction law in a more general way. The aim is to make law more effective in order tosecure, as far as possible, the construction operation for all the players in the sector: for professionals totake stock of their responsibilities and obligations (entrepreneurs, promoters, architects, bankers,solicitors …), than for the "real estate consumer", who must be able to have a clearer view of thecontracts submitted to him so that his consent might be truly informed.