La thèse a pour but l’analyse de l’évolution récente du droit civil français et roumain de la responsabilité civile au cours de la période précontractuelle. Nous avons privilégié une approche comparative entre les deux droits nationaux à la lumière des droits européens. Au cours de la période précontractuelle les parties sont libres de négocier comme elles le veulent, mais sans causer un dommage à leur partenaire. Il y a un lien qui se crée entre les parties et qui ne peut être rompu que conformément au principe de la bonne foi. Nous avons pu constater que le fondement de la responsabilité est assez controversé et varie d’un ordre juridique à l’autre. En effet, la responsabilité civile balance entre sécurité juridique, autonomie privée et liberté contractuelle. En résumé, la phase précontractuelle a connu de profondes transformations au cours de son évolution. À l’heure de l’harmonisation européenne, voire de la globalisation, les droits français et roumain subissent des modifications afin de clarifier des règles de plus en plus compliquées et notamment celles relatives à la responsabilité civile précontractuelle. / The thesis finds its main purpose in the study of the recent evolution of French and Romanian civil law of liability during the pre-contractual period. We favored a comparative approach between national rights, in the light of European laws. During the pre-contractual period, the parties are free to negotiate as they please, as long as they do not cause damage to their partner. A bond is created between the parties and it can only be broken in accordance with the principle of good faith. We noted that the basis of liability is fairly controversial and varies from one legal system to another. Indeed, the civil liability is balances between legal security, private autonomy and freedom of contract. In summary, the pre-contractual phase has experienced profound transformations in its evolution. At the time of European harmonization, or even globalization, French and Romanian law undergo modifications in order to clarify the most complicated rules, in particular those relating to pre- contractual civil liability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Molina Hernandes.pdf: 1492039 bytes, checksum: a84304578affc427cfdfbcd53d058bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / The present study has the aim of analyzing the possibility of reverting proving obligations in food related claims in the current legal system based on the study of constitutional principles and the similarities existed between factual and juridical situations involving consumers and furnishers taken from the Consumer Code in order to collect elements to formulate a theory for reverting prove obligation in food related claims. Firstly, it will be briefly studied important aspects of the general theory of prove, such as the concept and finality of prove, its object, the principles it involves, passing through the analysis of indications, costumes and presumptions around the theme. After that, it will be studied the legal concept of food, its general notion, characteristics and procedural rites. Finally, entering more specifically the theme of the study, there will be treated the revertion of prove obligations in general, the applicable theories, beside the study of the Consumer Code in order to analyze the possibility of inverting prove obligations in food related claims combined with the analysis of the applicable principles, the similarities existed between consumer and feeding in terms of rights and other characteristics. The study will be concluded by the presentation of the procedure to be applied for reverting proving obligations in food related claims / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da possibilidade de inversão dos ônus probatórios nas ações de alimentos diante do ordenamento jurídico atual, baseando-se nos princípios constitucionais e nas semelhanças existentes entre as situações de fato e de direito entre fornecedores e consumidores abarcadas pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor para formulação da teoria de inversão do ônus da prova. Primeiramente, estudaremos, resumidamente, aspectos importantes da teoria geral da prova, como o conceito e finalidade da prova, seu objeto, além de princípios a ela relativos, passando pela análise dos indícios, máximas de experiência e presunções. Após, estudaremos os alimentos, noções gerais, características, rito procedimental, entre outros. Por fim, ingressando no tema do presente trabalho, trataremos da inversão do ônus da prova em geral, teorias aplicáveis, além do estudo do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, para depois ingressarmos na análise da inversão dos ônus probatórios nas ações de alimentos, com o exame de princípios aplicáveis, das semelhanças existentes entre os direitos e características do alimentando e do consumidor, finalizando com a apresentação do procedimento para a inversão defendida

A l’aune d’une réforme du droit des obligations, et alors que les relations contractuelles se complexifient et ont vocation à durer, le contrat a parfois besoin d’être protégé. Le respect de la parole donnée par les contractants, en raison de la confiance que les parties se sont mutuellement accordées, n’est pas toujours chose aisée pour les parties et un risque d’extinction du contrat sans satisfaction pèse sur les parties. La nullité du contrat, pour défaut de validité, mais surtout les risques d’inexécution, qui peuvent conduire à la résolution ou à la caducité du contrat, menacent l’existence du contrat qui doit pouvoir être sauvé. Une telle survie du contrat, qui a vocation à permettre la réalisation de l’objectif contractuel, est envisageable par la mise en place de remèdes aux défaillances du contrat et, plus généralement, de traitements en cas de risques d’inexécution. Ce droit des remèdes, déjà présent en droit positif, doit pouvoir être étendu, par une systématisation de la survie, qu’il est possible d’intégrer dans une conception renouvelée du contrat.Pour cela, il est indispensable qu’une obligation préexistante dont l’exécution est possible soit maintenue, afin de dépasser la menace d’inexécution. Ce préalable posé, une application extensive destinée à préserver la satisfaction du créancier est envisageable. De la période précontractuelle à l’extinction intégrale des obligations, autrement dit, le droit à l’exécution mais également la protection des obligations post-contractuelles une survie doit pouvoir être mise en place. Mais à quel prix ? La systématisation de la survie du contrat doit permettre de fixer les limites du mécanisme. Puisque les difficultés d’exécution doivent pouvoir être traitées par une modification, par une atteinte à l’intangibilité du contrat. Or, cette atteinte est parfois synonyme de protection de la force obligatoire et de la sécurité juridique des contractants. La loyauté et la bonne foi imposent parfois certains abandons au créancier, mais permettront la réalisation de l’objectif contractuel. Toutefois, des garde-fous doivent être intégrés pour préserver les intérêts d’un créancier, qui n’a pas à subir indéfiniment la situation contractuelle douloureuse. / From a reform of law of obligations standpoint, and while contractual relationships become evermore complex and are meant to last, the contract may need to be protected. Respect for the word given by the contractors, due to the trust that the parties have mutually granted, is not always an easy task for the parties, who may see the contract be extinguished without any satisfaction.The nullity of the contract, by way of invalidity, but especially the risk of default, which can lead to the resolution or the lapse of the contract, threatens the existence of the contract that must be saved. Such survival of the contract, which is intended to enable the achievement of the contractual objective, is foreseen by implementing remedies for the deficiencies of the contract and, more generally, the risk of treatment failure. This right to remedies, already present in positive law, must be extended by a systematization of survival so that it may be possible to integrate a remedy into a new version of the contract.For this, it is essential that preexisting obligation, for which execution is possible, be maintained in order to overcome the threat of default. This prior condition, extensively applied and designed to preserve the satisfaction of the creditor, is possible. From the pre-contractual period to full termination of obligations, including post contractual obligations, through the preservation of the execution, then survival is possible. But at what price?The systemization of contract survival can fix the limits of the mechanism. Implementation difficulties must be addressed by a change, for a breach of the inviolability of the contract, but this achievement is sometimes synonymous with protection of binding and legal security contractors. Loyalty and good faith sometimes provide some ways out for the creditor, but will achieve the contractual objective. However, limits should be incorporated to protect the interests of creditors, whom should not have to endure the painful contractual situation.

<p>The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) seeks to provide a standard uniform law for international sales contracts. This research paper analyses the rationale behind South Africa&rsquo / s delay in deciding whether to ratify the CISG, and its possible effect on trade with other nations. The CISG drafters hoped that uniformity would&nbsp / remove barriers to international sales thereby facilitating international trade. Ratification of the convention is only the beginning of uniformity / uniformity must then be extended to its application&nbsp / and interpretation. Not all countries have ratified the Convention yet they engage in international trade in goods: this state of affairs presents challenges since traders have to choose a national&nbsp / law that applies to their contract where CISG does not apply. This takes traders back to the undesirable pre-CISG era. On the other hand, those States that have ratified the convention face&nbsp / different challenges, the biggest one being a lack of uniformity in its interpretation. The problem of differing interpretations arises because some CISG Articles are vague leading to varied&nbsp / interpretations by national courts. Further, the CISG is still largely misunderstood and some traders from States that have ratified CISG exclude it from application. South Africa can only ratify an&nbsp / international instrument such as the CISG, after it has been tabled before Parliament, and debated upon in accordance with the Constitution. CISG&rsquo / s shortcomings, particularly regarding&nbsp / interpretation, make it far from certain that CISG would pass the rigorous&nbsp / legislative process. Nonetheless, the Constitution of South Africa requires the South African courts and legislature to promote principles of international law. The paper, therefore, examines, whether the Legislature has a constitutional obligation to ratify CISG. South Africa&rsquo / s membership of the WTO requires&nbsp / that it promote international trade by removing trade barriers. It is, therefore, vital for South Africa to be seen to be actively facilitating international trade. Even though the trade benefits which&nbsp / flow from ratification are not always visible in States that have ratified the CISG, there is some doubt whether South Africa can sustain its trade relations without ratifying the CISG. The paper shows that the formation&nbsp / of contracts under the South African common law is very similar to formation as set out under Part II of the CISG and if the CISG were to be adopted in South Africa, no major changes would be&nbsp / needed in this regard. International commercial&nbsp / principles as an alternative to the CISG still require a domestic law to govern the contract and would, therefore, leave South African traders in the&nbsp / same position they are in currently, where their trading relations are often governed by foreign laws. Ratifying CISG would certainly simplify contract negotiations particularly with regard to&nbsp / governing law provisions. Overall the advantages of ratification for South Africa far outweigh the shortcomings of the CISG, and ratification will assist in ensuring that South African traders get an&nbsp / opportunity to enter the international trade arena on an equal platform with traders from other nations. </p>

<p>The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) seeks to provide a standard uniform law for international sales contracts. This research paper analyses the rationale behind South Africa&rsquo / s delay in deciding whether to ratify the CISG, and its possible effect on trade with other nations. The CISG drafters hoped that uniformity would&nbsp / remove barriers to international sales thereby facilitating international trade. Ratification of the convention is only the beginning of uniformity / uniformity must then be extended to its application&nbsp / and interpretation. Not all countries have ratified the Convention yet they engage in international trade in goods: this state of affairs presents challenges since traders have to choose a national&nbsp / law that applies to their contract where CISG does not apply. This takes traders back to the undesirable pre-CISG era. On the other hand, those States that have ratified the convention face&nbsp / different challenges, the biggest one being a lack of uniformity in its interpretation. The problem of differing interpretations arises because some CISG Articles are vague leading to varied&nbsp / interpretations by national courts. Further, the CISG is still largely misunderstood and some traders from States that have ratified CISG exclude it from application. South Africa can only ratify an&nbsp / international instrument such as the CISG, after it has been tabled before Parliament, and debated upon in accordance with the Constitution. CISG&rsquo / s shortcomings, particularly regarding&nbsp / interpretation, make it far from certain that CISG would pass the rigorous&nbsp / legislative process. Nonetheless, the Constitution of South Africa requires the South African courts and legislature to promote principles of international law. The paper, therefore, examines, whether the Legislature has a constitutional obligation to ratify CISG. South Africa&rsquo / s membership of the WTO requires&nbsp / that it promote international trade by removing trade barriers. It is, therefore, vital for South Africa to be seen to be actively facilitating international trade. Even though the trade benefits which&nbsp / flow from ratification are not always visible in States that have ratified the CISG, there is some doubt whether South Africa can sustain its trade relations without ratifying the CISG. The paper shows that the formation&nbsp / of contracts under the South African common law is very similar to formation as set out under Part II of the CISG and if the CISG were to be adopted in South Africa, no major changes would be&nbsp / needed in this regard. International commercial&nbsp / principles as an alternative to the CISG still require a domestic law to govern the contract and would, therefore, leave South African traders in the&nbsp / same position they are in currently, where their trading relations are often governed by foreign laws. Ratifying CISG would certainly simplify contract negotiations particularly with regard to&nbsp / governing law provisions. Overall the advantages of ratification for South Africa far outweigh the shortcomings of the CISG, and ratification will assist in ensuring that South African traders get an&nbsp / opportunity to enter the international trade arena on an equal platform with traders from other nations. </p>

Instrument d'échange économique par excellence, le contrat n'est pas, de prime abord, le terrain le plus propice à la satisfaction d'un idéal religieux. Il n'est pas rare, cependant, qu'un contractant se prévale de ses convictions et pratiques religieuses aux fins d'y adapter le contenu ou les conditions d'exécution d'une prestation. La tentation est grande de s'y montrer indifférent. D'un côté est invoquée, pour y parer, l'autonomie de la volonté. De l'autre, il est même suggéré de transposer le principe de laïcité aux relations privées pour obliger les contractants à faire preuve de neutralité. Or, ces dernières sont gouvernées par la liberté de religion. Ainsi, la contractualisation des convictions et pratiques religieuses doit être fortement encouragée. En outre, dans le silence du contrat, le juge peut imposer certaines obligations positives aux contractants, au nom de la liberté de religion et du droit à la non discrimination, au terme d'un processus de conciliation. / Prima facie, as the most representative economic instrument, contract is not favourable to the satisfaction of religious interests. Nevertheless, contractors frequently invoke their religious beliefs and practices in order to adapt either the content or the conditions of implementation of their duties. Indifference is sometimes considered as a tempting reaction to those claims. One the one hand, it is referred to contractual autonomy. On the other hand, it is suggested to extend secularism to private relations, for the purpose of compelling contracting parties to remain neutral. However, these ones are ruled by freedom of religion. As a consequence, individuals should be incited to include their religious convictions and practices to their contracts. Morerover, judges should be allowed to impose positive obligations, on behalf of both religious freedom and the right to non-discrimination, after a conciliation process.

Magister Legum - LLM / The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) seeks to provide a standard uniform law for international sales contracts. This research paper analyses the rationale behind South Africa’s delay in deciding whether to ratify the CISG, and its possible effect on trade with other nations. The CISG drafters hoped that uniformity would remove barriers to international sales thereby facilitating international trade. Ratification of the convention is only the beginning of uniformity; uniformity must then be extended to its application and interpretation. Not all countries have ratified the Convention yet they engage in international trade in goods: this state of affairs presents challenges since traders have to choose a national law that applies to their contract where CISG does not apply. This takes traders back to the undesirable pre-CISG era. On the other hand, those States that have ratified the convention face different challenges, the biggest one being a lack of uniformity in its interpretation. The problem of differing interpretations arises because some CISG Articles are vague leading to varied interpretations by national courts. Further, the CISG is still largely misunderstood and some traders from States that have ratified CISG exclude it from application. South Africa can only ratify an international instrument such as the CISG, after it has been tabled before Parliament, and debated upon in accordance with the Constitution. CISG’s shortcomings, particularly regarding interpretation, make it far from certain that CISG would pass the rigorous legislative process. Nonetheless, the Constitution of South Africa requires the South African courts and legislature to promote principles of international law. The paper, therefore, examines, whether the Legislature has a constitutional obligation to ratify CISG. South Africa’s membership of the WTO requires that it promote international trade by removing trade barriers. It is, therefore, vital for South Africa to be seen to be actively facilitating international trade. Even though the trade benefits which flow from ratification are not always visible in States that have ratified the CISG, there is some doubt whether South Africa can sustain its trade relations without ratifying the CISG. The paper shows that the formation of contracts under the South African common law is very similar to formation as set out under Part II of the CISG and if the CISG were to be adopted in South Africa, no major changes would be needed in this regard. International commercial principles as an alternative to the CISG still require a domestic law to govern the contract and would, therefore, leave South African traders in the same position they are in currently, where their trading relations are often governed by foreign laws. Ratifying CISG would certainly simplify contract negotiations particularly with regard to governing law provisions. Overall the advantages of ratification for South Africa far outweigh the shortcomings of the CISG, and ratification will assist in ensuring that South African traders get an opportunity to enter the international trade arena on an equal platform with traders from other nations. / South Africa

La propriété intellectuelle est suffisamment polymorphe pour s’appliquer tant aux personnes privées qu’aux personnes publiques. Il n’est pas question de nier la spécificité de la personne publique, qui en raison de son identité et de la nature des missions qui lui sont confiées dispose de prérogatives particulières, et est soumise à des règles spécifiques. L’objet de notre étude est de démontrer que la propriété intellectuelle soumet les personnes publiques et privées à un régime juridique commun, qui est aménagé pour répondre aux exigences propres aux personnes publiques. Ainsi, ces dernières disposent de prérogatives élargies par rapport aux personnes privées, notamment dans le cadre de l’acquisition et de l’exploitation de leurs créations intellectuelles. Cependant, les personnes publiques sont également soumises à des obligations renforcées, qui résultent des obligations plus générales qui pèsent sur elles, telles que, notamment, la protection du domaine public. En outre, l’apparition de nouvelles politiques publiques telles que l’open data doit être appréhendée par les personnes publiques pour s’adapter aux nouveaux enjeux de la propriété intellectuelle publique. / Intellectual Property (IP) is enough polymorphic to be applied to both private individuals and publicentities (understood as the State, administrative districts having legal personality, and public institutions). This is not about denying the specificity of public entities, who are entrusted with particular prerogatives, and subjected to specific rules because of their identity and the nature of their missions. The purpose of our study is to demonstrate that IP submits both public entities and private individuals to a common legal system, which is set to meet the requirements inherent to public entities. Thus, public entities have expanded powers over private individuals, through acquisition and exploitation of their intellectual assets. This is the expression, in IP, of the specific prerogatives thatpublic entities enjoy as part of their missions. However, public entities are also subjected to strengthened bonds, which are the result of general obligations placed upon them, such as the protection of public assets. Finally, the emergence of new dynamics related to IP such as open data represents a major evolution of this science that public entities must understand to adapt to new challenges of public IP.

La recherche s’intéresse aux rapports qu’entretiennent le droit de l’UE et les systèmes répressifs nationaux italien et français. Elle vise notamment à analyser les problèmes posés par l’influence croissante des sources européennes sur l’exercice par les Etats du droit de punir. Elle analyse également la compatibilité des obligations européennes de punir par rapport au principe de la légalité des délits et des peines, consacré au niveau constitutionnel en Italie et en France. En effet, quoiqu’issus d’une même tradition romano-germanique, ces deux systèmes semblent consacrer des conceptions sensiblement différentes du principe de la légalité. Par exemple, alors que le droit italien conçoit la légalité surtout comme relevant de la loi au sens formel, le système français semble insister sur la clarté, l’intelligibilité et l’accessibilité de la norme pénale qui seules peuvent en assurer la prévisibilité. Compte tenu de la pratique de la Cour de Justice d'interpréter le droit européen selon les traditions communes aux États membres, la comparaison entre les systèmes juridiques de deux États membres permettra de mieux apprécier les choix opérés dans le cadre de l'harmonisation européenne en matière pénale.Une fois le principe défini, la deuxième partie du travail se concentre sur la possibilité d'utiliser les obligations de criminalisation et la primauté du droit de l'Union pour protéger les droits fondamentaux des victimes. A ce propos le travail vise à un équilibre entre légalité pénale et protection effective des droits fondamentaux qui découlent de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne.Descripteurs : Principe de légalité des délits et des peines, obligations d’incrimination ; droit pénal comparé ; droit pénal européen ; droits fondamentaux ; droits des victimes. / The research focuses on the influence of the EU competence in criminal law on Italian and French criminal systems. More specifically it refers to the impact of this competence on the traditional principle of legality and on individual safeguards it represents. The first part deals with the increasing Union’s power to impose specific obligations of criminalization in relation to the fundamental principle of legality in criminal law. This principle acquires different meanings according to different national systems. While in Italy it is mainly conceived as a statute monopoly, France considers clarity, ascertainability and foreseeability of criminal norms as the main aspect. The research analyses whether it is possible to set aside certain national specific features in order to achieve a new European common definition of the principle of legality. Given the practice of the Court of Justice to interpret Union law according to traditions common to Member States, the research has been conducted following a comparative approach. A comparative analysis makes it possible to better assess the choices made by the European Union towards harmonization in criminal matters.The second part of the thesis concerns the possibility to use EU obligations of criminalization and the primacy of Union law to protect fundamental interest, in particular fundamental rights of victims. The research aims therefore at finding a compromise between the legality principle in criminal law and an effective protection of fundamental rights stemming from the European Convention of Human Rights and the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU.Keywords: Principle of legality ; obligations of criminalisation ; comparative criminal law ; EU criminal law ; fundamental rights; victims’ rights.

La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne a acquis une force juridique contraignante depuis l’entrée en vigueur du traité de Lisbonne. Les institutions européennes et les Etats membres lorsqu’ils mettent en oeuvre le droit de l’Union européenne sont donc liés par ses dispositions. Mais les autorités publiques ne devraient pas être les seules à être soumises au respect des droits et libertés qu’elle garantit. En effet, les particuliers, parce qu’ils peuvent, à l’instar des pouvoirs publics, attenter aux droits primordiaux de leurs semblables, devraient également être tenus de respecter cet instrument juridique lorsqu’ils se trouvent placés dans une situation régie par le droit de l’Union européenne. Autrement dit, la Charte des droits fondamentaux devrait déployer des effets juridiques dans le cadre des relations de droit privé lorsqu’il existe un lien de rattachement avec le droit de l’Union européenne. Cet effet horizontal permettrait ainsi aux particuliers de jouir effectivement des droits et libertés consacrés par la Charte. On attend donc des autorités publiques, conformément à leurs obligations positives, qu’elles protègent les droits que les particuliers tirent de cet instrument juridique. La reconnaissance de l’effet réflexe de la Charte des droits fondamentaux aura ainsi pour conséquence de créer des obligations tant pour les institutions européennes et les Etats membres que pour les personnes privées. / The Charter of fundamental rights has acquired a binding legal force since the coming into effect of the Treaty of Lisbon. Hence, the institutions of the European Union and member states when they implement the law of the European Union are bound by the provisions of the Charter. But the addressees of this legal instrument should not be only public authorities. Individuals, whenever it could impinge on freedoms and basic rights, should be subject, to compliance with the Charter when the matter falling the scope of EU law. In other words, the Charter of fundamental rights should have legal effects in private law relations when there is a connecting link to EU law. Horizontal effect would allow individuals to have full enjoyment of rights enshrined in the Charter. Public authorities must therefore, in keeping with their positive obligations, protect the rights derive from the provisions of this legal instrument. Therefore, the recognition of horizontal effect of the Charter will create obligations for both institutions of European Union and member states and private persons.