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The 1964-70 Wilson government has been the subject of intense criticism, yet limited academic study. Attention has focused primarily on its failure to achieve any breakthrough in the application of 'white heat' technology. The effect has been that many important aspects of the government's industrial policies have been ignored. In particular, its commitment to public ownership has received little consideration, despite appearing anomalous compared with the nationalisations of the preceding (and succeeding) Labour governments. Between 1964 and 1970, only iron and steel was brought into public ownership, and that was primarily 'unfinished business' from 1945-51.This thesis determines why the 1964-70 government was so reluctant to use public ownership and, specifically, nationalisation. Firstly, the relationship between public ownership and the Labour party in 1964 is examined. The Attlee government’s experiences with nationalisation and the revision of the party's programme during the 1950s are considered, along with the contribution which Wilson made to that revision. The thesis contends that, by 1964, the party's commitment to public ownership was genuinely different from that in 1945. However, it further asserts that the economic analysis on which it was based had already become outdated by 1964, and encumbered the government with an inappropriate ideological framework. Secondly, the recent release of official papers has made possible a detailed consideration of the 1964-70 government's performance. They reveal that the government pursued a more active public ownership policy than is normally considered by historians. In shipbuilding and aerospace partial nationalisations were undertaken, while more generally interventionist frameworks were established. This thesis concludes that such policies were fatally undermined by the over-commitment of Wilson to sterling parity. Coupled with the shortcomings of the party's ideological framework, this explains both why the 1964-70 government's policies appear anomalous, and why the government continues to be severely criticised.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

This thesis is a historical, sociological case-study of the movement for public control and land-use planning prior to WWII. The impetus for this movement came from a radicalized faction of the forestry profession. Radicalism in forestry centered around a group of professional foresters who were followers of Gifford Pinchot, the nation's Chief Forester from 1898-1910. Pinchot commenced the movement for public control over cutting on private forestlands in in the nineteen-teens. The emphasis in this case-study is on identifying social factors responsible for giving impetus to a movement for collective environmental planning, and the social and environmental possibilities of this subject. Three specific areas are studied: first radicalism in the forestry profession; second the vision of sustainability that emerged from radical forestry; and finally the relationship between the radical foresters and organized currents of the political Left. Findings: The understanding of the scientific conservation and land-use planning movement that has developed in scholarly literature does not provide an accurate characterization of this movement. The neglected vision of sustainability through public ownership and planning associated with radical forestry might be reconsidered in light of the present environmental problems. Despite the fact there was a radical presence in the forestry profession, norms of professional behavior are significant obstacles to radicalization, hence why Pinchotist conservation is anomalous in environmental history. Even though leading personalities in forestry took up the cause of public control, the institutional environmental movement remained aloof, giving indication that there are barriers to the development of an organized movement for environmental planning. Various radical political currents, however, demonstrated signs of receptivity to the scientific conservation movement.

Historically, public ownership of telecommunications, railways, ports, and energy, amongst other infrastructure, has been important in New Zealand. In the electricity sector local authorities generated and supplied electricity from the early 1900s. Thus in a sense electricity generation was in the hands of community owned and operated trading enterprises. However, the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s brought significant restructuring of this infrastructure based on the market model of privatisation. Since 1992 energy companies have been required to operate as successful businesses despite being ultimately owned by community trusts which, in effect, hold the assets of the energy company in trust for the community. However, it is arguable as to whether this model actually pursues social and community objectives. Community ownership of wind turbines is common in some European countries, but there are currently no examples of this form of ownership in New Zealand. This thesis defines community ownership and by examining case studies in Scotland, Denmark and Australia, proposes a model of community ownership appropriate to wind turbine ownership in New Zealand. Specifically, this thesis seeks to identify community ownership models that are capable of promoting holistic environmental justice by reconciling social justice with ecological justice. A number of forms of community ownership are identified in the various case study countries and a comparative analysis is carried out of these exemplars. On the basis of these studies it is found to be possible for a form of community ownership of wind turbines to exist in New Zealand that incorporates both social justice and ecological justice principles as holistic environmental justice.

Hyrköp av fastigheter är en ny modell av boende som tillämpas alltmer av bostadsbolag i Sverige, vilket innebär att den boende får möjlighet att fortsätta hyra eller köpa sin bostad under en bestämd optionstid för ett avtalat optionspris (Sorling, 2009). Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för ett eventuellt införande av hyrköp som innebär ombildning från hyresrätter till bostadsrätter för en hyresfastighet i Gnesta, som ägs av det kommunala bostadsbolaget Gnestahem. Bakgrunden till fallstudien är att Gnesta kommun vill utreda möjligheten för framtida bostadsägande för hushåll med mindre ekonomiska förutsättningar i kommunen. Tidigare studier har visat att ombildning kan bidra med ett ökat social kapital för de boende i ett bostadsområde (Klingborg & Werner, 2011). Fallstudien baseras på en fastighetsvärdering av hyresfastigheten efter en planerad stambytesrenovering som ska vara färdigställd år 2021. Tre olika scenarier med olika inflations-, avkastnings- och kalkylräntenivåer har fastställts vid tillämpning av kassaflödesmetoden. Köpoptionerna av lägenheterna har jämförts med hyresgästernas möjligheter till sparande av kontantinsats utgörande 15 % och 25 % av optionsvärdet för framtida bolån, samt i relation till disponibel hushållsinkomst och ålder för hushållet. Upplåtelseformen andelsägarmetoden har också analyserats som ett förslag på alternativ till hyrköp och ombildning.  Slutsatsen av fallstudiens resultat är att en köpoption med en tio-årig optionstid föredras att tillämpas vid införande av hyrköp för att ge alla hushållen i fastigheten de största möjligheterna till sparande av kontantinsats, vilket visas i bilaga 17–19. Det är osäkert vad de totala boendekostnaderna uppgår till vid en ombildning, då dessa baseras på den ekonomiska situationen för varje hushåll och rådande konjunkturen på bostadsmarknaden. De boende kan också erhålla vinster om lägenheterna säljs vidare, eftersom köpeskillingen vid ombildning baseras på värdet som hyreslägenhet och inte värdet som bostadsrätt.  Den mest betydelsefulla rekommendationen för framtida studier är att undersöka efterfrågan hos de boende i fastigheten om ombildning. Om hyrköp med ombildning ska införas av fastigheten är det viktigt att Gnestahem har kännedom om exakt vilka hushåll som har råd och är intresserade att förvärva sina lägenheter.  Eftersom det krävs minst 2/3 av de boende som vill ombilda fastigheten kan detta vara avgörande. / Lease-purchase of real estate is a new model of accommodation which is increasingly applied by housing companies in Sweden. The model is based on that the tenant gets the opportunity to either continue to rent or purchase his residence, within a fixed time period for a set option price (Sorling, 2009). This master thesis is a case study about an eventual introduction of lease-purchase which entails conversion from rental apartments to tenant-owned housing for a rental property in Gnesta, which is owned by the public housing company Gnestahem. The background of the case study is that Gnesta municipality wants to investigate the opportunities for future home ownership for households within the municipality with less economic means. Previous studies indicate that conversion of properties can increase social capital between the tenants in a housing area (Klingborg & Werner, 2011). The case study is based on a property valuation of the rental property after an intended pipe renovation with the completion set to year 2021. Three different scenarios with different inflation, yield and discount rates have been measured by using the discounted cash flow method. The options for purchasing the apartments has been compared with the tenants’ opportunities to save money for using as payment in cash for either 15 % or 25 % of the option value. The subscribed future mortgage is measured in relation to age and disposable income for the household. The shareholdership method has also been analysed as an alternative to lease-purchase and conversion.  The conclusion of the results is that an option-time of ten years is preferred since it can be applied upon introducing lease-purchase to give all tenants’ best opportunities to save money, as shown in the appendix 17-19. It is uncertain what amount the total housing costs will be after conversion of the property, since these are based on the economic situation of each household and the current conditions on the real estate market. The tenants can obtain profits in case their apartments are sold, since the tenant bought it at the rental value, not the actual market value.  The most crucial recommendation for future studies are implementation of an analysis about the demand for the tenants in the property regarding conversion. If lease-purchase should be introduced for the property, it is important that Gnestahem has knowledge of which households that can afford and have interest in purchasing their apartments. The information is crucial since it is required that at least 2/3 of the tenants’ desires to make such property conversion.

Hyrköp av fastigheter är en ny modell av boende som tillämpas alltmer av bostadsbolag i Sverige, vilket innebär att den boende får möjlighet att fortsätta hyra eller köpa sin bostad under en bestämd optionstid för ett avtalat optionspris (Sorling, 2009). Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för ett eventuellt införande av hyrköp som innebär ombildning från hyresrätter till bostadsrätter för en hyresfastighet i Gnesta, som ägs av det kommunala bostadsbolaget Gnestahem. Bakgrunden till fallstudien är att Gnesta kommun vill utreda möjligheten för framtida bostadsägande för hushåll med mindre ekonomiska förutsättningar i kommunen. Tidigare studier har visat att ombildning kan bidra med ett ökat social kapital för de boende i ett bostadsområde (Klingborg & Werner, 2011). Fallstudien baseras på en fastighetsvärdering av hyresfastigheten efter en planerad stambytesrenovering som ska vara färdigställd år 2021. Tre olika scenarier med olika inflations-, avkastnings- och kalkylräntenivåer har fastställts vid tillämpning av kassaflödesmetoden. Köpoptionerna av lägenheterna har jämförts med hyresgästernas möjligheter till sparande av kontantinsats utgörande 15 % och 25 % av optionsvärdet för framtida bolån, samt i relation till disponibel hushållsinkomst och ålder för hushållet. Upplåtelseformen andelsägarmetoden har också analyserats som ett förslag på alternativ till hyrköp och ombildning.Slutsatsen av fallstudiens resultat är att en köpoption med en tio-årig optionstid föredras att tillämpas vid införande av hyrköp för att ge alla hushållen i fastigheten de största möjligheterna till sparande av kontantinsats, vilket visas i bilaga 17–19. Det är osäkert vad de totala boendekostnaderna uppgår till vid en ombildning, då dessa baseras på den ekonomiska situationen för varje hushåll och rådande konjunkturen på bostadsmarknaden. De boende kan också erhålla vinster om lägenheterna säljs vidare, eftersom köpeskillingen vid ombildning baseras på värdet som hyreslägenhet och inte värdet som bostadsrätt.Den mest betydelsefulla rekommendationen för framtida studier är att undersöka efterfrågan hos de boende i fastigheten om ombildning. Om hyrköp med ombildning ska införas av fastigheten är det viktigt att Gnestahem har kännedom om exakt vilka hushåll som har råd och är intresserade att förvärva sina lägenheter. Eftersom det krävs minst 2/3 av de boende som vill ombilda fastigheten kan detta vara avgörande. / Lease-purchase of real estate is a new model of accommodation which is increasingly applied by housing companies in Sweden. The model is based on that the tenant gets the opportunity to either continue to rent or purchase his residence, within a fixed time period for a set option price (Sorling, 2009). This master thesis is a case study about an eventual introduction of lease-purchase which entails conversion from rental apartments to tenant-owned housing for a rental property in Gnesta, which is owned by the public housing company Gnestahem. The background of the case study is that Gnesta municipality wants to investigate the opportunities for future home ownership for households within the municipality with less economic means. Previous studies indicate that conversion of properties can increase social capital between the tenants in a housing area (Klingborg & Werner, 2011). The case study is based on a property valuation of the rental property after an intended pipe renovation with the completion set to year 2021. Three different scenarios with different inflation, yield and discount rates have been measured by using the discounted cash flow method. The options for purchasing the apartments has been compared with the tenants’ opportunities to save money for using as payment in cash for either 15 % or 25 % of the option value. The subscribed future mortgage is measured in relation to age and disposable income for the household. The shareholdership method has also been analysed as an alternative to lease-purchase and conversion.The conclusion of the results is that an option-time of ten years is preferred since it can be applied upon introducing lease-purchase to give all tenants’ best opportunities to save money, as shown in the appendix 17-19. It is uncertain what amount the total housing costs will be after conversion of the property, since these are based on the economic situation of each household and the current conditions on the real estate market. The tenants can obtain profits in case their apartments are sold, since the tenant bought it at the rental value, not the actual market value.The most crucial recommendation for future studies are implementation of an analysis about the demand for the tenants in the property regarding conversion. If lease-purchase should be introduced for the property, it is important that Gnestahem has knowledge of which households that can afford and have interest in purchasing their apartments. The information is crucial since it is required that at least 2/3 of the tenants’ desires to make such property conversion.

Si la cession des propriétés publiques est un phénomène en vogue, il reste discret au plan doctrinal. Ce décalage entre la théorie et la pratique s’explique par sa place instable, entre le droit public et le droit privé. Par conséquent, l’étude de la cession implique un effort de classification, puis un exercice de déduction, en dépassant la distinction classique, entre le domaine public et le domaine privé, au profit d’un monisme domanial. Cette conception tire les conséquences de la modernisation du droit administratif des biens, derrière la bannière de la propriété publique, tout en offrant une large place au critère organique. Elle présente également l’avantage d’une application immédiate, sans relais de la part du législateur. Cependant, la pérennité de ce modèle dépendra de la conservation d’un équilibre, entre la liberté de l’administration-propriétaire, et la continuité du service public. Pour préserver cet héritage, les bases constitutionnelles du droit des biens publics devront être confirmées, et de manière explicite. / Even though the disposal of publicly-owned assets is occurring more and more frequently, these activities remain doctrinally unclear. The discrepancy between the theory and practice of such disposals can be explained by their uncertain position between public law and private law. Consequently, when considering such disposals, attention is paid to their classification and the exercise of judgement which goes beyond the traditional distinction between public and private domains in favour of the application of a single principle of public ownership. This concept has as consequence the modernization of administrative property law in the context of public ownership with an emphasis on the criteria of institutional law. It also has the advantage of being put into practice immediately without intervention from the legislature. However, this model will only be sustainable if it can maintain a balance between the prerogative of the administration-owners and the continuity of public services. To maintain this legacy, the constitutional basis of the law of publicly-owned assets must be confirmed explicitly

La propriété intellectuelle est suffisamment polymorphe pour s’appliquer tant aux personnes privées qu’aux personnes publiques. Il n’est pas question de nier la spécificité de la personne publique, qui en raison de son identité et de la nature des missions qui lui sont confiées dispose de prérogatives particulières, et est soumise à des règles spécifiques. L’objet de notre étude est de démontrer que la propriété intellectuelle soumet les personnes publiques et privées à un régime juridique commun, qui est aménagé pour répondre aux exigences propres aux personnes publiques. Ainsi, ces dernières disposent de prérogatives élargies par rapport aux personnes privées, notamment dans le cadre de l’acquisition et de l’exploitation de leurs créations intellectuelles. Cependant, les personnes publiques sont également soumises à des obligations renforcées, qui résultent des obligations plus générales qui pèsent sur elles, telles que, notamment, la protection du domaine public. En outre, l’apparition de nouvelles politiques publiques telles que l’open data doit être appréhendée par les personnes publiques pour s’adapter aux nouveaux enjeux de la propriété intellectuelle publique. / Intellectual Property (IP) is enough polymorphic to be applied to both private individuals and publicentities (understood as the State, administrative districts having legal personality, and public institutions). This is not about denying the specificity of public entities, who are entrusted with particular prerogatives, and subjected to specific rules because of their identity and the nature of their missions. The purpose of our study is to demonstrate that IP submits both public entities and private individuals to a common legal system, which is set to meet the requirements inherent to public entities. Thus, public entities have expanded powers over private individuals, through acquisition and exploitation of their intellectual assets. This is the expression, in IP, of the specific prerogatives thatpublic entities enjoy as part of their missions. However, public entities are also subjected to strengthened bonds, which are the result of general obligations placed upon them, such as the protection of public assets. Finally, the emergence of new dynamics related to IP such as open data represents a major evolution of this science that public entities must understand to adapt to new challenges of public IP.

**Note** During the research process, IndyGo donated some of the resources cited within this paper to the Indiana Historical Society. That collection has not been archived yet. Further, IndyGo may have placed other documents (created during the time of public ownership) in the Indiana State Archives or the Indiana State Library. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Today, most urban mass transit providers are publicly owned. Just a few decades ago, and for a majority of the history of mass transit, private owners provided transportation for communities. The decline of private ownership in Indianapolis resulted in transit crisis that pitted private owners against local government, riders and community groups. Advocates lambasted the private owners for their profit-first tactics, pointing to the dividends gained by the private owners. These owners, the Midland Transportation Corporation, also owned the mass transit companies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Louisville, Kentucky. Indianapolis politicians, residents and newspapers, all firmly conservative, hoped private owners could continue to operate Indianapolis Transit Systems without public assistance. The imminent failure prompted a discussion of the future of transportation in the city of Indianapolis. Community groups hoped the new public corporation would increase service for Indianapolis and not continue the skeleton system managed by the private owners. A storm of uncontrollable events prevented the robust expansion of the new public corporation and its lack of funding resulted in a continuing decline of service, much akin to the private owners that were abhorred by transit riders. Public ownership in Indianapolis revealed the importance of public ownership in the historiography of mass transportation and urban history. The regional investigation of Midland Transportation confirmed the notion of transit as a unique industry, both in its industrial relations and influence of the locality. The basic rationale for public ownership in Indianapolis would be the most important: the provision of public transportation for those unable to afford private transportation to obtain necessary services.