The failures of constitutionalism and good governance in Africa are well documented. Importantly, these failures have also highlighted the importance of constitutionalism and good governance in Africa. This study centrally explores the relevance and viability of social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi, specifically, and Africa, generally. Social trust-based governance and constitutionalism is an approach to governance and constitutionalism that is informed by the trust concept and is also fully mindful of local conditionalities in its operationalisation. By referring to the Constitution of Malawi and other pieces of legislation in Malawi, this study demonstrates that there is a legal basis for articulating and practising social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi. This legal basis stems primarily from sections 12 and 13 of the Constitution but is also supported by legislation like the Corrupt Practices Act, Public Finance Management Act, Public Procurement Act and the Public Audit Act. In spite of the fact that there is a basis for social trust-based governance and constitutionalism in Malawi it is evident that governance and constitutionalism in Malawi have not, so far, been practised in line with the stipulations of the social trust-based approach. The current approach to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi is heavily steeped in the liberal democratic tradition. In this connection, this study demonstrates the limitations of the liberal democratic approach to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi principal among which is the lack of autochthony. Since the apparatus of liberal democracy has subsequently become quite entrenched in Malawi and most African countries, it is argued that the way forward involves creating a synthesis out of liberal democracy and the norms, traditions and values indigenous to Africa. This study identifies the philosophy of ubuntu as being an important source of values and principles that can be utilised to confer some autochthony to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi, specifically and Africa, generally. The approach adopted in this study concedes that neither a rigid insistence on liberal democratic constitutionalism nor a strict adherence to ubuntu-based governance and constitutionalism can succeed in Malawi. The solution is to utilise values from both traditions in order to generate a viable approach to governance and constitutionalism. In this study, the viability and relevance of social trust-based governance and constitutionalism is demonstrated by reference to the relationship between the branches of government, public resource management and the accountability of public functionaries and citizenry empowerment in Malawi. This study argues that a social trust-based approach to governance and constitutionalism can improve the relations between the branches of government, reinvigorate public resource management and also enhance accountability of public functionaries and empower the populace in line with the Constitution’s vision. The Constitution, as the supreme law of the land, thus remains integral to governance and constitutionalism in Malawi. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

In his thesis, the author deals with the transfer of rights and obligations arising from employment relationships. In the Czech law, the regulation of transfer of rights and obligations is governed in substantial part by the Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour Code, as amended, and in other statutes. The Czech legislation is based on harmonised regulation in the law of the European Union, which is provided for in the Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses. In his thesis, the author examines the current regulation in the Czech law and the decision- making practice of the Czech courts and compares it with the decision-making practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author also deals with the amendment of transfer of rights and obligations implemented by the Act No. 285/2020 Coll., amending the Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour Code, as amended, and several other related acts, and compares the applicable law with the preceding. The thesis also deals with the history of regulation of transfer of rights and obligations in the Czech Republic, then it deals with the general definition...

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The fulfilment of Child Support payments following divorce is important to ensure children’s wellbeing. Guided by a model of normative influences, we investigated how individuals perceived Child Support payments in South Korea and the United States and if they varied by child’s gender, custody arrangements, changes in the responsible father’s finances, and his financial obligations to an aging parent. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 132 Korean and 132 U.S. participants by utilizing a multiple segment factorial vignette (MSFV). Korean respondents believed more Child Support should be paid than did U.S. respondents. Custody arrangements and changes in the fathers’ finances affected perceived financial obligations of divorced fathers to the child regardless of participants’ country. Having an aging parent in need affected Koreans’ perceptions about Child Support in different ways than U.S. participants. Qualitative responses indicated that Koreans emphasized paternal obligations, whereas U.S. participants stressed the issue of fairness as a rationale. We discuss the results of this study in relation to Child Support compliance in both countries and suggest implications for research and practice.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis will investigate The Norwegian state and state-owned businesses positive obligations to fulfill the protection of equality and non-discrimination under international and regional jurisdiction. Particularly, women rights in general and women of ethnic minority’s rights. A positive critical legal method, based on a feminist theory, will be used to analyze the United Nation, European and Norwegian regulations. To illustrate the laws in practice the thesis will look at court decisions from both European Court Justice (ECJ), Norwegian Gender Equality Tribunal and The Norwegian Supreme Court. Even though the regulations exist, there is still a problem with respecting women’s rights in Norwegian society in general and in labour market. What is interesting to investigate is therefore the reason behind the disrespect, and to look for sustainable opportunities to include women’s experiences in the traditional jurisdiction. The conclusion is that there is space for implementation of women’s rights in human rights, and a transformation of the existing traditional legal system to “engender” the “mainstream” legal system is in place.

Sociala obligationer är en typ av obligation där de finansiella medlen som emittenten fått investerat används till samhällsenliga sociala ändamål. Sociala obligationer är relativt nytt och därför finns idag inga generella ramverk eller regler för hur finansiella medel inom en sådan obligation bör användas. Avsaknaden av riktlinjer och rekommendationer har lett till att de bolag som idag har emitterat sociala obligationer har gjort det enligt eget tycke och fördel. Det i sin tur har lett till en väldigt stor bredd på marknaden med få gemensamma definitioner och likheter vilket gör det svårt att jämföra obligationerna sinsemellan. Uppföljning av de allokerade medlen är också något som skiljer sig mellan de olika obligationerna på marknaden. Det sker främst genom redovisning av nyckeltal i emittentens investerarrapporter eller årsredovisningar. De ramverken som presenteras i samband med investeringen har i samtliga fall hittills tagits fram gemensamt mellan emittenten och investeraren vilket innebär att varje nytt bolag som har eller vill emittera en social obligation måste ta fram ett nytt ramverk för just dennes verksamhet. Resultatet blir en uppsjö av fler olika varianter med olika verksamhetsinriktningar, målbilder, genomförandeprocesser och uppföljning. Nyckeltalen som följs upp motsvarar i samtliga av granskade fall hårda värden. Några exempel på nyckeltal som använts är antal kvadratmeter samhällsfastighet respektive antal personer som kan bruka samhällsfastigheter och dess service. Ett annan exempel är nyckeltal som använts vid rapportering av verksamhet i bostadsfastigheter i utanförskapsområden. Då har antalet renoverade bostäder, antal nya bostäder, antal skapade jobb samt boende omsättning mätts. Sammanfattningsvis så är marknaden för sociala obligationer i Sverige både relativt liten och både ny och outvecklad. Klimatet på en sådan marknad gör det både svårt och dyrt att emittera obligationer. Avsaknaden av regleringar, gemensamma ramverk och definitioner innebär att det idag inte finns något lämpligt sätt att jämföra obligationer och därmed kan det inte säkerställas vilken eller vilka satsningar som är mest optimala. När det inte finns några gemensamma verktyg för att vare sig emittera eller följa upp projekt finansierade av sociala obligationer blir begreppet framgång inte helt entydigt. Något marknaden och branschen däremot är enade om är att social hållbarhet är en viktig aspekt i ett hållbart och välfungerande samhälle. / Social obligations are a type of obligation in which the financial resources invested are used for socially beneficial purposes. Social bonds are relatively new and therefore there is currently no general framework or rules on how financial resources within such a bond should be used. The lack of guidelines and recommendations means that companies that, as of today, have issued social bonds have done so at their own liking and benefit. This has resulted in a very broad market with few common definitions and similarities, making it difficult to compare bonds across the board. The monitoring of the funds allocated is also something that differs between the different bonds on the market. This is mainly done through the disclosure of ratios in the issuer's investor reports or annual reports. The frameworks have in all examined cases been developed jointly between the issuer and the investor, which means that each new company that has or wants to issue a social bond has to develop a new framework for the particular operation. The result is numerous variants of social bonds with different operational orientations, visions, monitoring, and implementation processes. In all the cases examined the key performance indicators that are monitored correspond to hard values. Some examples that are used are the number of square meters of community property and the number of people who can use the property and its services. Another example is the ratios used to describe the activities of residential properties in areas of low socioeconomic status. In this case, the number of renovated apartments, the number of new apartments, the number of jobs created, and the housing turnover are measured. In conclusion, the market for social bonds in Sweden is both relatively small but also both new and immature. The climate in such a market makes it both difficult and expensive to issue bonds. The lack of regulations, common frameworks and definitions means that there is currently no appropriate way to compare bonds and therefore it cannot be ensured which activities are the most optimal and successful. In the absence of common tools for both issuing and monitoring projects financed by social bonds, the concept of success becomes ambiguous. What the market and the industry do agree on, however, is that social sustainability is an important aspect of a sustainable and well-functioning society.

This thesis examines the concept of parental liability and the effect it has in deterring juvenile delinquency, with an emphasis on Florida Law. It will also consider the concept's ability to properly compensate victims of juvenile offenses. The thesis focuses on the circumstances in which a parent or guardian may be liable for the actions of a child and how liability insurance law plays a key role in compensating innocent victims. It discusses Florida's public policy of seeking justice by holding parents responsible and the problems that it faces by doing so. The thesis further examines what issues arise when parents are found vicariously liable for their negligence or contribution to a child's offense, but are not covered by liability insurance coverage or the insurers deny coverage.

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