Le phénomène de conventionnalisation du droit de la famille, plus précisément le rôle assigné à la volonté individuelle lors d'un divorce se développe de manière exponentielle. Les sources des obligations conventionnelles étant multiples, il convient de définir les éléments qui les composent. Le contrat ne constitue pas l’unique source des obligations conventionnelles. Cette catégorie doit comprendre l’ensemble des actes juridiques conventionnels. Ceux-ci se définissent comme des manifestations de volonté produisant des effets de droit.En droit du divorce, nombreux sont les accords de volontés que les époux peuvent conclure afin de régler les conséquences patrimoniales et extra-patrimoniales de leur rupture. Cette place croissante, accordée par la loi aux volontés individuelles dans l’aménagement des conséquences du divorce, invite à s’interroger sur la qualification des accords conclus par les époux. L’étude des obligations conventionnelles nées du divorce permet de démontrer que des contrats de droit commun s’épanouissent dans le droit du divorce et que parallèlement des conventions du divorce, caractérisées par l’intervention du juge, se développent en marge des principes issus du droit des contrats.En définitive, dans un contexte où est promue la liberté individuelle, les contrats de droit commun constituent un instrument privilégié pour des époux qui souhaitent organiser les conséquences patrimoniales de leur rupture. Cependant, l’ordre public familial inhérent au domaine extra-patrimonial persiste. À cet égard, il faut souligner que la théorie générale des obligations n’a pas vocation à mettre en péril l’état des personnes qui par nature doit demeurer indisponible. / The phenomenon of conventionalisation of family law and more precisely the role assigned to individual will in divorce has been increasing exponentially. As the sources of conventional obligations are multiple, it appears essential to define the variouselements that make up this specific group. Contracts are not the only source of conventional obligations. This last category should include all conventional legal acts which can be defined as expressions of will intending to produce legal effect.In divorce law, the voluntary agreements spouses are allowed to conclude in order tosettle the patrimonial and extra-patrimonial consequences of their separation are numerous. The growing importance given by law to individual will in order to settle the consequences of divorce calls for the examination of the genuine qualification ofspouses’ agreements. The analysis of the conventional obligations originating from divorce demonstrates that common law contracts flourish in divorce law while, at the same time, divorce agreements develop on the fringes of the guiding principles of contract law. Regarding these conventions, judges’ interventions add to individual willso as to reach perfect agreements. Eventually, in a context where individual freedom is promoted, common law contracts are a privileged tool for spouses who wish to organize themselves the patrimonial consequences of their separation. However, matrimonial public order legislation remains and cannot be dissociated from the extra-patrimonial field. In this regard, it should be noted that the general theory of the law of obligations does not intend to endanger the status of persons which must inherently remain inalienable.

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African law does not recognise an inherent right to the existing, unobstructed view from a property. Nevertheless, seemingly in disregard of this general principle, property owners often attempt to protect such views and courts sometimes in fact grant orders that provide such protection. This dissertation aims to establish whether South African law does indeed not acknowledge a right to a view and whether there are any exceptions to the general rule against the recognition of the right to a view. The principle that the existing view from a property is not an inherent property right is rooted in Roman and Roman-Dutch law. This principle was received in early South African case law. Inconsistency in the application of the principle in recent case law renders its development uncertain. An analysis of recent decisions shows that the view from a property is sometimes protected in terms of servitudes or similar devices, or by virtue of legislation. In other instances, property owners attempt to prevent the erection of a neighbouring building that will interfere with their existing views, based either on a substantive right or an administrative shortcoming. When the protection of view is based on a limited real right (servitudes or similar devices) or legislation, it is generally effective and permanent. Conversely, when it is founded on a substantive right to prevent building on neighbouring land or an administrative irregularity rendering a neighbouring building objectionable, the protection is indirect and temporary. A comparative study confirms that the position regarding the protection of view is similar in English and Dutch law. Constitutional analysis in terms of the methodology developed by the Constitutional Court in FNB indicates that cases where view is protected are not in conflict with section 25(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The investigation concludes with an evaluation of policy considerations which show that the position with regard to a right to a view in South African law is rooted in legitimate policy rationales. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Inherente reg op die bestaande, onbelemmerde uitsig vanaf 'n eiendom word nie deur die Suid-Afrikaanse reg erken nie. Desnieteenstaande poog eienaars dikwels om die uitsig vanaf hul eiendomme te beskerm en soms staan die howe bevele tot dien effekte toe. Dit skep die indruk dat die Suid-Afrikaanse reg wel die bestaande uitsig vanaf 'n eiendom as 'n inherente eiendomsreg erken of dat sodanige uitsig minstens onder sekere omstandighede beskerm kan word. Hierdie verhandeling het ten doel om onsekerhede betreffende die algemene beginsel oor 'n reg op uitsig uit die weg te ruim en om lig te werp op gevalle waar 'n onbelemmerde uitsig wel beskerm word. Die Romeinse en Romeins-Hollandse reg het nie 'n reg op uitsig erken nie. Hierdie posisie is deur vroeë regspraak in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel opgeneem. 'n Ondersoek na latere Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak toon egter aan dat howe wel onder sekere omstandighede, skynbaar strydig met die gemeenregtelike beginsel, beskerming aan die onbelemmerde uitsig vanaf eiendomme verleen. 'n Eerste kategorie sake behels gevalle waar die uitsig vanaf 'n eiendom deur 'n beperkte saaklike reg, in die vorm van 'n serwituut of 'n soortgelyke maatreël, of ingevolge wetgewing beskerm word. In 'n tweede kategorie sake word die beskerming van 'n uitsig deur middel van 'n aanval op die goedkeuring van 'n buureienaar se bouplanne bewerkstellig. Sodanige aanval kan óf op 'n substantiewe reg óf op 'n administratiewe tekortkoming berus. Die onderskeie kategorieë verskil wat betref die doelmatigheid en omvang van die beskerming wat verleen word. 'n Saaklike reg of wetgewing verleen meestal effektiewe en permanente beskerming. Hierteenoor het 'n aanval op die goedkeuring van 'n buureienaar se bouplanne hoogstens indirekte en tydelike beskerming van die uitsig tot gevolg. Regsvergelyking bevestig dat die Engelse en Nederlandse reg die Suid-Afrikaanse posisie ten opsigte van'n reg op uitsig tot 'n groot mate eggo. Grondwetlike analise aan die hand van die FNB-metodologie dui daarop dat die gevalle waar uitsig wel beskerming geniet nie strydig is met artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996 nie. Bowendien regverdig beleidsgronde die behoud van die huidige beginsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

In higher education, the field of student affairs, as demonstrated in previous research, suffers from high turnover, and often, the choice to leave the student affairs field seems to coincide with starting a family and simultaneously taking care of elder family members. Previous research has demonstrated that care-giving commitments hinder women in the advancement of their career and given the changing culture of shared care-giving responsibilities, the previous findings may now be true for men as well. This study focused on Caucasian male middle managers’ perceptions of the student affairs work environment in relation to their families and workplace supportiveness and advancement. I interviewed eight Caucasian, male student affairs middle managers about their perceptions about workplace supportiveness of family obligations in the student affairs field. The participants placed high importance on family and were no longer willing to risk family life for career success. All eight men talked fondly of their family obligations and were willing to change career paths to demonstrate how much they valued their families. In addition, these men frequently commented on the desire to represent cultural change. Therefore, student affairs divisions should implement supportive informal benefits across the board to all professional full time employees for increasing long term stability in the field of student affairs.

Alors que le droit de la santé a toujours prôné et protégé une relation médicale librement consentie entre patients et médecins, de nombreuses exceptions au consentement libre et éclairé viennent obscurcir le schéma classique de la relation médicale. Etudier l'acte médical imposé en tant que concept juridique autonome devient alors nécessaire pour clarifier et ordonner juridiquement les droits et devoirs applicables à chaque « acteur » de cet acte médical imposé. La conceptualisation a aussi pour objectif de dégager un régime juridique autonome permettant de garantir les droits et libertés des individus concernés tout en garantissant les intérêts de la société. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, cette thèse s'attache à unifier et clarifier la nature de l'acte médical imposé, afin de parvenir à un régime unifié, lisible et autonome, devant servir au législateur, en s'intéressant à toutes les branches du Droit privé et public. C'est ainsi que par une étude transversale de tous les actes médicaux imposés, faisant aujourd'hui l'objet d'un « éclatement » dans tous les domaines du Droit, cette thèse propose de modifier de nombreuses législations et codifications afin de prendre en considération, ces « exceptions » trop nombreuses pour être encore aujourd'hui considérées comme telles / Although health legislation has always advocated and protected the freely-entered-into doctor/patient relationship, many exceptions to free and informed consent have come to cloud this classical medical relationship. Compulsory medical treatment must be studied as a stand-alone legal concept if one is to identify the legal rights and responsibilities of each of the 'players' in this treatment. The objective of this conceptualisation is to draw out a stand-alone legal framework which would guarantee the rights and freedoms of the individuals concerned whilst guaranteeing the interests of Society. To reach this objective, this thesis endeavours to unify and clarify the nature of compulsory medical treatment with a view to attaining a unified, easily-read and stand-alone system to be used by legislators whether for private or public law purposes. It is therefore only as a result of a cross-disciplinary study of all compulsory medical treatments (which are 'exploding' in all spheres of the law) that this thesis is able to propose modifications to many laws and codifications in order to take into account the 'exceptions' which today are so numerous that they cannot be considered as such

Freedom to contract and its restriction in business obligations (Summary) This thesis deals with freedom to contract and its limitations in the field of business obligations. It introduces the possibilities that parties have when entering into contracts as well as it outlines the boundaries which they cannot cross. It aspires to clarify the topic by referring to a wide scope of related judicial decisions which have evolved throughout the years. The first chapter briefly describes and classifies business obligations; hence it specifies cases in which freedom to contract and its restriction apply. The second chapter then characterizes freedom to contract and sets it to the context of other fundamental principles governing private law. It also clarifies the normative roots of this freedom and describes the nature of legal rules that can be freely deviated from in a contract. The following chapter reviews particular manifestations of freedom to contract with special focus on free determination of contract's content. The last chapter looks into various kinds of restrictions that limit contracting parties entering into business obligations. It deals with certain issues regarding mandatory rules and mentions some formal requirements regarding legal acts. Then the analysis of restriction of freedom to contract set...

1 English Summary The aim of this thesis is to compare the determination of law applicable to non- contractual obligations in the Czech Republic and the United States of America. In the beginning I provide a brief overview of the international private law in general and then the substantial law of torts in both Czech Republic and the USA and the prospective changes in the new Civil Code which should be applicapble from 2014. The fifth chapter concerns with the law applicable to non-contractual obligations in the Czech Republic. In the first place there is a statute (Private International Law Act), but the majority of its provisions were overruled by the Rome II regulation, which unifies the privite international law of the EU states. According to the regulation, general rule for the law applicable to non-contractual obligation arising out of torts is lex loci delicti (the law of the country in which the dammage occurs). Rome II then provides special rules for product liability, unfair competition, environmental dammage, etc. In the Czech Republic the regulation does not apply to traffic accidents because the Czech Republic is a contracting state to Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents. The sixth chapter focuses on the law applicable to torts in the USA. The first subchapter deals with...

Legal aspects of the securing of obligations in international trade The securing of obligations in the international trade is recently, possibly more than ever before, very topical issue, and the reason is quite clear - there is a strong need to secure international contractual obligations by effective and reliable securing instruments because of the economic and debt crises which started in 2008 and has been still a very actual problem. This thesis focuses on legal relations arising from the securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The goal of the thesis is to describe legal aspects of securing obligations considering the determination of an applicable law, under which the securing is governed. Because of the author's long- term working bank experience, the final part of the text deals with a securing by a bank guarantee. In the first part of the thesis there are described legal relations in which an international element appears, and there are also described a purpose, function, categorization and different types of securing instruments respective of the international trade. The second part of the thesis deals with the problem how to determine which law is the applicable one for securing of obligations in the international trade. There are described legal aspects of...

Les recherches menées dans cette thèse se sont intéressées à l'étude des obligations convertibles (OC) sous différents angles : le premier essai analyse les motivations des dirigeants à émettre des OC. Nous avons proposé un questionnaire qui a été envoyé à des entreprises françaises et nous avons conclu que les émissions d'OC ont principalement pour objectif de réaliser une augmentation de capital différée, émettre un signal, payer un coupon moins élevé, éviter la dilution et diversifier les sources de financement. Ensuite, à travers une ACP, nous avons identifié trois groupes d'émetteurs: les entreprises motivées par les avantages que peut procurer une émission d'OC par rapport à une augmentation de capital ; les entreprises qui souhaitent s'endetter à moindre coût ; et les entreprises intéressées par la souplesse des OC pour effectuer un financement séquentiel. Dès lors que la décision d'émettre des convertibles est prise, le manager doit décider du design de son obligation. Dans le deuxième essai, nous avons cherché à identifier et analyser les facteurs qui influencent la structure de l'OC, mesurée par la proportion de fonds propres et de dette dans l'actif émis. Nous avons montré que le risque de sous-investissement, la performance opérationnelle future, le niveau de l'endettement et la concentration de l'actionnariat influencent la structure de l'OC. Dans le troisième essai, nous avons analysé l'effet du risque de défaut et de conversion sur la sensibilité de l'OC aux variations du taux d'intérêt, mesurée par sa duration. Nous avons montré que le risque de défaut et de conversion ont un effet négatif sur la duration pour la plupart des convertibles. / This thesis have focused on the study of convertible bonds (CB) from different angles: The first essay analyzes the motivations of firms to issue OC . We proposed a questionnaire that was sent to French companies and concluded that emissions of OC mainly aim to make a back-door equity increase, issue a signal, pay a lower coupon, avoid dilution and diversify financing sources. Then, through a principal component analysis, we identified three groups of issuers : companies motivated by the benefits of an OC issue compared to a capital increase; companies wishing to borrow at lower cost ; and companies interested in the flexibility of the OC to perform a sequential financing. Once the decision to issue convertible is taken, the manager have to decide the design of its bond. In the second study, we have identified and analyzed the factors that influence the structure of the OC, measured by the proportion of equity and debt. We have shown that the risk of underinvestment, future operating performance, the level of debt and the ownership concentration influence the structure of the OC. In the third essay, we analyzed the effect of default and conversion risks on the sensitivity of the OC to interest rates changes, as measured by its duration. We have shown that the risk of default and conversion have a negative effect on the duration for most convertible bonds.

This thesis deals with problems of non-profit organizations of sport having a form of civil associations. The thesis outlines a support of sport in the acquis communautaire and legislation of the Czech Republic and predicates possibilities of the financial sources of the civil associations applied in the sport. At the conclusion, the thesis is given to an accounting and tax specifications of sports clubs.