This thesis inquires into the transformative potentials and possibilities of attending specifically to matters of occupation, settlement and development for rearticulating discourses and knowledge relations on homelessness to undermine the projects of separation of land from body. Through an historiographical analysis applied to the National Housing Strategy (NHS), Reaching Home (RH), and Housing First (HF), as contemporary Canadian iterations of housing and homelessness policy and practice, this work critically examines representations, attentions, and omissions to understand, engage, and intervene on considerations of the common projects that constitute discourses on homelessness. This analysis found that contemporary understandings communicate and define the homeless body as an identity of lack, novel to the neoliberal contemporary that omit attentions to homelessness as a colonial capitalist process implicated in ongoing, relational, and severed histories of violence. This work also revealed that NHS, RH, and HF operationalize solutions to ending homelessness through abstracted/eugenic ‘expert’ medicalized, liberalized, and market-based systems/taxonomies of worth that reify/silo/silence/erase knowledges through and by embodied projects and discourses of ‘rights’, justice, care, and help. While NHS, RH, and HF claim ‘housing as a right’ and advocate deinstitutionalization via a discourse of ‘choice’ in a market system, this work revealed these discourses to be part of a redeveloped economic institutionalized politics severed, rearticulated, and managed in the social sphere. These findings are considered as a violence of Land/Body bifurcation possible through and by the imposition of claims on body and land in the creation and maintenance of ideal citizen subjects as settlement subjectivities becoming self-determined rights holders, consumers, tenants, and citizen placeholders in a commodified market for home. Overall, this project aims to contribute to a resistance of the severing violence of occupation, settlement, and development through an ontology of Land/Body simultaneity offering possibilities for transformational intervention into the context from which the ideas of homeless bodies and landscapes emerge. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

<p> A conventional view of events in contemporary Iraq since 1990 suggests that there were two wars in 1991 and 2003 between Iraq and a US/UK led cohort of countries separated by an interval of relative peace marked by the imposition of economic sanctions on the country. This dissertation proposes an alternative view, arguing that the war with Iraq was one continuous war that began in 1991 and ended in 2003, followed by what is correctly called "belligerent occupation". A process oriented model of violence bridges two divergent literatures in the field of Anthropology-the anthropology of war and the ethnography of violence-and acts as a lens with which to see war with greater definition; and subsequently, to see that there was but one war with Iraq. The understanding ofviolence I propose illuminates the substance and process of war and is articulated through a careful analysis of three realms of violence. The Physical Realm is where harm is done to the bodies of individuals. This realm exists in the immediate context of the Network Realm, where violence is embedded in social institutions and processes. The Network Realm is in turn sustained by the Symbolic Realm, where violence is enmeshed in broader cultural symbol systems that have the power to create and sustain an ethos in which harm towards others is enabled. Each of these realms contributes to the creation and sustenance of war, yet the symbolic realm remains the primary key to enabling violence in both network and physical realms. Each realm of violence is illustrated in this dissertation by examples from the US/UK - IRAQ War, 1991-2003, drawn from my experience of living in the country and extensive historical research. The argument of this dissertation imposes a different structure on how the course of events now unfolding in the geographical region of Southwest Asia is understood. In this narrative there is a series of escalating stages. A long-standing conflict between the governments of Iraq and Kuwait was escalated when the Government of Iraq occupied the country of Kuwait in 1990. When a cohort of countries led by the US government intervened in the occupation of Kuwait, the conflict escalated into a state of war which lasted until 2003. Eventually that war was ended by yet another occupation; this time, however, it was the country of Iraq that was occupied. At the time of completing this dissertation there is a great deal of internal resistance to the occupation of the country-the contours of how it will finally unfold remain uncertain.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This investigation examines the origins and function of the Napolas, boarding schools for the Third Reich’s future elite, before 1945 and demonstrates how those connected to the schools rehabilitated their experiences as students and teachers in the early postwar period and in the years since reunification. Between 1933 and 1945, the Napolas recruited racially valuable children and prepared them for leadership roles in Nazi Germany’s Thousand-Year Reich. The schools’ emphasis upon racial purity and premilitary training caught the attention of Heinrich Himmler and the SS. The appointment of August Heißmeyer, a high-ranking SS official, to the position of Napola inspector in 1936 opened the door for closer relations between the two organizations. Although the Napolas remained formally under the auspices of the Reich Education Ministry for the entirety of the Nazi dictatorship, the schools were gradually absorbed into the SS’ sphere of influence after 1936. The Napolas ceased to exist with the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945. Due to the Napolas’ past ties to the SS, one of seven organizations deemed criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, former administrators, teachers, and pupils of the schools were caught in the crosshairs of the Allied denazification program. Legal changes in the U.S. Occupation Zone in March 1946 gave Napola apologists an opportunity to challenge Allied accusations regarding the Napolas’ past as Nazi sites of indoctrination. As a result, a collective defense of the Napolas began to emerge, growing in repute and complexity as the denazification process continued. By 1949, the Napolas’ “postwar legend,” an exonerative tale of the schools’ history during the Third Reich, had not only stalled prosecution indefinitely, but also successfully reintegrated alumni into West German society. The postwar myth that exonerated the schools survived challenges during the Bonn Republic more or less unscathed. The willingness of former Napola pupils to recast their experiences as Nazi elite students in a positive light indicates that the Napolas’ postwar legend has lost none of its persuasiveness in unified Germany. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This investigation examines the legacy of the Third Reich through the prism of education. After the collapse of the Nazi regime in 1945, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and France divided Germany into four zones of occupation and introduced a wide-ranging program of denazification. Former administrators, teachers and pupils of the Napolas, boarding schools for the Third Reich’s future elite, were among those affected by the purge. The Napolas had enjoyed an intimate relationship to Heinrich Himmler’s SS between 1936 and 1945, due in large part to the schools’ emphasis on racial purity and premilitary training. Yet Napola apologists responded to postwar prosecution by denying the schools’ role in Nazi plans for European domination. Their constructed memories rehabilitated the Napolas’ postwar image and successfully reintegrated alumni into West German society. The Napolas’ “postwar legend” has since become the defining characteristic of Napola alumni associations’ collective identities.

L’adoption de saines habitudes de vie (HdeVs) préviendrait les maladies chroniques responsables d’environ 71% des décès mondialement. Cependant, la majorité de la population mondiale adulte, incluant les Canadiens, n’adhère pas aux recommandations en matière de saines HdeVs. L’Organisation mondiale de la santé a notamment recommandé de promouvoir davantage la santé au travail. Bien que certaines études rapportent des bienfaits en réponse à des programmes de promotion des saines HdeVs au travail (PPSTs), des revues systématiques et des méta-analyses questionnent leur efficacité. De plus, peu d’études ont tenté d’identifier les employés bénéficiant le plus des PPSTs. Cette thèse a donc quatre objectifs, présentés dans quatre articles, soit : Article 1) Décrire l’évaluation du PPST « Activez votre santé » offert à des employés québécois; Article 2) Évaluer les effets d’un nombre croissant d’interventions (Témoin, Légère, Moyenne, et Élevée) dans un PPST sur les variables liées à la santé et aux HdeVs; Article 3) Identifier les facteurs prédisant l’intention d’améliorer différentes HdeVs et vérifier l’association entre l’intention initiale et l’amélioration de l’HdeV; et Article 4) Identifier, parmi les employés montrant initialement une santé sous-optimale, les caractéristiques qui prédisent l’amélioration de comportements et la réduction de facteurs de risque. Les variables suivantes ont été recueillies par questionnaire avant et après le PPST : santé (incluant la santé mentale), plusieurs perceptions (incluant le niveau de stress), et six HdeVs ainsi que l’intention de les améliorer. Article 1 décrit la conception de l’étude, les interventions, la collecte de données et l’échantillon. Article 2 soutient que le PPST a permis de maintenir ou d’améliorer les résultats, peu importe le nombre d’interventions du PPST. Article 3 identifie les facteurs communs prédisant l’intention d’améliorer plus d’une HdeV, par exemple le sexe, l’IMC et la non-adhésion aux recommandations. L’intention initiale d’amélioration était généralement associée à l’amélioration du comportement, particulièrement dans le groupe Élevée. Article 4 identifie quelques prédicteurs d’amélioration pour chaque comportement et facteur de risque. Toutefois, les prédicteurs différaient pour chacun d’eux. En conclusion, le PPST « Activez votre santé » a permis d’aider certains employés ayant une santé sous-optimale. Un nombre élevé d’interventions semble avoir été plus bénéfique. Pour être plus efficaces, les PPSTs devraient documenter l’intention initiale d’améliorer les différentes HdeVs et cibler les interventions en fonction des intentions et des besoins des employées. / Adopting healthy lifestyle habits would prevent chronic diseases which are responsible for approximately 71% of deaths worldwide. However, most of the adult population in the world, including Canadians, do not adhere to the recommendations for healthy lifestyle habits. The World Health Organization has recommended increased promotion of health at work. Studies have reported benefits in response to workplace health promotion programs (WHPPs), but systematic reviews and meta-analyses question their effectiveness. In addition, few studies have attempted to identify which employees benefit most from WHPPs. Therefore, this thesis has four objectives presented in four articles, which are: Article 1) Describe the evaluation of the Activate Your Health WHPP offered to Quebec employees; Article 2) Evaluate the effects of an increasing number of interventions (Control, Light, Moderate, and High) in a WHPP on health- and lifestyle habit-related outcomes; Article 3) Identify factors predicting intention to improve different lifestyle habits and test the association between initial intention and lifestyle habit improvement; and Article 4) Identify, among employees initially showing suboptimal health, characteristics that predict behavioural and risk factor improvements. The following variables were collected by questionnaire before and after the WHPP: health including mental health, several perceptions including stress levels, and six lifestyle habits as well as intention to improve them. Article 1 describes the study design, interventions, data collection, and sample. Article 2 supports that the WHPP maintained or improved outcomes regardless of the WHPP’s number of interventions. Article 3 identifies common factors predicting the intention to improve at least two lifestyle habits: sex, BMI, and nonadherence to recommendations. Initial intention to improve was generally associated with behavioural improvement, especially in High. Article 4 identifies some predictors of improvement for each behaviour and risk factor. However, the predictors differed for each improvement. In conclusion, the Activate Your Health WHPP was successful in helping some employees with suboptimal health. A higher number of interventions appeared to be more beneficial. To be more effective, WHPPs should document the initial intention to improve various lifestyle habits and target interventions based on the intentions and needs of employees.

No description available.

Studies and reports have shown that a significant portion of young individuals with intellectual disabilities who complete their studies at special needs upper-secondary school find themselves outside the labor market. Among these, a considerable number are described as being somewhere else, i.e., not in employment, education, or daily activities. This is despite Sweden, through the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Ds 2008:23), acknowledging their right to work on equal terms as others. The aim of this essay is to highlight the underlying reasons why young individuals with intellectual disabilities are excluded from the labor market and the reasons they find themselves in NEED (Not in Employment, Education, or Daily Activity). In a non-systematic literature review, twelve scientific articles found through PsycInfo and Libsearch were examined to address the challenges and opportunities that young individuals with intellectual disabilities face in relation to employment and work. The results were then analyzed based on theories of stigma, social justice, and developmental ecology. The findings primarily point to three reasons why young individuals with intellectual disabilities are excluded from labor markets and are in NEED: 1. stigmatization of the group, 2. structural barriers such as a complex welfare system and limited educational opportunities, and 3. difficulties in participating in today's work structure due to limited adaptive abilities.

Background: Approximately 20-25 % of people experience mental health disorders globally and, therefore, have a higher chance of meeting occupational injustices in their everyday lives. Occupational injustice includes occupational deprivation, imbalance, alienation, marginalization and apartheid. The purpose of this study was to explore the current knowledge of occupational justice or injustice in persons with mental disorders. Method: Scoping review methodology by Peters et al. (2020) was used for mapping evidence. For inclusion criteria, there was no age restriction. Also, mental disorders or mental illnesses or diagnoses for that had to be stated. The time span for the literature search was between 2006 and 2021. The data was searched from AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus. Hand searching in the Journal of Occupational Science was also conducted, and the citations and reference lists were screened. Results: Seven articles met the criteria and were included for qualitative synthesis, and all were related to working-aged adults. Three main themes were found in relation to (1) engagement in occupations, (2) social relations, and (3) participating in work-life. Conclusion: Occupational injustice was related to environmental barriers, a lack of opportunities for engaging in meaningful activities, developing positive identity and self-esteem and to having a stigma. Participation in work-life was noted to be affecting occupational justice positively. There may also exist knowledge gaps regarding other age groups than persons of working age with mental disorders and from countries with weak health care and insurance systems. Further research about occupational injustice in persons with mental disorders is needed.

The vast literature of World War II in France contains a major gap. There is little on the daily life of civilians prior to France's defeat during the Battle of France or civilian life after the liberation of France from the German occupier. Most literature on France during the war focuses on the Vichy years from 1940-1944. This dissertation extends the timeline to encapsulate the whole war from 1939-1945. By doing so, historians can uncover other themes central to the French civilian experience besides the German presence. This dissertation shows the benefits of this chronological extension through its investigation of the southern French city of Montélimar. This dissertation argues that from the time France entered World War II until the end of the war France was occupied. To consider this, one must look at the central theme of requisitions. For the entirety of the war, people all over France had to adapt because of the imposition of requisition policies. French government policy required the sacrifice of civilian possessions in a time of war. These policies continued across different governments: the French Third Republic, Vichy France, the Italian occupation, the German occupation, and during the Free French provisional government. Montélimar's civilians understood that requisitions were necessary. There was, however, a limit to their understanding. When civilians felt they were excessively burden with requisitions or unfairly treated, they appealed in a number of ways. They engaged with the state in what this dissertation calls the "politics of requisitioning." It provided a figurative space where civilians challenged their responsibilities to the state. Though civilian appeals usually failed, they provided an opportunity where civilians contested the meaning of their civic responsibilities and the state explored the limits of its obligations to the inhabitants of the city. These experiences, in addition to the Axis occupation, capture daily life in wartime Montélimar.

There is a universally recognized need for a more refined chronological understanding of the Early Holocene in the Southeast. The Paleoindian/Early Archaic period deposits at the Hester site provide an opportunity to refine the local chronology for northeast Mississippi. Three-dimensional spatial analysis of these deposits revealed the presence of at least four distinct occupations. Attribute-level morphological analysis of projectile points excavated from these occupations indicated that base width, shoulder width, and basal indentation ratio, changed significantly through time. A paradigmatic classification system employing these attributes was used to classify the projectile points from Hester. These classes were successfully seriated indicating that they are true historical classes. The range of historical classes indicates that this alternative to the traditional point typology may provide greater chronological precision for the Early Holocene in northeast Mississippi.

No description available.