De teoretiska grundstenarna för en framgångsrik ledning beror bl.a. på koordinationen mellan svensk forskning inom det ledningsvetenskapliga området och Försvarsmaktens doktrinära utveckling. Inom den ledningsvetenskapliga forskningen pågår utveckling av en teoretisk modell, den dynamiska OODA-loopen, syftande till att ta fram utåt- och inåtriktade funktioner inom ledning. Försvarsmakten genomför f.n. en utveckling av den Militärstrategiska doktrinen till att bli mer användbar och koordinerad i takt med en förändrad omvärld. Studiens syfte är att kartlägga om den doktrinära utvecklingen följt med forskningen inom ledningsvetenskapen och skapa en ökad förståelse samt medvetenhet för vad som krävs av den Militärstrategiska doktrinen för att uppnå en framgångsrik ledning. Resultatet visar på en positiv utveckling inom ett antal områden; miljön där militära effekter ska uppnås och underliggande beskrivningar som behandlar intentionen och förståelsen för själva uppdraget. Vidare visar studien på behovet av fortsatt doktrinär utveckling av området ledning i nära samarbete med svensk forskningen inom området. / The theoretical principle for successful command and control depends on such elements as the factor of coordination between Swedish research within command and control science and the development of the Swedish Armed Forces doctrine. The ongoing Swedish research within command and control science has created a generic model, the dynamic OODA-loop. The dynamic OODA-loop presents two major key aspects for command and control, the outer and the inner system and how they interface. Furthermore, the Swedish Armed Forces is in a developmental process of the Military Strategic Doctrine. The purpose of the development is to adjust the doctrine to be more useful within the Armed Forces and to describe the ongoing changes in a dynamic and complex environment. The purpose of this study is to identify if the development of the doctrine has been guided by the latest research within command and control science. The purpose is also to get a deeper understanding and awareness in order to meet the demands leading to a successful command and control within the military strategic doctrine. The study shows a positive doctrinal development in a number of areas such as; the environment where military effects will take action and attach descriptions concerning the intent and the understanding of a mission. It also shows the need for a continued doctrinal development within command and control in close cooperation within the areas of Swedish research.

Every environment is susceptible to risks and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard are no exception. The most apparent risk of WLANs is the ease with which itinerant intruders obtain illicit entry into these networks. These intrusion security risks must therefore be addressed which means that information security risk analysis and risk management need to be considered as integral elements of the organisation’s business plan. A well-established qualitative risk analysis and risk management methodology, the Operationally Critical Threat Asset and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE) is selected for conducting the WLAN intrusion security risk analysis and risk management process. However, the OCTAVE risk analysis methodology is beset with a number of problems that could hamper a successful WLAN intrusion security risk analysis. The ultimate deliverable of this qualitative risk analysis methodology is the creation of an organisation-wide protection strategy and risk mitigation plan. Achieving this end using the OCTAVE risk analysis methodology requires an inordinate amount of time, ranging from months to years. Since WLANs are persistently under attack, there is a dire need for an expeditious risk analysis methodology. Furthermore, the OCTAVE risk analysis methodology stipulates the identification of assets and corresponding threat scenarios via a brainstorming session, which may be beyond the scope of a person who is not proficient in information security issues. This research was therefore inspired by the pivotal need for a risk analysis and risk management methodology to address WLAN intrusion attacks and the resulting risks they pose to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information processed by these networks. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Computer Science / unrestricted

This study examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems can change the conditions for a decision-making process using John Boyd's OODA loop. The study is conducted through a qualitative text research method. The purpose is to analyze the systems based on a Swedish context by using empirical material from Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) and ”Perspektivstudien 2016-2018”. John Boyd's OODA loop is used as a theoretical framework for the analysis where AI and autonomous systems will be studied based on each phase. The results indicate that AI and autonomous systems can provide opportunities to improve intelligence report capabilities by gathering larger amounts of information from the battlefield. The military effect will be increased through a better situation awareness, processing larger amounts of information that will improve the management for decision making, analyzing and offering more course of action at a faster pace. Although it indicates that these systems will not be used as a decisive decision-maker, they will however create good conditions for those who make the decisions and provide a central system support.

<p>The purpose of this thesis have been to evaluate to what extend the ongoing development of Nato Network Enabling Capabilities Maturity levels, ( NNEC ML) have incorporated the human factor, or if the development is focusing to much on the technological aspects. As a background I have described the NNEC Maturity levels and to central elements; Defence lines of development and NNEC Value chain. In my thesis I point out different areas where the human factor is not taken enough into consideration, and I argue for a shift in focus from technology to the human factor. My conclusion is that it is necessary to shift focus from technology to the human factor in the following development if we shall succeed in bringing NATO and the different nations to the highest maturity level, Coherent. There is no doubt that technology is important, but it seems like the word networked is interpreted to be only a matter of technology. Concerning aspects like cultural understanding and the western linear way of thinking, it is necessary to broaden the meaning of the word networked to include the human factor in a greater sense. NNEC ML 5, Coherent means a maturity level where it is unnatural to operate in any other way than networked. A prerequisite to achieve this maturity level is that the people in the network feel familiar with the system they are operating, and trust their coalition partners. If we shall succeed in bringing the NATO coalition and the different nations to the highest maturity level it is essential that the human factor is prioritized in the following development. For the time being, the human factor is not emphasized enough.</p>

The purpose of this thesis have been to evaluate to what extend the ongoing development of Nato Network Enabling Capabilities Maturity levels, ( NNEC ML) have incorporated the human factor, or if the development is focusing to much on the technological aspects. As a background I have described the NNEC Maturity levels and to central elements; Defence lines of development and NNEC Value chain. In my thesis I point out different areas where the human factor is not taken enough into consideration, and I argue for a shift in focus from technology to the human factor. My conclusion is that it is necessary to shift focus from technology to the human factor in the following development if we shall succeed in bringing NATO and the different nations to the highest maturity level, Coherent. There is no doubt that technology is important, but it seems like the word networked is interpreted to be only a matter of technology. Concerning aspects like cultural understanding and the western linear way of thinking, it is necessary to broaden the meaning of the word networked to include the human factor in a greater sense. NNEC ML 5, Coherent means a maturity level where it is unnatural to operate in any other way than networked. A prerequisite to achieve this maturity level is that the people in the network feel familiar with the system they are operating, and trust their coalition partners. If we shall succeed in bringing the NATO coalition and the different nations to the highest maturity level it is essential that the human factor is prioritized in the following development. For the time being, the human factor is not emphasized enough.

<p>An entity capable of assessing its and others action capabilities possess the power to predict how the involved entities may change their world. Through this knowledge and higher level of situation awareness, the assessing entity may choose the actions that have the most suitable effect, resulting in that entity’s desired world state.</p><p>This thesis covers aspects and concepts of an arbitrary planning system and presents a threat analyzer architecture built on the novel planning system Goal-Oriented Action Planning (GOAP). This planning system has been suggested for an application for improved missile route planning and targeting, as well as being applied in contemporary computer games such as F.E.A.R. – First Encounter Assault Recon and S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl. The GOAP architecture realized in this project is utilized by two agents that perform action planning to reach their desired world states. One of the agents employs a modified GOAP planner used as a threat analyzer in order to determine what threat level the adversary agent constitutes. This project does also introduce a conceptual schema of a general planning system that considers orders, doctrine and style; as well as a schema depicting an agent system using a blackboard in conjunction with the OODA-loop.</p>

Slaget om Malta, under andra världskriget, hade en avgörande roll vad gäller kriget i Medelhavet. Maltas strategiska läge gjorde att det var en åtråvärd ö för axelmakterna och britterna kämpade för att försvara sin position. I kampen om sjöherraväldet hade luftrummet stor betydelse och hur flygstridskrafterna användes var direkt avgörande. John A. Warden III och John Boyd är båda framstående luftmaktsteoretiker och deras teorier har fått stort genomslag, framförallt i västvärlden. Syftet med denna uppsats är att tillämpa dessa teorier på ett empiriskt exempel, slaget om Malta, beträffande luftstridskrafternas användande. Undersökningen bär mot att utröna hur långt teorierna är användbara för analysen av slaget om Malta. Uppsatsen genomförs med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och komparativ analys för att jämföra teorierna med händelseförloppet. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att teorierna är tillämpningsbara för händelseförloppet under slaget. Hela Boyds teori samt delar ur Wardens teori är långt användbara för analysen.

This paper examines how precision resources, such as Precision Guided Munitions (PGM) and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), can affect the OODA loop decision making cycle. PGMs add precision and force to kinetic strikes, whilst UASs bring precision and endurance to the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) field. The research is conducted as a qualitative case study with two cases - the first one being Operation Desert Storm (1991) where precision weapons were first introduced in a large scale operation, and the second one being Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003) which was conducted in a similar environment and organization, but with a huge technological advancement when it came to PGMs and UASs. The four phases of the OODA loop are examined separately, and the two cases are compared to reveal any similarities or differences. The results indicate that precision resources have a beneficial impact on the speed and accuracy of all four phases, as well as the overall efficiency of the OODA loop. The results also indicate the importance of having sound intelligence (which cements John Boyd’s claim that Orientation is the most important part of the loop) and that the next challenge after precision and ISR-capabilities might be successful coordination of the joint forces on tactical and operational levels to gain speed even further.

Command and control (C2) environments are complex, dynamic and rich in information. Thus, measuring the performance of an agent in a C2-system, in this case a platoon commander, poses a challenging task for the researcher. To measure the performance of a platoon commander in this thesis, the OODA loop is used as a model for representing the four processes in which the platoon commander is engaged in during a military C2 mission. In accordance with these processes, performance measurements for the platoon commander are identified. The relevance of the performance measurements, to the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, are tested through three studies conducted in a simulated warfare scenario, and two workshops, one with a platoon commander and one with two scientists. As a result of the studies and workshops, an assessment tool for measuring the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, is developed. This assessment tool consists of modified versions of the Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS), the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as well as generic performance measurements measuring fratricide, deaths and completion of overarching goal.

An entity capable of assessing its and others action capabilities possess the power to predict how the involved entities may change their world. Through this knowledge and higher level of situation awareness, the assessing entity may choose the actions that have the most suitable effect, resulting in that entity’s desired world state. This thesis covers aspects and concepts of an arbitrary planning system and presents a threat analyzer architecture built on the novel planning system Goal-Oriented Action Planning (GOAP). This planning system has been suggested for an application for improved missile route planning and targeting, as well as being applied in contemporary computer games such as F.E.A.R. – First Encounter Assault Recon and S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl. The GOAP architecture realized in this project is utilized by two agents that perform action planning to reach their desired world states. One of the agents employs a modified GOAP planner used as a threat analyzer in order to determine what threat level the adversary agent constitutes. This project does also introduce a conceptual schema of a general planning system that considers orders, doctrine and style; as well as a schema depicting an agent system using a blackboard in conjunction with the OODA-loop.