Este estudio presenta algunos de los resultados de un diplomado en educación Inicial Comunitaria realizado durante el ciclo escolar 2011-2012, con un total de doscientas horas, en el que participaron 35 maestras indígenas de educación Inicial que atienden a niñas y niños de 0 a 3 años de edad en comunidades marginadas de Oaxaca, méxico. Las actividades espontáneas de las niñas y los niños, y las planeadas de las maestras, que fueron analizadas a partir de las fotografías y narraciones de las maestras, forman parte de los portafolios de evidencias escritas y fotográficas que entregaron las participantes como su producto final del diplomado. Las metas deldiplomado eran enriquecer los conocimientos comunales de las par- ticipantes y proveerles las competencias necesarias para investigar y honrar las prácticas comunales, las formas de gobernarse y las perspectivas de las comunidades originarias rurales donde enseñan, para poder generar una educación Inicial auténtica, alternativa y comunal para los niños y niñas desde esta edad temprana. / This study provides partial results of a 200-hour intensive training experience (called a diplomado) lasting one school year (2011-2012) for 35 indigenous teachers of Initial education who attend children 0 to 3 years old in marginalized communities of Oaxaca, mexico. Children’s spontaneous activities and those planned by teachers, presented through photographs and accompanying teacher’ narratives, are part of the written and photographic evidence submitted by the participants in their final diplomado portfolio of tasks. the purposes of the diplomado were to enrich teachers’communal knowledge and equip them with research skills to investigate and honor the communal practices, forms of governance, and the perspectives of the rural indigenous communities where they teach, in order to generate an authentic, alternative, community-based approach to initial education for babies and toddlers.

The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers. / O mercado de trabalho brasileiro se caracteriza por consideráveis diferenças de rendimentos, tratamento e inserção ocupacional entre trabalhadores brancos e negros. Tendo isso em vista, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar e mensurar os fatores que causam essa discrepância entre brancos e negros, destacando a discriminação e a segregação ocupacional e utilizando a PNAD de 2009 como base de dados. A fim de medir o nível de segregação ocupacional por cor foram utilizados os seguintes Índices de Segregação Ocupacional: Índice de Dissimilaridade de Duncan e Duncan (D), Índice de Dissimilaridade Padronizado pelo Tamanho (Ds) e Índice de Karmel-MacLachlan (KM). Os resultados desses índices demonstraram que existe considerável segregação ocupacional por cor no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, sendo que os negros estão inseridos nas ocupações de menor remuneração. A análise da discriminação por cor foi realizada por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca, sendo que esse método foi aplicado separadamente para ocupações integradas e segregadas, indicando que as ocupações integradas apresentam alto nível de discriminação e as ocupações de predominância de brancos exibem menor discriminação. As análises também foram aplicadas separadamente para as regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, a fim de captar de forma mais eficiente os determinantes do diferencial salarial por cor entre essas distintas regiões brasileiras. Foi demonstrado que tanto a segregação ocupacional quanto a discriminação são importantes fatores para explicação do hiato de rendimentos entre brancos e negros, sendo necessárias políticas públicas que combatam esse tratamento diferenciado, principalmente políticas que visem igualdade de oportunidades, a fim de se obter maior justiça social e tratamento igualitário entre os diferentes grupos de trabalhadores. / Mestre em Economia

nÃo hà / A presente Tese à formada pela junÃÃo de trÃs estudos na Ãrea de microeconometria relacionada ao mercado de trabalho brasileiro, buscando levantar questÃes que buscam explicar os diferenciais salariais entre diferentes grupos presentes neste mercado. Em cada capÃtulo foi empregado trÃs diferentes metodologias de estimaÃÃo com o uso de diferentes bases de dados. No primeiro capÃtulo, AnÃlise dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios no Mercado de Trabalho Brasileiro a partir da OrientaÃÃo Sexual, procurou-se medir o diferencial de salÃrios a partir da orientaÃÃo sexual no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, fazendo uso da nova metodologia de identificaÃÃo de arranjos familiares apresentada no Censo de 2010 (IBGE). ApÃs estimar as equaÃÃes de salÃrios com correÃÃo do viÃs de seleÃÃo amostral proposto por Heckman (1979) os resultados apontaram na direÃÃo de ausÃncia de discriminaÃÃo contra as minorias de gays e lÃsbicas no mercado de trabalho nacional. O segundo capÃtulo, DecomposiÃÃo Contrafactual de Oaxaca-Blinder dos Diferenciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero e RaÃa no Mercado de Trabalho Privado Brasileiro com CorreÃÃo de ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral: Uma AnÃlise para Setores EconÃmicos e Tipos de OcupaÃÃes, fez uso da base de dados da PNAD do IBGE (2013), quando se buscou analisar as principais causas da desigualdade salarial por gÃnero e raÃa no mercado de trabalho privado brasileiro detalhando por setores de atividade econÃmica e por tipos de ocupaÃÃo. Para se alcanÃar tal objetivo foi utilizado a metodologia de decomposiÃÃo salarial na mÃdia proposta por Oaxaca-Blinder (1973), apÃs a estimaÃÃo das equaÃÃes de salÃrios quando tambÃm foram feitas as correÃÃes da seletividade amostral. Os principais resultados apontaram para a importÃncia das variÃveis de capital humano para explicaÃÃo de grande parte do diferencial de salÃrios entre homens brancos e os demais grupos investigados via diferenÃas de dotaÃÃes, em especial, a variÃvel escolaridade que ajuda a reduzir o diferencial de salÃrios entre os homens brancos e as mulheres brancas e negras. Chama atenÃÃo a participaÃÃo em alguns tipos de ocupaÃÃes quando as mulheres brancas e negras ganham, em mÃdia, mais que os homens brancos. Por fim, a elevada participaÃÃo e representatividade do termo de intercepto, na explicaÃÃo do diferencial de salÃrios por gÃnero e raÃa, tanto no mercado de trabalho total, como na maioria dos setores econÃmicos e tipos de ocupaÃÃes investigadas explica a maior parte deste fenÃmeno, quando o homem branco ganha mais, simplesmente porque à homem e branco. O terceiro e Ãltimo capÃtulo, MudanÃas Estruturais nos Retornos Educacionais e nos Diferenciais Raciais de SalÃrios por GÃnero no Brasil para Diferentes Grupos de Idade: Uma Abordagem de RegressÃo QuantÃlica com CorreÃÃo do ViÃs de SeleÃÃo Amostral, fez 7 uso das PNADS de 2003 e 2013 e de tÃcnicas de regressÃo quantÃlica com correÃÃo de viÃs de seleÃÃo proposto por Buchinsky (1998b) para analisar mudanÃas nos retornos da educaÃÃo e nos diferenciais raciais de salÃrios por gÃnero e por grupos de idade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos dois anos. Diferentes valores para os retornos da escolaridade e para os diferenciais raciais foram observados principalmente nos quantis mais elevados da distribuiÃÃo de salÃrios para quase todas as faixas de idade. Os retornos salariais das mulheres ficaram acima dos retornos salariais dos homens para todos os quantis estimados, em todos os grupos de idade, nos dois anos analisados. Por fim, nota-se uma reduÃÃo nÃtida nos retornos salariais para ambos os sexos e a melhora no padrÃo de discriminaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre anos de 2003 e 2013. / This thesis is formed by the junction of three studies in Microeconometrics area related to the Brazilian labor market, seeking to raise questions that try to explain the pay gap between different groups present in this market. In each chapter was used three different methods of estimation with the use of different databases. In the first chapter, Analysis of Wage Differentials in the Brazilian labor market from the Sexual Orientation, sought to measure the wage differential from sexual orientation in the Brazilian labor market, using the new methodology of identification of family arrangements presented in Census 2010 (IBGE). After estimating the wage equations with correction of sample selection bias proposed by Heckman (1979) the results pointed in the direction of non-discrimination against minorities of gays and lesbians in the national labor market. The second chapter, Counterfactual decomposition of Oaxaca - Blinder Wage Differentials by Gender and Race in the Brazilian Private Job Market with Bias Correction Sample Selection: An Analysis for Economic Sectors and Types of Occupations, made use of the National Household Survey database IBGE (2013), when it sought to analyze the root causes of wage inequality by gender and race in the Brazilian private labor market detailing by sectors of economic activity and types of occupation. To achieve this goal we used the wage decomposition methodology on average proposed by Oaxaca - Blinder (1973), after the estimation of wage equations when the corrections were also made of the sample selectivity. The main results pointed to the importance of human capital variables to explain much of the wage gap between white men and other groups investigated via differences appropriations, in particular the variable schooling that helps reduce the wage differential between white men and white and black women. Noteworthy is the participation in some types of occupations when white and black women earn on average more than white men. Finally, the high participation and representativeness of the intercept term, the wage differential explanation by gender and race, both in the overall labor market, as in most economic sectors and types of occupations investigated explains most of this phenomenon when the white man earns more , simply because he is man and white. The third and final chapter, Structural Changes in Education Returns and Differential Wage Race for Gender in Brazil for Different Groups of Age: An Approach of quantile regression with bias correction of Sample Selection, made use of the National Household Survey 2003 and 2013 and quantile regression techniques with selection bias correction proposed by Buchinsky (1998b) to analyze changes in the returns to education and racial differentials by gender wage and age groups in the Brazilian labor market between 9 the two years. Different values for the returns of schooling and racial differences were mainly observed in the highest quantile of the distribution of wages for almost all age groups. The wage returns of women were above the wage returns of men for all estimated quantile in all age groups in the two years analyzed. Finally, it is worth mentioning the reduction in wage returns to both sexes and the improvement in the standard of discrimination in the national labor market between the years 2003 and 2013.

This dissertation is a concise examination of the complete obverse manuscript (document 1) of the pre-Hispanic pictogram screen-fold painted by the Mixtec Indians of Oaxaca. The study begins with the historiography of Native American Mexican screen-fold books as related by the first historian of the New World, Peter Martyr d’Anghera, in his De orbe novo and proceeds through major authors from the early twentieth century to present day. The nature of “native” history is explored as is the nature of pictogram narrative history. The superficial narrative structure of Codex Zouche-Nuttall, document 1 is then defined and interpretative reading techniques employed in this dissertation are applied to it. The codex document 1 contents (pages 1-41) are then listed in detail by section, structure, personnel, events, and native dates corresponded with the European calendar, this latter in so far as is possible. This definition explicates each of three bifurcated sections of the document, each section consisting of a story plus genealogy or genealogies. Additionally, essays on codex contents are provided to further elaborate these divisions of study within Codex Zouche-Nuttall document 1. These essays explore certain mysterious parts of the stories, as in the case of the Ladies Three Flint and the Four Lords from Apoala. Inferences are made from codex text regarding Postclassic Period Mixtec social organization via both political structure and religion. The end result is a concise elaboration and explanation of the entire document. / text

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate tourism and its potential in Mexico, with a narrower focus on tourism in the region of Oaxaca and its potential in the second part of this thesis, namely in terms of sustainable tourism and alternative forms of tourism, such as ecotourism. The first part contains general information about Mexico. Another chapter is devoted to the search of information about tourism in Mexico and its potential and its analysis and evaluation, also regarding the localization, selective and realization potential of tourism in Mexico. Another part of this chapter also mentions current trends in tourism and analyzing the potential of Mexico as a tourism destination to fulfill these trends. In this chapter we find ponder whether Mexico can offer tourist services and experiences within the most common motives that lead potential tourists to travel. Attention was also paid to the historical development of tourism in Mexico in the 20th century to the present. In the next chapter we find the analysis of information on sustainable tourism in general, and how the principles of sustainability in tourism are applied in Mexico. The next logical step is a chapter about ecotourism focusing on an analysis of ecotourism in Mexico and its possibilities. Because tourism is an important...

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de la source sismique en utilisant des données de champ proche. Selon la quantité et la qualité des données disponibles, nous avons appliqué différentes méthodes pour caractériser la rupture sismique. Nous avons, tout d'abord, validé des méthodes macrosismiques sur des séismes français récents. Ces données permettent d'estimer la localisation et la taille des séismes historiques et sont utilisées pour caractériser les séismes à prendre en compte lors de l'évaluation de l'aléa dans des régions à sismicité modérée. Les données géodésiques (SAR, GPS) nous ont permis d'estimer la distribution du glissement sur la faille lors du séisme californien de Landers (1992). Ces données nous ont permis de préciser la localisation et la géométrie des failles ayant joué lors des principaux événements de la séquence sismique italienne de Colfiorito (1997). Enfin les données de mouvement fort nous ont permis d'estimer le pendage de la faille ayant rompu lors du séisme indien de Chamoli (1999). Nous avons utilisé des données de mouvement fort pour contraindre le développement de la rupture lors du séisme mexicain de Oaxaca (1999). Les données de mouvement fort ont été utilisées en association avec des données géodésiques pour remonter au développement temporel de la rupture lors du séisme de Landers et de la séquence sismique de Colfiorito. En ce qui concerne le séisme de Landers, la qualité et la complémentarité des données nous ont permis d'obtenir un véritable film du glissement. La rupture est hétérogène. On note la présence de zones où le glissement est plus important qu'ailleurs. Ces zones sont séparées par des régions qui correspondent aux zones de relais entre les segments de faille où le glissement est moindre et où la vitesse de rupture diminue.

Until recently, Mexico’s criminal court system systematically failed to observe the human rights of defendants, leading to widespread criticisms about the integrity of the system and the vulnerability of defendants to unconscionable judicial practices. Intending to remedy those deficiencies, several Mexican states have proceeded to transition from a semi-inquisitorial criminal procedure to an American-style adversarial one. Because of a 2008 reform to the national constitution, all Mexican states must adopt such criminal procedure reforms by 2016. In theory, these reforms should result in fewer overall cases, a reduced reliance on pre-trial detentions, and more dismissals of cases and acquittals. This thesis uses data collected by Mexico’s official statistical agency, INEGI, to test these hypotheses in judicial districts in four states: Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Morelos, and Zacatecas. While far fewer criminal cases are being brought in early-implementer districts that have transitioned to the new criminal procedures, the results on other statistical indicators are mixed. Nonetheless, the balance of evidence suggests that the reformed procedures are more likely to be fair to defendants and reduce overall wrongful convictions. / text

We examine the gender gap in school attendance of children aged 7-14 in India using National Family Health Survey Three (NFHS-3). We demonstrate that the choice of the sample examined has important implications for policy. A household decision model is used to motivate whether a child attends school and/or works. A bivariate probit model and Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition are applied to see how changing sample groups and adding regressors impact results, and the implications this has upon gender gap and effectiveness of centralized policy as opposed to decentralized policy. Results show the gender gap is sensitive to the sub samples chosen (e.g. a particular state, a specific location (urban or rural), and gender) and to the choice of regressors, and that centralized policy may be less effective than decentralized policy. Parental education, wealth, location and gender are found to be the most volatile and influential variables in the household decision process. / Graduate

This research project analyzes 5 middens from the Lower Rio Verde valley sites of Río Viejo and Yugüe, Oaxaca, Mexico, during the Terminal Formative period (150 BC to AD 250). The middens are analyzed to further our understanding of socio-political events in public spaces at both sites during this time. The study suggests a greater distinction in use of public spaces between the two sites than within Río Viejo. Frameworks established by Dietler and Hayden for the analysis of feasts do not seem to apply well to the middens analyzed here. Although I argue that evidence from Rio Viejo's middens does not dispute the viability of previous arguments regarding Terminal Formative Río Viejo ritual authorities', potentially elites, efforts to create regional-scale political affiliations, the level to which middens at Río Viejo are evidence of “scaled-up” versions of local practices at outlying sites is inconclusive. Though there is potential for larger feasts at Río Viejo, taken alone the Yugüe midden appears larger. The Río Viejo middens demonstrate greater likelihood for the diminished conspicuousness of status differentiation during the associated events.

This dissertation documents a critical-ethnographic-action-research (CEAR) project conducted in two elementary schools in Oaxaca, Mexico, with the collaboration of one language teacher educator and ten language student teachers. The two schools have a diverse student body composed of mestizo children and children from different Indigenous groups. The CEAR Project challenged historical and societal ideologies that position Indigenous children as deficient learners and their translanguaging and multiliteracies practices as inappropriate for schools. The CEAR Project was also a response to a world phenomenon that associates English with “development” and economic success and Indigenous and “minoritized” languages with backwardness marginalization. The CEAR Project’s purpose was to use the student teachers’ English language praxicum in order to: (a) develop elementary school teaching expertise, (b) co-construct affirming identities among all the participants, (c) foster multilingual, multiliteracies, and intercultural practices, and (d) dialogue with the children in order to change pejorative ideologies that regard certain languages, literacies, and cultures as better than others. The Transformative Multiliteracies Pedagogy developed by Cummins (in press) and critical pedagogies theory (Freire, 1970; Norton & Toohey, 2004) informed the CEAR Project and the data collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and children’s work samples. Using narrative, photos, and videos, this dissertation presents the migratory lives, the families, and the language and literacy practices of 50 children, and their views regarding the English language and Indigenous languages and peoples. It portrays the vivid critical moments and changes that occurred in the praxicum as the children became teachers and linguists. Through the construction of identity texts and the translanguaging and multiliteracies practices that the student teachers and the children engaged in, stories emerge that portray them as the intelligent, creative, and genuine individuals that they really are. This dissertation also documents how the children’s complex lives challenged constructs such as “family” and “Indigenous,” and the new Mexican educational policy that brings English into public elementary schools using a generic English software. It is concluded that every policy, theory, social construct, pedagogy, and curriculum should be challenged on a daily basis if we are truly to serve the ever-evolving diverse classrooms of today.