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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Vad anser vi egentligen om överviktiga kvinnliga modeller? : En undersökning om killar och tjejers  implicit bias gentemot smala vs överviktiga kvinnliga modeller

Karneus, Florence, Sylwander, Victoria January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
102

Vivências alimentares e sentimentos de mães de filhos obesos: relação entre duas gerações / Mothers of obese children feeding experiences and feelings: relationship between two generations

Bechara, Ana Paula do Vale 03 September 2015 (has links)
A obesidade, ou o corpo obeso, é uma condição que vem atingindo a adultos e a crianças, análises sobre esta realidade merecem ser investigadas na perspectiva das emoções. Sabe-se que a alimentação é um fenômeno complexo, possuindo múltiplos determinantes. Com relação ao fator psicológico, sabe-se que suas bases estão relacionadas à figura materna e que alterações no desenvolvimento da criança relacionadas a esta são um dos fatores etiológicos de problemas alimentares, como o da obesidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as vivências relacionadas à alimentação de mães de filhos obesos com as suas próprias mães e a forma como esta relação pode influenciar no cuidado com a alimentação de seus filhos. A abordagem é qualitativa, utilizando a entrevista compreensiva como abordagem empírica. Foram entrevistadas doze mães, com filhos crianças ou adolescentes que tiverem o diagnóstico de obesidade. Observou-se que a alimentação, dentro do contexto de vida contemporâneo, traz o paradoxo do excesso de objetos disponíveis ao consumo, de novos produtos a todo tempo no mercado, acompanhado de relações vazias e da falta de laços. A obesidade traz a questão do vazio e do alimento como um objeto preenchedor do mesmo. A pesquisa em questão apontou para a existência de processos identitários entre mães e filhos, havendo questões mal resolvidas das mães projetadas em suas relações com seus filhos com obesidade, mediadas pelo ato de alimentar. Outros fatores como crenças sócio- culturais e relacionadas ao gênero também estariam exercendo influência sobre os comportamentos maternos frente a alimentação de seus filhos. / The obesity, or the obese body, is a condition that is affecting adults and children, analysis of this reality deserve to be investigated from the emotions perspective. Its known that feeding is a complex phenomenon, with multiple determinants. About the psychological factors, its known that theyre linked to the maternal figure and changes in the children development related to this are one of the etiological factors of eating problems such as obesity. This study aimed to understand the mothers of obese children feeding experiences, with their own mothers, and how this relationship can influence the feeding care with their children. The research is qualitative, using the comprehensive interview as empirical approach. Twelve mothers of children or teenagers, diagnosed with obesity, were interviewed. It was observed that food, at the context of contemporary life, brings the paradox of the excess objects available for consumption, new products all the time on the market, accompanied by shallow relationships and lack of ties. Obesity raises the question of emptiness and food as a filler object. This research pointed to the existence of identity processes between mothers and obese children, involving unresolved mothers issues projected in their relationships with their children, mediated by the feeding practice. Other factors such as socio-cultural and gender beliefs were also influencing maternal feeding behaviors with their children.
103

The Association of Calcium Intake and Other Risk Factors with Cardiovascular Disease among Obese Adults in USA

Chen, Yang, Strasser, Sheryl, Callahan, Katie, Blackley, David, Cao, Yan, Wang, Liang, Zheng, Shimin 10 March 2014 (has links)
In this study, we used a cross-sectional study design to examine the relationship between the calcium intake and risk factors for CVD among obese adults by using continuous waves of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data 1999-2010. The association between calcium intake and risk factors of CVD (hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL, glycohemoglobin), CRP, albuminuria) is assessed among obese adults in USA. The incidence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is high among obese people. The potential effects of inadequate calcium intake on CVD are receiving increased epidemiologic attention. Understanding the association between risk factors for CVD and calcium intake among obese adults is important for the advancement of CVD, nutrition and obesity research. Data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2010 were examined, utilizing a subset of 14,856 obese subjects. Analysis of Variance statistical tests were conducted to determine associations between calcium intake and CVD risk. Simple and multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the predicted value of calcium intake with CVD. After adjusting for energy intake and other potential risk factors, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin and albuminuria were negatively associated with calcium intake at &alpha = 0.05 level in both linear and logistic regression analyses. In a comparison of calcium intake by quartiles, results reveal that total cholesterol had a weak negative association with calcium intake at &alpha = 0.1 level. The implications of these study results are important as the importance of adequate calcium intake and its potential to decrease CVD among obese adults has incredible preventive value for populations. Additional research that focuses on dietary intake, calcium thresholds and impacts on total cholesterol levels in the body is warranted.
104

The Effects of a Very-Low-Calorie-Diet on Resting Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Biochemical Data in Obese Outpatients

Perkins, Charlene A. 01 May 1998 (has links)
Obesity is a disease of major proportion in the United States. The Surgeon General has identified obesity as a national health problem that affects approximately 34 million Americans. The aim of this study was to investigate the very-low-calorie diet, Optifast 70. Measurements for resting energy expenditure (REE} and body composition via circumference measurements (CBF} and infrared photospectromerty (NIR} with a Futrex 5000 were collected at weeks 1, 7, 13, 19, and 25. Biochemical data, including serum chemistry panel (SMA-12} and complete blood count (CBC}, were collected on weeks 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25. Lipid profiles were drawn on weeks 1 and 25. Participants ranged in age from 27 to 64. Subjects' mean body mass loss was -20.4 kg ± 6.6 kg with a maximum body mass loss of -33.23 kg and minimum body mass loss of -9.770 kg. Mean loss in body fat mass using infrared photospectrometry as a measurement was -13.4 kg; mean loss of lean body mass was -4.2 kg. A significant change was noted in resting energy expenditure over the course of the diet, and a positive correlation was identified between loss of body mass and resting energy expenditure. No significant correlation was identified between the loss of lean body mass or body fat mass and its relationship to resting energy expenditure. Both circumference and infrared body fat measurements showed a positive correlation as the loss in body mass increased, making their reliability better as subjects approached desirable weight. In examining biochemical data, only cholesterol showed a significant change over the course of the diet; all other parameters remained within normal limits. Variations in patients' lipid profiles were identified, but no significant changes were noted.
105

Obesidade em discurso: cenas do grupo terapêutico com pacientes diagnosticados obesos em um hospital público de Fortaleza-CE / Obesity in discourse: therapeutic group scenes with obese patients diagnosed in a public hospital of Fortaleza-CE.

GONÇALVES, Shirley Dias January 2011 (has links)
GONÇALVES, Shirley Dias. Obesidade em discurso: cenas do grupo terapêutico com pacientes diagnosticados obesos em um hospital público de Fortaleza-CE. 2011. 91 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-05-17T17:29:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_SDGonçalves.pdf: 2822735 bytes, checksum: 706bdee0adb4571c14053cebef959fc1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-15T16:21:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_SDGonçalves.pdf: 2822735 bytes, checksum: 706bdee0adb4571c14053cebef959fc1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-15T16:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_SDGonçalves.pdf: 2822735 bytes, checksum: 706bdee0adb4571c14053cebef959fc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os discursos que circulam no grupo terapêutico realizado com pacientes diagnosticados obesos de um hospital público de referência em cirurgia bariátrica no município de Fortaleza-CE e como esses pacientes são subjetivados por esses discursos. Assim, esse estudo possui como tema central a obesidade, porém sem tomar como verdade os discursos biomédicos hegemônicos que a tratam enquanto fenômeno de doença, e sim questionar e problematizar discussões, com base em Michel Foucault, sobre os efeitos de verdade que esses discursos produzem. A metodologia utilizada foi a observação participante do referido grupo composto por pacientes de ambos os sexos que estão na fase pré-operatória da cirurgia bariátrica e também com aqueles que já se submeteram a essa operação. A cirurgia bariátrica funciona como uma estratégia biopolítica que incide sobre o corpo de uma população obesa. Dentre as táticas da biopolítica percebidas no grupo terapêutico, pode-se citar: o conjunto de práticas discursivas que funcionam como regimes de verdades (prescrições de dietas, hábitos, comportamentos e modos de viver em nome da saúde), especialistas (médicos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, etc) que proferem essa ‘verdade’, intervenções (clínicas, cirúrgicas) sobre a população obesa e subjetivação dos pacientes que são enredados na teia do poder, nas estratégias de condução de condutas de si e dos outros. Assim, esse trabalho não buscou construir um juízo de valor de se posicionar a favor ou contra a cirurgia bariátrica, nem assumir uma visão moralista diante da obesidade e sim problematizar como o corpo obeso é demarcado por práticas (discursivas e não-discursivas) de saber-poder que o constituem. Consistiu, ainda, em pensar diferentemente do que se pensa, criar formas que escapam, que se constituem como resistências, linhas de fuga e formas libertárias ao discurso médico-científico sobre saúde, beleza e boa forma dos corpos.
106

Análise do gasto energético e composição corporal de adolescentes obesos sedentários e de adolescentes obesos submetidos a treinamento concorrente

Bastos, Karolynne das Neves [UNESP] 25 February 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bastos_kn_me_prud.pdf: 909275 bytes, checksum: 47774cd02b6c9356a1379ce3a33ac502 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivo: Analisar o gasto energético (GE) e a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos sedentários pré e pós teste de esforço máximo e analisar os resultados de adolescentes obesos submetidos a treinamento concorrente. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por dois grupos: 1) grupo sedentário (GS), composto por 70 adolescentes (31 meninos e 39 meninas; idade 13,7±1,4 anos); 2) grupo treinado (GT), composto por 16 adolescentes (10 meninos e 6 meninas; idade 14,7±1,0 anos), participantes de um programa para redução de gordura corporal. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi usado para classificação da obesidade, segundo Cole et al. (2000). A composição corporal foi analisada pela Absortiometria de Raios- X de Dupla Energia (Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry - DEXA) para estimativa da massa livre de gordura (MLG) e da massa de gordura (MG). O GE foi calculado a partir da equação de Weir (1949) [(3.941xVO2)+(1.106xVCO2)*1440], utilizando os valores de volume de oxigênio consumido (VO2) e gás carbônico produzido (VCO2), mensurados a cada 20 segundos por Calorimetria Indireta (CI) durante 20 minutos, antes (repouso – REP), durante e após (recuperação – REC) esforço máximo realizado em esteira ergométrica, com o sistema MedGraphics VO2000 no GS e no momento pré intervenção do GT, e com o sistema Parvo Medics TrueOne® 2400 no momento pós intervenção do GT. O GT participou de uma intervenção de 40 semanas de treinamento concorrente (TC), com frequência semanal de três vezes e duração de 60 minutos por sessão (aproximadamente 50% do tempo de treino aeróbio e 50% de treino resistido (musculação)). A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS versão 17.0 e a significância estatística foi fixada em 5%... / Objective: To analyze the energy expenditure (EE) and body composition of obese sedentary before and after maximal exercise test and analyze the results of obese adolescents undergoing concurrent training. Methods: The sample comprised two groups: 1) sedentary group (SG), composed of 70 adolescents (31 boys and 39 girls, age 13.7 ± 1.4 years), 2) the trained group (TG), composed of 16 adolescents (10 boys and 6 girls, age 14.7 ± 1.0 years) participating in a program to reduce body fat. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used for classification of obesity according to Cole et al. (2000). Body composition was analyzed by X-ray Absorptiometry Dual Energy (DEXA) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). EE was calculated from the Weir (1949) equation [(3.941xVO2) + (1.106xVCO2)*1440], using the values of volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) and volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2), measured every 20 seconds Indirect Calorimetry (IC) for 20 minutes before (rest - RES), during and after (recovery - REC) performed maximal treadmill, with the system MedGraphics VO2000 in SG and in the pre intervention TG, and the system Parvo Medics TrueOne ® 2400 after intervention in TG. The TG participated in an intervention of 40 weeks of concurrent training (CT) with three times weekly frequency and duration of 60 minutes per session (approximately 50% of the time of aerobic training and 50% of resistance training (weight training)). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 17.0 and statistical significance was set at 5%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
107

Vivências alimentares e sentimentos de mães de filhos obesos: relação entre duas gerações / Mothers of obese children feeding experiences and feelings: relationship between two generations

Ana Paula do Vale Bechara 03 September 2015 (has links)
A obesidade, ou o corpo obeso, é uma condição que vem atingindo a adultos e a crianças, análises sobre esta realidade merecem ser investigadas na perspectiva das emoções. Sabe-se que a alimentação é um fenômeno complexo, possuindo múltiplos determinantes. Com relação ao fator psicológico, sabe-se que suas bases estão relacionadas à figura materna e que alterações no desenvolvimento da criança relacionadas a esta são um dos fatores etiológicos de problemas alimentares, como o da obesidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as vivências relacionadas à alimentação de mães de filhos obesos com as suas próprias mães e a forma como esta relação pode influenciar no cuidado com a alimentação de seus filhos. A abordagem é qualitativa, utilizando a entrevista compreensiva como abordagem empírica. Foram entrevistadas doze mães, com filhos crianças ou adolescentes que tiverem o diagnóstico de obesidade. Observou-se que a alimentação, dentro do contexto de vida contemporâneo, traz o paradoxo do excesso de objetos disponíveis ao consumo, de novos produtos a todo tempo no mercado, acompanhado de relações vazias e da falta de laços. A obesidade traz a questão do vazio e do alimento como um objeto preenchedor do mesmo. A pesquisa em questão apontou para a existência de processos identitários entre mães e filhos, havendo questões mal resolvidas das mães projetadas em suas relações com seus filhos com obesidade, mediadas pelo ato de alimentar. Outros fatores como crenças sócio- culturais e relacionadas ao gênero também estariam exercendo influência sobre os comportamentos maternos frente a alimentação de seus filhos. / The obesity, or the obese body, is a condition that is affecting adults and children, analysis of this reality deserve to be investigated from the emotions perspective. Its known that feeding is a complex phenomenon, with multiple determinants. About the psychological factors, its known that theyre linked to the maternal figure and changes in the children development related to this are one of the etiological factors of eating problems such as obesity. This study aimed to understand the mothers of obese children feeding experiences, with their own mothers, and how this relationship can influence the feeding care with their children. The research is qualitative, using the comprehensive interview as empirical approach. Twelve mothers of children or teenagers, diagnosed with obesity, were interviewed. It was observed that food, at the context of contemporary life, brings the paradox of the excess objects available for consumption, new products all the time on the market, accompanied by shallow relationships and lack of ties. Obesity raises the question of emptiness and food as a filler object. This research pointed to the existence of identity processes between mothers and obese children, involving unresolved mothers issues projected in their relationships with their children, mediated by the feeding practice. Other factors such as socio-cultural and gender beliefs were also influencing maternal feeding behaviors with their children.
108

Disfunção do trato urinário inferior em camundongos obesos e potencial terapêutico do ativador da guanilato ciclase solúvel BAY 60-2770 / Role of oxidative stress and soluble guanylate cyclase degradation in micturition dysfunction of insulin resistant obese mice

Alexandre, Eduardo Costa, 1986- 06 April 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Edson Antunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre_EduardoCosta_M.pdf: 1619659 bytes, checksum: 6844ca6a5644be1025879f062b675420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estudos clínicos vêm relacionando a síndrome metabólica / obesidade a sintomas do trato urinário inferior, também referidos como LUTS (da sigla Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms), os quais compreendem diversas queixas relacionadas a problemas de armazenamento e/ou esvaziamento da bexiga urinária. Estes sintomas acometem milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo, estando relacionados à frequência, urgência e noctúria, e frequentemente associados à bexiga hiperativa, que pode evoluir para incontinência urinária. O trato urinário inferior (TUI) é composto basicamente pela bexiga e uretra. A dinâmica vesicoesfincteriana compreende duas fases: Fase de armazenamento e Fase de eliminação. Estes processos envolvem uma sincronia de ações do músculo liso detrusor e uretra para um correto ciclo miccional. A despeito dos estudos epidemiológicos apontarem para uma correlação positiva entre síndrome metabólica/obesidade e LUTS, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos permanecem pouco compreendidos. Portando, utilizando um modelo animal de obesidade associada à bexiga hiperativa, procuramos analisar as alterações causadas pela obesidade no trato urinário inferior antes e após o tratamento com o ativador da GCs, BAY 60-2770. O BAY 60-2770 faz parte de uma nova classe de drogas, denominadas ativadores da GCs. Essas drogas são capazes de ativar a GCs de maneira independente do NO e/ou grupamento heme, e apresentam uma potência aumentada quando o ferro se encontra em sua forma oxidada (Fe3+). Especificamente, realizamos os seguintes experimentos em camundongos controles e obesos: 1) cistometria; 2) curvas concentração-resposta a diferentes agentes contráteis e relaxantes na bexiga e/ou uretra; 3) determinação dos níveis de GMPc; 4) expressão das subunidades de ?1 e/ou ?1 da GCs; 5) medida das espécies reativas de oxigênio. O camundongo obeso apresentou um padrão miccional irregular caracterizado pelo aumento do número de contrações miccionais e de contrações involuntárias, alterações normalizadas após o tratamento com BAY 60-2770. Na bexiga, o carbacol, KCl e CaCl2 produziram contrações de forma concentração-dependente em tiras isoladas de bexiga, contrações que foram maiores em animais obesos quando comparado aos controles. O tratamento com BAY 60-2770 normalizou as contrações da bexiga em animais obesos. Um aumento de 78% nas espécies reativas de oxigênio foi observado em bexigas de animais obesos, resultado não alterado pelo BAY 60-2770. O tratamento com BAY 60-2770 gerou um aumento de 10 vezes nos níveis de GMPc em bexiga de animais obesos, sem afetar a produção desse nucleotídeo cíclico nos animais controles. A expressão protéica das subunidades ?1 e ?1 da GCs estava 40% diminuída em bexiga de animais obesos, esse resultado foi normalizado após o tratamento com BAY 60-2770. Em uretra, relaxamentos induzidos por NO (nitrito de sódio acidificado), doadores de NO (s-nitrosoglutationa e nitroglicerina) e BAY 41-2272 (estimulador da GCs) se apresentaram reduzidos em obeso quando comparado ao grupo controle. O relaxamento uretral por BAY 60-2770 apresentou um padrão diferente e foi 43% maior em camundongos obesos, resultado acompanhado pelo aumento nos níveis de GMPc. A oxidação da GCs potencializou o relaxamento uretral induzido por BAY 60-2770. O tratamento crônico reverteu completamente as disfunções uretrais dos animais obesos. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio estava aumentada e a expressão da subunidade ?1 da GCs diminuída na uretra do animal obeso, ambas as alterações foram revertidas pelo tratamento com BAY 60-2770. Concluímos então que as contrações aumentadas da bexiga e a disfunção no relaxamento uretral estão associadas com a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e "downregulation" da sinalização GCs ¿ GMPc. A prevenção da degradação da GCs pelo tratamento crônico com BAY 60-2770 melhora as disfunções miccionais de camundongos obesos. Portanto, o BAY 60-2770 pode ser de grande valor terapêutico no tratamento de complicações urológicas associadas à obesidade / Abstract: Clinical studies have shown an association between metabolic syndrome / obesity and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), name given to a group of symptoms affecting the bladder during urine storage and voiding. These symptoms affect thousands of people throughout the world and are related with frequency, urgency, nocturia and often associated with overactive bladder (OAB), which may result in urinary incontinence. The low urinary tract consists of the bladder and urethra. Vesical sphincter dynamics is divided into two phases: storage and voiding phase. Each phase requires a coordinated interaction between urethra and bladder to allow a healthy urinary function. Despite epidemiological studies suggest a positive correlation between metabolic syndrome / obesity and LUTS, its pathophysiological mechanisms are still poorly studied. Therefore, using an animal model of obesity associated OAB we studied low urinary tract before and after treatment with the sGC activator BAY 60-2770. BAY 60-2770 is a novel class of drugs, classified as soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activators. This class of drugs acts by NO- and heme-independent mechanisms and present a higher potency to oxidated form of sGC heme iron (Fe3+). More specifically we conducted the fallowing experiments: 1) cystomettry; 2) concentration ¿ response curves to contractile and relaxing agents in bladder and/or urethra; 3) determination of cGMP levels; 4) evaluated expressions of ?1 and/or ?1 sGC subunits; 5) measurement of reactive oxygen species. Obese mice displayed an irregular micturition pattern characterized by significant increases in voiding and non-voiding contractions, both of wich were normalized by BAY 60-2770 treatment. In the bladder, carbachol, KCl and CaCl2 produced concentration-dependent contractions in isolated bladder strips that were markedly greater in obese compared with control group. BAY 60-2770 treatment normalized the bladder contractions in obese group. A 78% increase in reactive-oxygen species (ROS) generation in bladder tissues of obese mice was observed, and that was unaffected by BAY 60-2770. Treatment with BAY 60-2770 generated a 10-fold increase in GMPc levels in bladder from obese mice, without affecting this nucleotide level in lean group. Protein expression of ?1 and ?1 subunits of sGC was decreased by 40% in bladder tissues of obese animals, which was restored by BAY 60-2770. In the urethra, relaxations induced by NO (acidified sodium nitrite), NO-donors (S-nitrosolutathione and glyceryl trinitrate) and BAY 41-2272 (sGC stimulator) were markedly reduced in obese compared with control mice. As opposed, urethral relaxations induced by BAY 60-2770 were 43% greater in obese mice, which was accompanied by increases in cGMP levels. Oxidation of sGC with potentiated BAY 60-2770-induced USM responses in control group. Long-term oral BAY 60-2770 administration fully prevented the impairment of urethral relaxations in obese mice. Reactive-oxygen species (ROS) production was enhanced, whereas protein expression of ?1 sGC subunit was reduced in USM from obese mice, both of which were restored by BAY 60-2770 treatment. In conclusion, enhanced bladder contractions and impaired urethral relaxations in obese mice are associated with ROS generation and downregulation of sGC- cGMP signaling. Prevention of sGC degradation by long-term BAY 60-2770 administration ameliorates the micturition dysfunction in obese mice. Therefore, BAY 60-2770 could be of great therapeutic value in the treatment of urological complications associated with obesity / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia
109

Cinétique de la fonction et de la mécanique ventriculaire gauche lors de la transition repos-effort : èvaluation par échocardiographie en mode 2D-strain / Kinetics of left ventricular function and mechanic during the transition from rest to exercise : evaluation in sedentary and endurance trained subjects

Izem, Omar 19 December 2017 (has links)
Initiée par les travaux des lauréats du prix Nobel Krogh et Hill l’étude de l’adaptation du système cardiorespiratoire lors de la transition du repos à l’exercice représente un champ majeur en physiologie de l’exercice. En début d’effort, la consommation d’oxygène (VO2) doit rapidement s’adapter afin de minimiser le déficit en dioxygène (O2), les perturbations intracellulaires et par conséquent optimiser la performance. Pendant cette phase dite « cardiodynamique » le ventricule gauche (VG) doit rapidement augmenter l’apport en O2 aux muscles actifs. Le volume d’éjection systolique (VES) et les nombreux paramètres qui le conditionnent doivent aussi rapidement s’adapter malgré une réduction très importante de la durée de diastole. Comment le VG parvient-il à relever ce défi dans les premières minutes de l’exercice et comment ces différents paramètres interagissent ? L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de répondre à ces questions en combinant l’utilisation des dernières avancées de l’échocardiographie en mode « Speckle Tracking » (STE), permettant d’apprécier finement la fonction myocardique régionale grâce à l’évaluation de la mécanique du VG, avec une approche originale caractérisée par des enregistrements à intervalles réguliers proches au cours de répétitions d’épreuves à charges constantes (épreuves dites « rectangulaires »). Une première partie va consister à décrire finement les cinétiques cardiaques chez le sujet jeune actif, alors qu’une deuxième partie s’attachera à évaluer l’impact de l’entraînement aérobie chez des cyclistes de très bon niveau rapportant de nombreuses années de pratique. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la fonction diastolique et ses mécanismes sous-jacents jouent un rôle clé dans l’adaptation du VES à l’exercice. En permettant l’augmentation de la vitesse de remplissage, la pression de remplissage et la relaxation favorisent l’adaptation du VES dans la première minute. L’adaptation de la vitesse de détorsion jusqu’à 120s prolonge l’adaptation de la vitesse de remplissage et permet le maintien du VES au-delà de la première minute. Par ailleurs, nos résultats indiquent que l’entraînement aérobie induit une adaptation du VES plus importante grâce à une amélioration de la vitesse et du débit de remplissage du VG. Ces améliorations sont le résultat d’une adaptation plus rapide et plus importante de la relaxation à la base et d’une adaptation plus importante de la vitesse de détorsion. Ce travail de thèse basé sur l’étude de la mécanique cardiaque à l’exercice d’intensité modérée a permis de montrer le rôle clé de la diastole, et plus particulièrement de la détorsion du VG, dans l’adaptation rapide du VES ainsi que son amélioration chez le sportif aérobie. En perspective, il serait intéressant d’étudier les cinétiques cardiaques à des intensités d’exercice supérieures ou dans des populations qui présentent des intolérances à l'effort. / Initiated by the pioneering works of Nobel laureates Krogh and Hill, the study of cardiorespiratory system adaptation from rest to dynamic exercise represents a major field in exercise physiology. Oxygen uptake (VO2) has to abruptly increase in order to optimize exercise performance and tolerance by minimizing oxygen deficit and intracellular perturbations. During this “cardiodynamic” phase the LV has to abruptly increase oxygen delivery to mitochondria of active muscles. The stroke volume (SV) and its underlying mechanisms have to rapidly increase despite an important reduction of LV diastolic time. How do LV mechanics address this challenge at the onset of exercise and how do these different factors interact? Therefore, the aim of the present thesis is to answer to these questions by combining the use of latest advances in speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), which allow accurate assessment of regional myocardial function by the evaluation of LV mechanics, with an original approach based on the repetition of five similar constant work-load exercises, each of them being used to record different parameters. The first part give an accurate description of LV kinetics in young healthy active males whereas the second part focus on the evaluation of endurance training effect in well-trained cyclists. Our result highlight the key role of diastolic function and its underlying mechanisms in SV adaptation to exercise. In the first 60s, LV filling pressure and relaxation promote increase of LV filling velocity and hence SV adaptation. Beyond the first 60s, peak untwisting rate continue to increase until 120s allowing for a further increase of LV filling velocity involving SV maintenance. Furthermore, our results indicate that endurance training involve more important adaptation of SV by the improvement of LV filling velocity and filling rate. These improvement are the result of faster and higher adaptation of relaxation at the base and untwisting rate. This thesis based on the assessment of cardiac mechanic at moderate intensity exercise show the key role of diastole and more specifically LV untwist in the fast adaptation of SV and its improvement with endurance training. It would be interesting to study cardiac kinetics in heavy exercise and in pathological population presenting exercise intolerance.
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Corps obèse et société. Regards croisés entre médecins et patients / Analysis of medical representation in relationship with patients who suffer from obesity

Cornet, Philippe 12 December 2015 (has links)
L'obésité est une maladie qui touche près de 15% de la population adulte en France. Elle est susceptible d'entraîner des complications sévères. L'obésité peut être considérée comme un stigmate et les représentations sociales des personnes en obésité sont discriminatoires. Les médecins partagent les représentations sociales communes. Le corps obèse fait rupture avec [l']idéal du corps confondu à la norme, et est une source de discrédit du corps hors normes. Les sujets en obésité subissent l'affichage de l'idéal du corps comme norme de corpulence mais aussi comme norme esthétique et comme signe de distinction morale. Ils sont pris dans un "dispositif" construit autour d'une injonction paradoxale : "consommez, soyez mince". / Obesity is a disease concerning around 15% of the French adult general population. It is usually associated with severe conditions. It can be considered as a sitgma and social views of obese persons are discriminatory. Practitioners do share those common views. The obese body breaks with an ideal body confounded with the standard, and is a cause of disgrace for the out-standard body. Patients with obesity endure the display of an ideal body as a norm of corpulence, but also as an esthetical norm and as a sign of moral distinction. They are caught in a "device" built around the paradox "consume, be thin".

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