The B cell repertoire in the neonatal immune system (IS) is characterised by reactivity towards self-components, including other immunoglobulin (Ig) V-regions. These properties have been suggested to be a requirement for the development of a normal immune system. DNA sequencing of two interacting Ig idiotypes, derived from neonatal, preimmune mice, demonstrated that such idiotypic connectivity is germ- line encoded and devoid of VDJ junctional diversity. The serum levels of the same Ig idiotypes were studied in normal mice and demonstrated that the expression in serum fluctuated over time in a pattern compatible with a complex dynamic system. In contrast, similar analyses in autoimmune mice or humans demonstrated fluctuations in Ig titers that differed significantly from the healthy individuals. These findings suggested that pathological autoimmunity may be associated with fundamental alterations in the dynamics of natural antibody (ab) expression. This was further investigated in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an animal model for human Type I diabetes. Suppression of the early B cell development in the NOD mouse prevented the development of diabetes, suggesting a role for B cells/Igs in the development of diabetes in these mice. Furthermore, neonatal injections of polyclonal Ig preparations or single, monoclonal natural abs inhibited disease induction. The prevention of diabetes development by one such natural ab was demonstrated to be dependent on both the dose injected and the timing of administration. Studies of the B cell repertoire development in NOD mice, compared to normal mice, by DNA-sequence analyses of IgVH rearrangements utilising genes from the most D-proximal Vh family, Vh7183, supported the idea of an aberrant B cell repertoire in this mouse model. Thus, the adult NOD mouse retained a neonatal pattern of Vh7183 rearrangements. This pattern could, however, be "normalised" by neonatal injection of a natural antibody, previously demonstrated to prevent the development of T cell dependent autoimmunity in the NOD mouse. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-110).

<p>This study aimed to describe children’s experience of living with overweight or obesity, by using a literature-review. The study includes eleven articles, data is from children between ages 5-15 year. The result occurring were in the areas; <em>Quality of life and self-esteem, Social company, Body concept and weight reduction </em>and <em>Psychological unhealth</em>. BMI above what is recommended gives a negative influence on quality of live and self-esteem. The exposure of teasing is rising, which also dieting and weight–related concerns do. Depression symptoms occur in varying degree, but the correlation to BMI is not direct. Girls in ages up to 14 years seem to be most influenced by being overweight or obese. The language children are using related to their own body may act as a barrier to apply its health- consequences on themselves. Health- care professionals should treat those children in a way that reinforce their view of themselves, by doing so they can help them reaching better health. To improve treat and treatment of the children, there is a need of more qualitative investigation in the subject.</p> / <p>Syftet med studien var att genom en litteraturstudie beskriva hur det som barn är att leva med övervikt eller fetma. Studien bygger på elva artiklar där data är från barn i åldrarna 5 - 15 år. Resultatet som framkom var inom områdena; <em>Livskvalitet och självkänsla, Socialt umgänge, Kroppsuppfattning och viktnedgång </em>samt<em> Psykisk ohälsa</em>. Resultatet visar att BMI över gränsen för övervikt/fetma ger en negativ påverkan på livskvalitet och självkänsla, graden av påverkan ökar med stigande BMI. Även utsatthet för mobbning och förekomsten av bantning och viktbekymmer ökar med stigande BMI. Förekomsten av depressiva symtom finns i varierande grad, men verkar inte vara direkt korrelerat till vikt. Flickor upp till 14 års ålder påverkas i högst grad av sin vikt. Språket barn använder relaterat till sin egen övervikt/fetma kan fungera som en barriär för att se dess hälsokonsekvenser som en möjlig realitet hos dem själva. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal måste bemöta dessa barn på ett sätt som kan stärka deras självbild och på så vis förbättra hälsan. Förbättrat bemötande och behandlingsarbete kräver mer kvalitativ forskning kring hur barnen upplever sin situation.</p>

Orientador: Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior / Banca: Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago / Banca: Ellen Cristini Freitas Araújo / Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar o gasto energético (GE) e a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos sedentários pré e pós teste de esforço máximo e analisar os resultados de adolescentes obesos submetidos a treinamento concorrente. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por dois grupos: 1) grupo sedentário (GS), composto por 70 adolescentes (31 meninos e 39 meninas; idade 13,7±1,4 anos); 2) grupo treinado (GT), composto por 16 adolescentes (10 meninos e 6 meninas; idade 14,7±1,0 anos), participantes de um programa para redução de gordura corporal. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi usado para classificação da obesidade, segundo Cole et al. (2000). A composição corporal foi analisada pela Absortiometria de Raios- X de Dupla Energia (Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry - DEXA) para estimativa da massa livre de gordura (MLG) e da massa de gordura (MG). O GE foi calculado a partir da equação de Weir (1949) [(3.941xVO2)+(1.106xVCO2)*1440], utilizando os valores de volume de oxigênio consumido (VO2) e gás carbônico produzido (VCO2), mensurados a cada 20 segundos por Calorimetria Indireta (CI) durante 20 minutos, antes (repouso - REP), durante e após (recuperação - REC) esforço máximo realizado em esteira ergométrica, com o sistema MedGraphics VO2000 no GS e no momento pré intervenção do GT, e com o sistema Parvo Medics TrueOne® 2400 no momento pós intervenção do GT. O GT participou de uma intervenção de 40 semanas de treinamento concorrente (TC), com frequência semanal de três vezes e duração de 60 minutos por sessão (aproximadamente 50% do tempo de treino aeróbio e 50% de treino resistido (musculação)). A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS versão 17.0 e a significância estatística foi fixada em 5%... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico baixo) / Abstract: Objective: To analyze the energy expenditure (EE) and body composition of obese sedentary before and after maximal exercise test and analyze the results of obese adolescents undergoing concurrent training. Methods: The sample comprised two groups: 1) sedentary group (SG), composed of 70 adolescents (31 boys and 39 girls, age 13.7 ± 1.4 years), 2) the trained group (TG), composed of 16 adolescents (10 boys and 6 girls, age 14.7 ± 1.0 years) participating in a program to reduce body fat. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used for classification of obesity according to Cole et al. (2000). Body composition was analyzed by X-ray Absorptiometry Dual Energy (DEXA) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). EE was calculated from the Weir (1949) equation [(3.941xVO2) + (1.106xVCO2)*1440], using the values of volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) and volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2), measured every 20 seconds Indirect Calorimetry (IC) for 20 minutes before (rest - RES), during and after (recovery - REC) performed maximal treadmill, with the system MedGraphics VO2000 in SG and in the pre intervention TG, and the system Parvo Medics TrueOne ® 2400 after intervention in TG. The TG participated in an intervention of 40 weeks of concurrent training (CT) with three times weekly frequency and duration of 60 minutes per session (approximately 50% of the time of aerobic training and 50% of resistance training (weight training)). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 17.0 and statistical significance was set at 5%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

abstract: It is crucial for counselors to be aware of their own attitudes and beliefs and to prevent them from influencing the counseling process. The prevalence of obesity is growing and biases against obese people are becoming more apparent. Counselors must become aware of the potential weight bias and what factors influence it. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether counselors- in-training hold negative attitudes toward obese clients and whether the career status of the client affects these perceptions. Seventy-six students in graduate level counseling programs at Arizona State University were randomly assigned one of four vignettes describing either an obese bookkeeper, a normal weight bookkeeper, an obese executive, or a normal weight executive. Negative attitudes were measured using two scales; one evaluating perceived personal characteristics of the client and one evaluating the perceived work efficacy. Results indicated that counselors-in-training perceived the client with more negative characteristics when the client was described as obese rather than normal weight, and also when she was described as having a low status job compared to a high status job. The perceived work efficacy of the presented client was not affected by the client&rsquo;s weight or job status. It is important for students in counseling programs to receive training regarding weight biases and job status biases. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.C. Counseling 2011

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett globalt växande problem. Specialistsjuksköterskor med inriktning anestesisjukvård måste ha god kännedom om de anatomiska, fysiologiska och psykologiska förändringar som fetma medför för att kunna erbjuda säker vård till denna patientgrupp. Syfte: Att identifiera svårigheter vid hantering av luftvägen hos vuxna patienter med obesitas. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med syntes utfördes. Analysen av insamlad data har skett enligt mall av Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). Syntesen och analysen har genererat två huvudområden. Resultat: Två huvudsakliga områden som alla har betydelse och påverkas av obesitas har identifierats.  De områden som framkommit är maskventilation och intubation, Under dessa kategorier presenteras försvårande faktorer vid anestesi till patienten med obesitas, som stort nackomfång, minskad rörlighet i käken samt hög mallampatiklass. Konklusion: Den här litteraturstudien har identifierat svårigheter som anestesisjuksköterskan i sitt dagliga arbete kan ställas inför i mötet med den obesa patienten. Med kännedom om dessa svårigheter kan anestesisjuksköterskan skapa strategier för en anpassad och säker vård till även den obesa patienten. / Background: Obesity and obesity are a global growing problem. Specialist nurses with anesthetic care focus need to have a good knowledge of the anatomical, physiological and psychological changes that obesity causes to provide safe care to this patient group. Purpose: To identify difficulties in managing the airway in adults patients with obesity. Method: A systematic literature review with synthesis was performed. The analysis of collected data has been carried out according to the template of the Swedish Medical and Social Assessment (SBU) preparation. The synthesis of the analysis has generated two main areas. Results: Two main areas all of which are important and affected by obesity have been identified. The areas identified are mask ventilation and intubation. Under these categories, aggravating factors in anesthesia are presented to the patient with obesity, such as high neck circumference, reduced jaw movement, and high mallampathy class. Conclusion: This literature study has identified difficulties that the anesthetist nurse in his daily work can face in the meeting with the obese patient. Knowing these difficulties, the anesthesia nurse can create strategies for a customized and safe care to the obese patient.

p. 1-101 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-02T19:07:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 7777777777777aaa.pdf: 645591 bytes, checksum: d42bcd7410890d638848d6e5f366302c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:42:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 7777777777777aaa.pdf: 645591 bytes, checksum: d42bcd7410890d638848d6e5f366302c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 7777777777777aaa.pdf: 645591 bytes, checksum: d42bcd7410890d638848d6e5f366302c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Objetivo: identificar fatores associados ao baixo risco cardiometabólico (RCM) em mulheres obesas (MOb) atendidas em ambulatórios especializados do SUS, Salvador – BR. Métodos: estudo caso-controle, pareado pela idade com 306 MOb, IMC ≥30kg/m², sendo 66 (21,6%) casos – todos não hipertensos, normolipídicos e não diabéticos e 240 (78,4%) controles. Dados secundários foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos e primários através de inquérito domiciliar e de exames laboratoriais. Foram realizadas análises: descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística condicional. Resultados: associações positivas, estatisticamente significantes, foram detectadas entre baixo RCM e consumo de ≥3 porções de frutas/dia (ORaj = 20,1; IC95%: 5,6 – 71,9); PCR do 1º. quartil (ORaj = 4,1; IC95%: 2,0 – 8,3) e da adiponectina plasmática (AdipoQ) a partir do 3º. quartil (ORaj = 2,3; IC95%:1,1 – 4,8). Conclusão: este estudo sugere que dieta rica em fibras solúveis (≥3 porções de frutas/dia), valores da PCR ≤3,70mg/L e da AdipoQ >10,00µg/mL podem dificultar, retardar ou impedir o aparecimento de outros fatores de risco ou doenças metabólicas em MOb. / Salvador

The restriction of carbohydrates in the diet has been used as a strategy in weight loss and improvement of hormones parameters, however, how many of this nutrient reduction can occur, especially when associated with exercising, without harmful consequences to health and adherence to dietary follow-up among individuals with overweight is unclear. It analyze dietary adherence of individuals entered in the weight loss program and the effect of the adoption of diets with different carbohydrate levels on weight loss, body composition and hormonal markers of overweight individuals. This study was an experimental and randomized clinical one. The subjects were divided into two groups, one with carbohydrate restriction (R-CHO) and another with regular carbohydrate intake (A-CHO), however both groups followed the same training protocol (3x/week). All individuals were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after baseline. Both groups showed similarities on the reduction of the evaluated anthropometric parameters, but the group with dietary carbohydrate reduction had higher scores in dietary difficulties following evening meals (p <0,05), as well as reductions over the 12-week intervention, the hormone levels of T4, free T4 and testosterone (p <0,05). This leads to the conclusion that caloric restriction and training with no reduction of carbohydrate intake are able to promote weight loss addition to hormonal changes characteristic weight loss process, this strategy can be maintained for longer and with less reports of difficulties to follow the diet. / A restrição de carboidratos na dieta tem sido utilizada como estratégia na perda de peso corporal e de melhoria nos indicadores hormonais. No entanto, não é claro na literatura o quanto a redução deste nutriente, principalmente quando associada à prática de exercício físico, pode, ou não, provocar consequências prejudicais à saúde para indivíduos buscando redução de peso. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a adesão dietética de indivíduos inseridos no programa de perda de peso e o efeito da adoção de uma dieta com redução de carboidratos sobre a perda de peso, composição corporal e marcadores hormonais de indivíduos obesos. O estudo é de delineamento experimental do tipo clínico aleatório. Os indivíduos foram alocados em dois grupos: com baixo teor de carboidratos (R-CHO) e o outro com teores adequados (A-CHO), ambos com dieta hipocalórica. Todos os indivíduos foram inseridos em sessões de treinamento três vezes por semana e avaliados no início ao final de 12 semanas do programa. Ambos os grupos apresentaram semelhanças sobre a redução dos parâmetros antropométricos avaliados, porém o grupo R-CHO apresentou maiores escores de dificuldades no seguimento dietético de refeições noturnas (p<0,05), bem como reduções, ao longo das 12 semanas de intervenção, nas taxas hormonais de T4, T4 livre e testosterona (p<0,05). A restrição calórica associada à prática de treinamento regular sem necessariamente a redução de carboidratos, é capaz de favorecer a perda de peso e melhoria na composição corporal, além de alterações hormonais características no processo de perda de peso, podendo também ser mantida com menores relatos de dificuldades.

Orientador: Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior / Banca: Patrícia Monteiro Seraphim / Banca: Cassiano Merussi Neiva / Resumo: Introdução: A obesidade, por si só, é um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças, e uma das que mais tem motivado investigações científicas é a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), caracterizada pelo agrupamento de, pelo menos, três componentes que caracterizam fatores de risco de origem cardiovascular, cuja prevalência em crianças e adolescentes é elevada. Uma das alternativas para o tratamento está no exercício físico e/ou reeducação alimentar. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da intervenção de 20 semanas por meio do treinamento concorrente (aeróbio e resistido), na composição corporal e sobre a prevalência e os componentes da Síndrome Metabólica em adolescentes obesos. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por 50 adolescentes obesos com idade entre 12 a 16 anos (13,4±1,1) classificados por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal. Para a análise da composição corporal foi empregada a técnica da absorptiometria de raios-X de dupla energia, verificando-se variáveis como percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), percentual de gordura de tronco (%GTronco) e massa corporal magra (MCM) . Foram avaliados também o colesterol total (COLtotal), HDL-colesterol (HDL), triglicérides (TRI), glicemia em jejum (GLI) e insulina plasmática. A intervenção consistia em treinamento concorrente com 50% do tempo voltado a exercícios aeróbios e a outra metade a exercícios resistidos, com sessões de 60 minutos, 3 vezes/semana, durante 20 semanas. Análise estatística: foram calculadas a mediana e intervalo interquartílico de todas as variáveis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Obesity, by itself, is an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases, one that has motivated even more scientific research is the metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by the clustering of at least three components that characterize risk factors of cardiovascular origin, whose prevalence in children and adolescents is high. An alternative to this treatment is diet and/or exercise. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 20 weeks intervention of concurrent training (aerobic and resistance), on body composition and on the prevalence and the components of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Methodology: The sample consisted of 50 obese adolescents aged 12-16 years (13.4±1.1) classified by Body Mass Index. For body composition analysis was employed the technique of Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in order to verify variables such as body fat percentage (%BF), percentage of trunk fat (%BFtrunk) and lean body mass (LBM) . We also evaluated total cholesterol (COLtotal), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TRI), fasting glucose (GLU) and insulin. The intervention consisted of concurrent training (50% of the time of aerobic exercise and 50% of resistance exercise), the sessions lasts 60 minutes of duration, 3 times per week for 20 weeks. Statistical analysis: we calculated the median and interquartile range of all variables and the Wilcoxon... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The restriction of carbohydrates in the diet has been used as a strategy in weight loss and improvement of hormones parameters, however, how many of this nutrient reduction can occur, especially when associated with exercising, without harmful consequences to health and adherence to dietary follow-up among individuals with overweight is unclear. It analyze dietary adherence of individuals entered in the weight loss program and the effect of the adoption of diets with different carbohydrate levels on weight loss, body composition and hormonal markers of overweight individuals. This study was an experimental and randomized clinical one. The subjects were divided into two groups, one with carbohydrate restriction (R-CHO) and another with regular carbohydrate intake (A-CHO), however both groups followed the same training protocol (3x/week). All individuals were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after baseline. Both groups showed similarities on the reduction of the evaluated anthropometric parameters, but the group with dietary carbohydrate reduction had higher scores in dietary difficulties following evening meals (p <0,05), as well as reductions over the 12-week intervention, the hormone levels of T4, free T4 and testosterone (p <0,05). This leads to the conclusion that caloric restriction and training with no reduction of carbohydrate intake are able to promote weight loss addition to hormonal changes characteristic weight loss process, this strategy can be maintained for longer and with less reports of difficulties to follow the diet. / A restrição de carboidratos na dieta tem sido utilizada como estratégia na perda de peso corporal e de melhoria nos indicadores hormonais. No entanto, não é claro na literatura o quanto a redução deste nutriente, principalmente quando associada à prática de exercício físico, pode, ou não, provocar consequências prejudicais à saúde para indivíduos buscando redução de peso. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a adesão dietética de indivíduos inseridos no programa de perda de peso e o efeito da adoção de uma dieta com redução de carboidratos sobre a perda de peso, composição corporal e marcadores hormonais de indivíduos obesos. O estudo é de delineamento experimental do tipo clínico aleatório. Os indivíduos foram alocados em dois grupos: com baixo teor de carboidratos (R-CHO) e o outro com teores adequados (A-CHO), ambos com dieta hipocalórica. Todos os indivíduos foram inseridos em sessões de treinamento três vezes por semana e avaliados no início ao final de 12 semanas do programa. Ambos os grupos apresentaram semelhanças sobre a redução dos parâmetros antropométricos avaliados, porém o grupo R-CHO apresentou maiores escores de dificuldades no seguimento dietético de refeições noturnas (p<0,05), bem como reduções, ao longo das 12 semanas de intervenção, nas taxas hormonais de T4, T4 livre e testosterona (p<0,05). A restrição calórica associada à prática de treinamento regular sem necessariamente a redução de carboidratos, é capaz de favorecer a perda de peso e melhoria na composição corporal, além de alterações hormonais características no processo de perda de peso, podendo também ser mantida com menores relatos de dificuldades.