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No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Pereira de Souza.pdf: 2162167 bytes, checksum: 035697d20bc043f5d9b1cb45aa63617b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-27 / In the view of the failure to meet the Global Objectives on Forests set forth by means of a soft law instrument approved within the United Nations, notably the failure to achieve zero deforestation in 2015, the scope of this research was to study the protection of forests under International Environmental Law, addressing as central problem the legally binding nature or not of the commitments related to the forest sector that were unilaterally established by the States in their contributions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions presented under the Paris Agreement, known as NDCs. The research adopts Norberto Bobbio's proposal that recognizes a promotional function of the Law, when it uses legal mechanisms of incentive as prize sanctions to reflect on the possibility that obligations of forest protection may acquire legally binding status, but in a form different from the traditional responsibility based on the imposition of punitive sanctions. Through this alternative pathway, the principle of good faith guiding international law of treatise, also the principle of international cooperation and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in the equitable distribution of burdens and duties among states could be evoked for solving common problems of Mankind, such as the preservation and sustainable use of forests, by means of adoption of governance processes. Starting from the norm of customary International Law ruling that States have sovereignty over natural resources in their territories, including forests, but cannot make use of nor let these resources be used to the detriment of other states and of humanity itself, it is possible to establish legal expectations of State behavior in relation to forests based on soft law commitments assumed collectively or unilaterally by the States. Using bibliographical and documentary research, this study adopted a dialectical approach when inserting its object in a totality undergoing a process of transformation powered by permanent tensions.The first part of this research described an overviewed forest protection on the international global community, within and beyond international regimes, with greater attention to the climate change regime, demonstrating the existence of a global forest protection´s culture (opinio iuris et necessitatis), as well as an emerging repeated practice of conservation and sustainable use of forests. The second part of the research reflected on the concept of forests, based on the notion of geographic object found in Milton Santos and it was tried to provide a brief overview of the forest cover on the planet and especially of the Amazon Forest, over the last 25 years, revealing a scenario of permanent forest loss. The third part of the study sought to determine the legal status of forestry obligations, under ethical, scientific and legal basis, which included Human Rights and ius cogens, soft law and its obligations, international cooperation and sovereignty over natural resources, closing with the study of the NDCs as autonomous unilateral acts and their status as source of Law and obligations under International Law, seeking a response to whether the commitments, objectives and forest goals inserted in these unilateral acts under Paris Agreement are binding or not. / Diante do insucesso no cumprimento dos objetivos globais sobre florestas estabelecidos em instrumento de soft law aprovado pelas Nações Unidas, notadamente o fracasso no alcance da meta desmatamento zero em 2015, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a proteção das florestas no âmbito do Direito Ambiental Internacional, tendo como problema central o caráter juridicamente vinculante ou não dos compromissos relacionados ao setor florestal que foram definidos unilateralmente pelos Estados em suas contribuições para reduzir emissões de gases de efeito estufa, apresentadas no âmbito do Acordo de Paris, conhecidas como NDCs. O trabalho adota como referencial a proposta de Norberto Bobbio que reconhece no direito uma função promocional quando utiliza mecanismos jurídicos de incentivo como sanções premiais para poder refletir sobre a possibilidade de que obrigações de proteção florestal adquiram caráter juridicamente vinculante, porém sob forma diversa da tradicional responsabilização baseada na imposição de sanções punitivas. Nessa via alternativa, evoca-se o princípio da boa-fé norteador do direito internacional pactício, o princípio da cooperação internacional e o princípio das responsabilidades comuns, porém diferenciadas na distribuição equitativa de ônus e deveres entre os Estados para a solução de problemas comuns da humanidade, como a preservação e o uso sustentável das florestas, por meio da adoção de processos de governança. Partindo da norma de direito geral internacional costumeiro de que os Estados tem soberania sobre os recursos naturais em seus territórios, inclusive as florestas, mas não podem fazer uso ou deixar que se faça uso desses recursos em prejuízo de outros Estados e da própria humanidade mostra-se possível estabelecer expectativas jurídicas de comportamento estatal em relação às florestas a partir de compromissos como soft law assumidos coletivamente ou unilateralmente pelos Estados. Utilizando pesquisa bibliográfica e documental o trabalho adotou abordagem dialética ao inserir seu objeto na totalidade em processo de transformação alimentado por tensões permanentes. Na primeira parte desse estudo foi desenvolvido trabalho descritivo sobre a proteção florestal na sociedade global no âmbito dos regimes internacionais e além deles, com maior atenção ao regime das mudanças climáticas, sendo demonstrada a existência de consciência global de proteção florestal (opinio iuris et necessitatis), bem como a prática reiterada de ações de conservação e uso sustentável das florestas. Na segunda parte do trabalho realizou-se reflexão sobre o conceito de florestas fincado na noção de objeto geográfico em Milton Santos e procurou-se estabelecer panorama global da cobertura florestal do planeta, em especial da Floresta Amazônica nos últimos 25 anos, sendo evidenciado cenário de crescente degradação. A última parte do trabalho procurou definir o estatuto jurídico das obrigações florestais, partindo de fundamentação ética, científica e jurídica, que incluiu direitos humanos e ius cogens, soft law normativo, cooperação internacional e soberania sobre recursos naturais, encerrando-se com o estudo das NDCs enquanto atos unilaterais autonormativos e seu status como fonte do direito e das obrigações no Direito Internacional, procurando-se resposta para indagação a respeito do caráter vinculante ou não que poderão assumir os compromissos florestais inseridos nesses atos unilaterais no âmbito do Acordo de Paris.

The dissertation provides a systematic analysis of global obligations relating to a decent standard of living. Global obligations represent a type of extraterritorial obligations, which does not presuppose any causal link between acts/omissions of global actors and individuals’ inability to enjoy their human rights. Global obligations are a key legal tool for empowering the most vulnerable individuals, promoting social justice, and reducing extreme poverty and inequality worldwide. Despite their importance, global obligations have not yet received adequate legal recognition, regulation, and realization. They are the least elucidated and the most unfulfilled type of extraterritorial obligations. Many scholars and practitioners highlight a major discrepancy between globalization and contemporary human rights law: socio-economic rights obligations are still often considered to be applicable only within states’ borders (if at all); obligations of intergovernmental organizations and non-state actors are frequently believed to be exhausted by negative duties to respect human rights; and contemporary mechanisms of the implementation of global obligations (for instance, obligations of development cooperation or international assistance) are insufficient, inefficient, and often violate human rights. In this context, the justification, conceptualization, and furtherance of global obligations is a task of paramount importance. The primary goals of the dissertation are, therefore: first, to justify global obligations as human rights obligations of multiple actors; second, to analyze their nature, status, types, content, scope, right-holders, and duty-bearers; and third, to examine contemporary mechanisms used for the realization of global obligations and suggest some measures for their improvement. The research is aimed at proposing a coherent and plausible framework for a reconstruction of human rights law regulating global obligations. The dissertation intends to uncover the interrelation between philosophical discourse, normative legal order, and legal practice. On the one hand, it demonstrates how contemporary theories of global justice can contribute to the justification, conceptualization, allocation, and implementation of global obligations. It translates philosophical ideas into the language of law and incorporates empirical findings in relation to global obligations. On the other hand, it explores whether human rights theory and practice are capable of, and essential to, solving the most pressing issues of global justice, extreme poverty and inequality alleviation. In particular, it shows that the existing international soft and hard law instruments, customary international law, and human rights practice also give an important framework for the legal acknowledgement, specification, and attribution of global obligations to various actors. The dissertation takes a form of three Articles. The first Article provides a legal-philosophical justification for and outlines a legal conception of global obligations of multiple actors relating to a decent standard of living. The second Article undertakes a legal analysis of global obligations for sustainable development. The third Article explores the legal theory and practice of global obligations to assist in the realization of socio-economic rights.

abstract: 近些年来，我国城市化进程不断加快，到2020年我国常住人口城镇化率将达到60%左右，户籍人口城镇化率将会达到45%左右。伴随着我国城市化进程的高速推进以及经济水平的不断提高，公共物品及服务的需求程度加大，政府单独出资建设公共项目会导致资金不足、经营管理效率低下等问题。与此同时，我国当前不同层级地方政府的政府性债务都达到了一个非常高的水平，截至2017年末，中国地方政府债务16.47万亿元，债务率（债务余额/综合财力）为76.5%，其中地方负有偿还责任的债务约12.9万亿，地方政府性债务的控制和转化成为经济新常态下重要特征之一。在地方债务压力较大的情况下，PPP将替代土地财政和地方政府融资，为我国新型城镇化建设提供可持续的资金支持，PPP模式成为当前城市建设领域融资的重要选项。 据此，本文基于实证研究方法探讨在债务约束的背景下，在地方政府债务约束下，PPP模式的引入，对城市规划中建设用地面积、人口规划规模与容量、建设用地属性等的城市规划变量的影响；与此同时，考虑到地方政府的政策很大程度上受到是由地方官员，特别是受到作为地方政府党政“一把手”的市委书记和市长的晋升压力和激励的影响，讨论市委书记/市长的晋升压力和激励对PPP模式引入效果的影响。研究发现，在地方政府债务约束下，PPP模式的引入，显著增加城市规划中建设用地面积、人口规划规模与容量、建设用地属性等的城市规划变量；同时，地方政府官员存在利用PPP放大城市建设和规划规模的行为，反映了PPP项目在引入和使用的过程中很大程度上受政府官员的激励的影响。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

Dans le monde des affaires, et plus particulièrement dans les petites et moyennes entreprises, le recours au crédit n'est pas rare. Mais, la faiblesse de la garantie que constitue le capital social conduit souvent les établissements de crédit à subordonner leur soutien à des garanties personnelles du chef d'entreprise. Le chef d'entreprise s'engage ainsi fréquemment à honorer les dettes sociales sur son patrimoine personnel si sa société n’y satisfait pas elle-même. Pour ce faire, le contrat de cautionnement est très sollicité, tant en droit français qu'en droit OHADA, grâce à sa simplicité et sa souplesse. Cependant, les réformes législatives de ces dernières années en faveur des cautions mettent cette institution en péril. Les créanciers sont de plus en plus réticents à accorder du crédit à cause de la protection excessive dont les cautions bénéficient. De plus, diverses circonstances peuvent affecter la vie de la société créancière ou débitrice et doivent être prises en compte au regard de leurs conséquences sur le contrat de cautionnement. Afin de remédier à la frilosité des créanciers, il faut trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts de la caution et ceux des créanciers, mais également encadrer l’accès à la fonction de chef d'entreprise en mettant à leur disposition des formations spécifiques en matière financière et en gestion d'entreprise car « n'est pas chef d'entreprise qui veut ». / In the worldwide of business and mainly for the little companies, It’s not seldom to make loans nearby of the bank. But the weakness of the garantees what represent the social capital bring sometimes the etablishment of loan to subordinate the granting of this credit to the society to obtaining personal garantees of the head of the company. So, it’s frequent to see the head of company giving their commitment nearby a creditor to honor the social debts on the company’s assets in case where the society couldn’t satisfy his own obligations. The contract of the deposit hold a place of choice in french law and OHADA law due to of his simplicity and flexibility. However most of rules made recently in favor of deposit have a tend to put in jeopardize this institution. The creditor are more and more reluctant to grant a loan due to of excessive protection whose they bénéfit. In addition, the situation of the deposit can be evolve until make him lose him first statut. The creditor society or the debtor can be affected more or less by various circumstances. These circumstances must be taken into account and have a result on the deposit contract, mainly on the commitment of the deposit. In order to solve the fear of the creditors, we will have to find a balance between the interests of the deposit and the creditors, but also to frame the access to function of the head of company in putting in place to their disposal any specific training in the field of finance and management because « ain’t a head of company who want ».

La vente immobilière est devenue un contrat de méfiance où s’entrechoquent différents droits et obligations. Ce sont les droits du vendeur contre ceux de l’acquéreur voire des tiers comme les occupants du bien. Face à cette crise de confiance, les enjeux moraux de ce contrat présentent un réel intérêt surtout au regard de la moralisation de la vente d’immeuble par l’action combinée du législateur et du juge. Ces derniers vont s’intéresser au bien des contractants dépassant ainsi le domaine strict du droit. En effet, la morale est évaluée selon des critères d’appréciation de bien ou de mal alors que la justice procède à son évaluation sur la base de critère de juste ou d’injuste. Le droit, objet de la justice, concerne « le juste rapport des biens et des choses réparties entre citoyens ». Le bien consistant « dans une juste mesure, un point d’équilibre où se réalise l’harmonie du tout et de ses parties », le domaine de l’étude concerne tout aussi bien l’équilibre du contrat de vente immobilière que la conduite des acteurs du contrat. / The real estate sale has become a contract of distrust. In this contract, various rights and obligations conflict. Specifically, there are seller’s rights versus purchaser’s rights or third party rights like that of the property’s occupant. In the face of this crisis of trust, the moral stakes of this contract raise great interest, in particular regarding the moralization of real estate sale by the combined action of the legislature and judges. They are interested in the good of all contracting parties where the mere domain of law is exceeded. Indeed, in terms of morality, an action is evaluated according criteria of right and wrong, whereas, in terms of justice, an action is evaluated according criteria of fair and unfair. Law, which is based on justice, concerns « the fair balance of assets sharing between citizens ». The good consists of « an equilibrium where harmony among all parties is realized by a fair measure ». The subject of this thesis is about balance between the contract of real estate sale and the behavior of contract players.

Work-life balance is a dominant discourse in contemporary Western society. It has been built on a language of large organizations, hence has not been widely considered in relation to the small-medium enterprise sector. As a consequence, scant research has been conducted on the experiences of immigrant entrepreneurs and work-life balance within the small-medium enterprise sector in New Zealand, a country largely populated with migrants and small businesses which account for 96 per cent of the total enterprises. This study aims to fill this gap by firstly exploring the interpretations of the concept of work-life balance by Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs and, secondly, the main challenges they face in achieving work-life balance. This is done by drawing on literatures including those on work-life balance, small-medium enterprises, and immigrant entrepreneurship theories. Primary research was conducted using a critical interpretive approach where the researcher is an insider to the study. This philosophical and methodological approach makes it possible to give a minority group a voice to effect social change and gain further research attention. Fifteen Chinese business owners, chosen from a variety of industries within the Auckland region, participated in this study. A qualitative methodological technique and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data for the case study on these entrepreneurs. The results indicate that the majority do not enjoy a sense of work-life balance because they take on filial obligations important for their own culture. They need to work hard to generate financial profit for the benefit of family. About half of them work more than 60 hours per week and three works longer than 70 hours weekly. The motivation for them to work in this way is to provide their family with desirable housing and to enable their children to meet higher education goals. This study challenges the applicability of the work-life balance discourse among the immigrant entrepreneurs who perceive the concept differently based on their cultural values. The results emphasise the need for business case studies from Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs and research attention on contemporary human resource topics to be given to minority groups.

Le couplage des approches orientées objets avec la méthode B est une piste pour l'amélioration de l'activité de spécification et de développement de logiciels. La méthode B fournit des notations et des outils supports puissants permettant de modéliser et de vérifier des modèles. Les approches objets fournissent des mécanismes intéressants pour la structuration et le développement de gros systèmes. L'apport de notre travail de thèse contribue aux activités de couplage entre ces deux formalismes en utilisant le prouveur de B pour valider et vérifier des spécifications UML.<br /><br />En étendant les schémas de dérivation d'UML vers B proposés dans des travaux précédents réalisés dans l'équipe de recherche Dédale, nous proposons une approche de dérivation en B de méta-modèles UML, de diagrammes statiques et de diagrammes dynamiques. L'objectif de cette proposition est de vérifier la sémantique et la cohérence entre différents diagrammes de spécifications UML.<br /><br />Notre thèse apporte aussi une contribution au développement de spécifications objets en utilisant la méthode B. La première proposition concerne la prise en compte de certains types d'associations entre classes lors de la dérivation en B. La deuxième proposition concerne la validation de spécifications orientées objets décrites à l'aide de diagrammes de séquence UML2.0.

<p>The purpose of this essay has been to compare different constitutions, and their outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This has been done in the light of the political philosophy, in order to give the answer to four questions. These questions are: Which rights and obligations can be seen in the constitutions, and how can it be interpreted. Can there be signs of any political philosophy in the constitutions?  Are there any differences between the constitutions regarding citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty? If so, what are the differences? Can the rights be seen in a further extent than the obligations in the constitutions?</p><p>I have conducted a qualitative comparision study and analyzed the political philosophers and made a classification scheme of their views. Further I made a comparison between the constitutions of the countries, and their view on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This was later inflicted in to the classification scheme, to see if the countries could fit in to the political philosophers views, and also to find out if there would be any differences in values between the countries constitutions.</p><p>To bind together the outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty between the citizen and the state, I have used a social contract theory, to get better understanding regarding the relationship between the legal system and the citizen.</p><p>My conclusions of this essay is that the political philosophers views of citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty was sometimes similar, but the differences were clear in the light of the classification scheme. The countries constitutions were also similar, but I found that the constitutions could fit in different places in the classification scheme, giving the result that citizenship and rights, were important in all of the constitutions, but obligations and natural duty was not.</p>

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att fördjupa sig i begreppet psykologiska kontrakt. Vilka är de outtalade och underförstådda förväntningarna och löftena som finns mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare på en arbetsplats? Hur ser arbetet ut för att åskådliggöra skyldigheter och förväntningar och vad sker när dessa inte uppfylls? Sex deltagare från sex olika organisationer intervjuades. För att få olika perspektiv på det psykologiska kontraktet intervjuades både arbetsgivare och arbtestagare. Resultaten visade att arbetsgivare och -tagare hade en samstämmig uppfattning av vad som förväntas av dem och vad de förväntar sig att få i utbyte. Dessa förväntningar och skyldigheter diskuteras framförallt på utvecklings- eller medarbetarsamtal. Resultaten visade även att reaktionerna på kontraktsbrott beror på situationen vilket styrker Conway och Briner (2002) som menar att kontraktsbrott och även handlingar som går utöver det psykologiska kontraktet sker på en daglig basis och är en del av organisationens liv. / The purpose of this study was to get a deeper understanding of the concept of psychological contracts. Which are the unspoken and implicit expectations and promises that exists between employees and employers in the workplace? How do organisations illustrate these obligations and expectations and what happens when they are not met? Six participants from different organizations were interviewed. To get different perspectives on the psychological contract both employers and employees were interviewed. The results showed that employers and employees have congruent perceptions of what is expected of them and what they expect to get in return. These expectations and obligations are discussed mainly on individual development or performance meetings. Results also showed that the reactions to contract breach depends on the situation, which proves Conway and Briner (2002) who argue that the breach of contract and also acts that go beyond the psychological contract is done on a daily basis and is a part of an organization's life.