Recentemente, tem-se observado a ocorrÃncia de sintomas tÃpicos do oÃdio do tipo descrito na Ãfrica em todas as regiÃes produtoras do Nordeste brasileiro. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da doenÃa na qualidade biolÃgica e industrial da castanha e amÃndoa. As sementes coletadas para esse estudo foram originadas de um experimento, conduzido em 2012, utilizando o clone CCP-76, cujo objetivo era avaliar diferentes defensivos agrÃcolas no controle do oÃdio do cajueiro. Esse experimento foi constituÃdo de cinco diferentes produtos, alÃm de uma testemunha (sem aplicaÃÃo) e trÃs diferentes perÃodos de aplicaÃÃo. Os defensivos agrÃcolas utilizados foram: duas formulaÃÃes diferentes de enxofre (Highcrop 680 SC 3 ml/L) e (Kumulus 3 g/L), triflumizole (Trifmine 0,5 g/L), tebuconazole (Tebuconazole 0,75 ml/L) e Oxicloreto de cobre (Recop 3g/L). As pulverizaÃÃes foram efetuadas a cada 7, 14 e 21 dias. A partir das coletas de castanha este experimento foi dividido em quatro partes: germinaÃÃo, avaliaÃÃo microbiolÃgica, severidade e qualidade de amÃndoas. Na germinaÃÃo foram realizados dois testes, com e sem tratamento fitossanitÃrio, as variÃveis analisadas: teste de densidade, a porcentagem de germinaÃÃo e de emergÃncia, o comprimento da parte aÃrea, radicular e plÃntula, diÃmetro do caule, nÃmero de folhas, expansÃo foliar, peso da parte aÃrea, raiz e plÃntula; foram analisadas mediante 6 tratamentos e 6 blocos casualizados. Na anÃlise microbiolÃgica foram realizadas duas avaliaÃÃes; na castanha e na amÃndoa; e as variÃveis analisadas: porcentagem de fungos dos gÃneros Aspergillus, Eurotium, Cladosporium, Penicilium e Curvularia; na castanha seguiram-se por seis tratamentos em seis blocos e nas amÃndoas seguiram-se por seis tratamentos em quatro blocos. Na severidade foram analisadas mediante uma escala de nota: 0 - ausÃncia de lesÃes (0%); 1 - lesÃes cobrindo atà 25% da castanha; 2 - lesÃes cobrindo atà 50% da castanha; 3 - lesÃes cobrindo atà 75% da castanha e 4 - lesÃes atingindo 100% da castanha, atravÃs de um fatorial 6x3 (cinco defensivos e uma testemunha x trÃs intervalos de aplicaÃÃo â 7,14 ou 21 dias ). Na anÃlise de qualidade da amÃndoa foram analisadas as variÃveis: peso total de amÃndoas de castanhas de caju (PTACC); peso mÃdio de 10 amÃndoas (PMA); calibragem (CALIB): nÃmero de amÃndoas⁄50g; abertura de cotilÃdones (AB COT): 0-Sem aberturas, 1-Pequena abertura, 2-Abertura mÃdia e 3- Muito abertos; frequÃncia (FREQ)= nÃmero de amÃndoas com cotilÃdones abertos numa amostra de 25 castanhas analisadas; rendimento industrial (RI (%) = PTACC⁄5); inteiras sadias; brocadas; manchadas; roxas e estragadas (BMRE); quebradas(QUEB): S-Banda; B-Batoque e P- PedaÃo, atravÃs do mesmo fatorial citado na anÃlise microbiolÃgica. A germinaÃÃo das sementes nÃo se correlaciona com a emergÃncia das plÃntulas. Os fungicidas Trifmine e Recop contribuem para reduÃÃo do vigor das plÃntulas. O processo de esterilizaÃÃo das sementes reduz a germinaÃÃo e o desenvolvimento das plÃntulas. Os gÃneros de fungos Aspergillus e Penicillium sÃo os mais comumente associados Ãs castanhas e amÃndoas. A qualidade das castanhas do clone CCP-76 nÃo à afetada pela ocorrÃncia de oÃdio quando a severidade està igual ou abaixo de 2 na escala de 0 a 4. / Recently, it has been observed the occurrence of typical symptoms of powdery mildew of the type described in Africa in all producing regions of Northeast Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of disease on biological and industrial quality of nuts and kernels cashew. Seeds collected for this study were derived from an experiment conducted in 2012, using the CCP-76 clone, whose aim was to evaluate different agricultural chemicals (defensives) to control powdery mildew cashew. This experiment consisted of five different defensives, and a control (no application) and three different application periods. The agricultural chemicals used were sulfur (Highcrop 680 SC 3ml/L), sulfur (Kumulus  3 g/L), triflumizole (Trifmine  0.5 g/L), tebuconazole (Tebuconazole  0.75 ml/l) and copper oxychloride (Recop Â, 3 g/L). Sprays were performed every 7, 14 and 21 days. From the collections of nuts this experiment was divided in four parts: germination, microbiological analysis, severity and quality of kernel. In the germination, were performed two tests, with and without phytosanitary treatment, the variables analyzed: density test, the percentage of germination and emergence, the length of the part aerial, root and seedling, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf expansion, weight of shoot, root and seedling; were analyzed by 6 treatments and 6 randomized blocks. In the microbiological analysis were performed two assessments, in nut and kernel cashew, the variables analyzed: percentage of fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Eurotium, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Curvularia, in nut cashew followed by six treatments in six blocks and kernel cashew followed by six treatments in four blocks. In the severity were analyzed using a range of note: 0 - no injuries (0%), 1 - lesions covering up to 25% nut; 2 - lesions covering up to 50% nut, 3 - lesions covering up to 75% and nut and 4 - lesions reaching 100% nut, through a factorial 6x3 (five defensives and a control x three different application periods - 7,14 or 21 days). In the analysis of quality kernel cashew were analyzed the variables: weight total of kernel cashews (WTKC), weight mean of 10 kernels (WMK); calibration (CALIB): number of kernel/50g; opening cotyledon (COT OP): 0-No openings, 1 -small aperture, 2 - aperture average and 3 - very open; frequency (FREQ) = number of kernels with open cotyledons in a sample of 25 kernels analyzed; industrial income (II (%) = WTKC/5) ; entire healthy; brocade, stained, purple and spoiled (BMRE); broken (Brok): S - band, B - stopper and P â piece, by the same factor cited in the microbiological analysis. The seed germination is not correlated with seedling emergence. The Trifmine and Recop contribute to reduced seedling vigor. The sterilization process reduces seed germination and seedling development. The fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are the most commonly associated with nuts and kernels cashew. The quality of the kernels cashew clone CCP-76 is not affected by the occurrence of powdery mildew when severity is equal to or below 2 on the scale 0 - 4.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T17:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REBEKA ficha cat .pdf: 2747898 bytes, checksum: 601dada8e27662383a54596248273582 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T17:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REBEKA ficha cat .pdf: 2747898 bytes, checksum: 601dada8e27662383a54596248273582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Capes / Anacardium occidentale L., espécie frutífera conhecida como cajueiro, destaca-se por suas propriedades farmacológicas entre as quais antimicrobiana, antiparasitária e anticancerígena. Em razão de sua importância a espécie foi incluída na Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS). Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo de desenvolver metodologias analíticas para serem utilizadas como ferramentas na padronização de polifenois das folhas e cascas de Anacardium occidentale L.. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas em diferentes cidades de Pernambuco (Recife, Limoeiro, Vitória e Bezerros) e uma amostra no Piauí (Floriano). Após coleta e confirmação da identidade, as amostras foram secas em estufa (40 °C), trituradas e submetidas a caracterização físico-química conforme preconizado pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. Os extratos fluidos a 20% das diferentes amostras dos farmacógenos foram submetidos a uma prospecção fitoquímica por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para análise dos compostos fenólicos. A avaliação do método espectrofotométrico para o doseamento de polifenois totais investigo or CCD indicou a presença de polifenois do tipo taninos condensados e hidrolisáveis (para todas as u a influência de diferentes solventes (água, etanol e acetona) e respectivas proporções, assim como os métodos extrativos (refluxo, maceração e ultrassom). Os métodos desenvolvidos por espectrofotometria de absorção no visível (UV-Vis) e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foram validados aos parâmetros preconizados pela RE 899/2003 da ANVISA. Em seguida, os métodos foram aplicados para análise das diversas amostras. A caracterização físico-química das matérias primas indica que todas atendem as exigências estabelecidas pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. A análise p amostras de ambos os farmacógenos), e flavonoides (para todas as amostras de folhas e apenas para as cascas oriundas do município de Limoeiro). As melhores condições extrativas para o doseamento de polifenois totais nas folhas foram com etanol 30% e ultrassom; enquanto que para as cascas o melhor desempenho foi observado com etanol 30% e sob-refluxo. Os métodos analíticos validados foram considerados específicos, sensíveis, precisos, exatos e robustos. As análises quantitativas das amostras de diferentes localidades por UV-VIS e CLAE, mostraram que houve influência da localização geográfica na composição química para cada farmacógeno. Isso ocorre devido aos fatores ambientais peculiares de cada região, os quais afetam nessas variações. Além disso, os dados qualitativos por CCD e CLAE permitiram identificar perfis cromatográficos típicos para os farmacógenos. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos serão utéis no controle de qualidade da espécie vegetal estudada caso seja desenvolvido um medicamento fitoterápico da mesma. / Anacardium occidentale L., fruit species known as cashew, stands out because of its pharmacological properties, including: antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anticancer. Due to its importance the species was included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the SUS. In this context, this study aimed at developing analytical methodologies as tools for use in standardization of polyphenols from the leaves and bark of Anacardium occidentale L.. For this purpose, four samples were collected in different cities of Pernambuco (Recife, Limoeiro, Vitória and Bezerros) and a sample in Piauí (Floriano). After collection and confirmation of their identities, the samples were dried in an oven (40 ° C), crushed and subjected to physical and chemical characterization as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The fluid extracts 20% from the different samples of pharmacogens were subjected to a phytochemical prospection via chromatography in thin layer (TLC) for analysis of phenolic compounds. The evaluation of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of total polyphenols investigated the influence of different solvents (water, ethanol and acetone) and their proportions, as well as extractive methods (reflux, maceration and ultrasound). The methods developed by the visible absorption spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were validated in the parameters recommended by the RE 899/2003 of ANVISA. Following this further, the methods were applied for the analysis of multiple samples. The physicochemical characterization of the starting material indicates that all of them meet the requirements established by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. TLC analysis indicated the presence of polyphenols like condensed tannins and hydrolysable (for all samples of both pharmacogens), and flavonoids (for all leaves samples and only in barks from the city of Limoeiro). The best extraction conditions for the determination of total polyphenols in the leaves were those with 30% ethanol and ultrasound; while for the barks it was observed better extraction conditions with 30% ethanol and under reflux. The validated analytical methods were considered to be specific, sensitive, accurate, precise and robust. Quantitative analysis of samples from different locations by UV-VIS and HPLC showed the influence of geographical location on chemical composition for each pharmacogens. This is due to the peculiar environmental factors in each region, which affect these variations. In addition, qualitative data by TLC and HPLC possible to identify typical chromatographic profile for pharmacogens. Thus, the results obtained will be useful in quality control of plant species studied if a herbal medicine is developed from it.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho objetivou obter informaÃÃes bÃsicas sobre a germinaÃÃo e o estabelecimento da plÃntula de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) anÃo-precoce em condiÃÃes de salinidade e a relaÃÃo entre salinidade e mobilizaÃÃo de reservas durante esses processos. As castanhas do clone BRS 189 foram semeadas em bandejas de plÃstico contendo vermiculita umedecida com Ãgua destilada (tratamento controle) ou soluÃÃes de NaCl com condutividades elÃtricas de 6,0, 12,0 e 18,0 dS.m-1 (tratamentos salinos), as quais foram mantidas em casa de vegetaÃÃo. No decorrer do experimento, foram coletadas cinco plÃntulas por bandeja, à medida que estas alcanÃavam os estÃdios de desenvolvimento (ED) 2 (emersÃo da radÃcula), 4 (emergÃncia do solo) e 8 (plÃntula estabelecida), as quais foram divididas nas suas partes constituintes (cotilÃdones e eixo embrionÃrio), tendo-se o ED 0 (castanha quiescente) como referÃncia. Avaliaram-se os efeitos da salinidade sobre as plÃntulas de cajueiro anÃo-precoce atravÃs de medidas da massa seca dos cotilÃdones e eixo embrionÃrio e da quantificaÃÃo dos teores de lipÃdios, proteÃnas totais e amido nos cotilÃdones e de carboidratos solÃveis (redutores e nÃo-redutores), aminoÃcidos livres e dos Ãons Na+, K+ e Cl- nos cotilÃdones e eixo embrionÃrio. AlÃm disso, avaliou-se a atividade das principais enzimas envolvidas na mobilizaÃÃo de reservas lipÃdicas (lipase, liase do isocitrato e sintase do malato) e amilÃceas (sintase do amido, α+β-amilase e fosforilase do amido) nos cotilÃdones de plÃntulas crescidas em condiÃÃes controle e em 18,0 dS.m-1. A maior taxa de depleÃÃo dos cotilÃdones ocorreu entre o ED 4 e o ED 8, simultaneamente à fase mais intensa de crescimento do eixo embrionÃrio. Todavia, esses processos foram inibidos pela salinidade, principalmente nas plÃntulas crescidas a 18,0 dS.m-1. A mobilizaÃÃo das reservas lipÃdicas e protÃicas dos cotilÃdones tornou-se evidente apÃs a emersÃo da radÃcula (ED 2), sendo mais pronunciada entre o ED 4 e o ED 8, porÃm, nessas plÃntulas, esse processo foi severamente inibido, na proporÃÃo em que a concentraÃÃo de sais do meio aumentou. Nas plÃntulas do controle, houve um aumento nos teores de aminoÃcidos livres dos cotilÃdones entre o ED 0 e o ED 2, seguido por um decrÃscimo entre o ED 2 e o ED 8, mas o mesmo nÃo aconteceu nas plÃntulas submetidas a 12,0 e 18,0 dS.m-1, em que ocorreu inibiÃÃo do transporte dos aminoÃcidos para o eixo embrionÃrio. Houve um acÃmulo transiente de amido nos cotilÃdones durante o estabelecimento da plÃntula de cajueiro anÃo-precoce, que foi severamente inibido pela salinidade, especialmente nas plÃntulas crescidas a 18,0 dS.m-1. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis nos cotilÃdones foram ditados pela sua utilizaÃÃo (fraÃÃo nÃo-redutora) na etapa de germinaÃÃo (entre o ED 0 a ED 2), pela sua produÃÃo a partir da mobilizaÃÃo lipÃdica (fraÃÃo nÃo-redutora) e amilÃcea (fraÃÃo redutora) e pelo seu transporte para o eixo embrionÃrio (fraÃÃo nÃo-redutora). Entretanto, a salinidade afetou esses processos, causando reduÃÃo nos teores de carboidratos redutores nas plÃntulas no ED 8 e inibindo o transporte dos carboidratos nÃo-redutores para o eixo embrionÃrio. Adicionalmente, os teores de aminoÃcidos livres e carboidratos solÃveis do eixo embrionÃrio tambÃm aumentaram ao longo do estabelecimento da plÃntula, mas este aumento foi severamente inibido pela salinidade, principalmente nas plÃntulas submetidas a 18,0 dS.m-1. Os teores dos Ãons tÃxicos (Na+ e Cl-) nos cotilÃdones e no eixo embrionÃrio aumentaram consideravelmente com a salinidade, enquanto os de K+ foram reduzidos. Os maiores valores da atividade lipÃsica, assim como das enzimas liase do isocitrato, sintase do malato e (α+β)-amilase foram encontrados nos cotilÃdones das plÃntulas no ED 8, que correspondeu ao ED em que a mobilizaÃÃo lipÃdica e amilÃcea foi mais pronunciada, mas, dentre estas, apenas as atividades lipÃsica e amilÃsica foram inibidas pela salinidade. A sintase do amido, por sua vez, esteve mais ativa no ED 4, em concomitÃncia à etapa de acÃmulo do amido nos cotilÃdones, sendo fortemente inibida pela salinidade nesse mesmo ED. Jà a atividade da fosforilase do amido decresceu progressivamente entre o ED 0 e o ED 4, mas aumentou entre o ED 4 e o ED 8. A anÃlise em conjunto destes resultados permite concluir que a etapa de estabelecimento da plÃntula (entre o ED 2 e o ED 4) à mais sensÃvel à salinidade do que a de germinaÃÃo (entre o ED 0 e o ED 2). AlÃm do mais, os efeitos iÃnicos da salinidade pareceram mediar a inibiÃÃo da mobilizaÃÃo das reservas cotiledonares e a reduÃÃo do dreno exercido pelo eixo embrionÃrio sobre os cotilÃdones, resultando na reduÃÃo do crescimento da plÃntula de cajueiro anÃo-precoce / This study aimed to obtain basic information on seed germination and seedling establishment of dwarf-precocious cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) under saline conditions and the relationship between salinity and reserve mobilization during these processes. BRS 189 seeds (cashew nuts) were sown in plastic trays containing vermiculite moistened with distilled water (control) or NaCl solutions with electrical conductivities of 6.0, 12.0 and 18.0 dS m-1 (saline treatments), which were kept in a greenhouse. During the experiment, were harvested five seedlings (cotyledons and embryonic axis) per tray, when they reached the followed developmental stages (DS): quiescent seed (0 DS), radicle protrusion (2 DS), seedling emergence (4 DS) and seedling established (8 DS). Salinity effects on the dwarf-precocious cashew seedlings were evaluated by cotyledons and embryonic axis dry mass, determination of lipids, protein and starch contents in cotyledons and determination of soluble carbohydrates (reducing and non-reducing), free amino acids, Na+, K+ and Cl- contents in cotyledons and embryonic axis. We also evaluated the enzymes involved in the lipid (lipase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) and starch (starch synthase, α+β-amylase and starch phosphorylase) mobilization in cotyledons of seedlings grown under control and 18.0 dS m-1 conditions. In cotyledons, the highest depletion rate occurred between 4 and 8 DS, which corresponded the most intense growth phase of the embryonic axis. However, these processes were inhibited by salinity, especially in the seedlings grown at 18.0 dS m-1. In cotyledons, lipid and protein mobilization became evident after the radicle protrusion (2 DS), being more pronounced between 4 and 8 DS. On the other hand, for these seedlings, this process was strongly inhibited, with the salt concentration increase. In control seedlings, there was an increase in free amino acids contents of cotyledons between 0 and 2 DS, followed by a decrease between 2 and 8 DS. It has not been observed in seedlings subjected to 12.0 and 18.0 dS m-1, in which there was an inhibition of amino acids transport to the embryonic axis. In addition, a starch transient accumulation occurred in the cotyledons, during the dwarf-precocious cashew seedling establishment, which was strongly inhibited by salinity, especially in the seedlings grown at 18.0 dS m-1. The soluble carbohydrates contents in cotyledons were influenced by their use (fraction of non-reductive) in the germination (between DS 0 and DS 2), their production from lipid (non-reducing fraction) and starch (reducing fraction) mobilization and their transport to the embryonic axis (non-reducing fraction). However, these processes were affected by salinity, causing a reduction in reducing carbohydrates contents in 8 DS seedlings and inhibiting the non-reducing carbohydrates transport to embryonic axis. Additionally, the free amino acids and soluble carbohydrates contents also increased in embryonic axis during the seedling establishment, but this increase was strongly inhibited by salinity, especially in the seedlings subjected to 18.0 dS m-1. The toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) concentration in cotyledons and embryonic axis increased significantly with salinity, whereas K+ content was reduced. The highest lipase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and (α+β)-amylase activities were observed in cotyledons 8 DS seedlings, which corresponded to the DS with more intense lipid and starch mobilization, among these enzymes, only the lipase and amylase were inhibited by salinity. The starch synthase activity was most intense at 4 DS, simultaneously to the starch accumulation in the cotyledons, being strongly inhibited by salinity in this period. The starch phosphorylase activity decreased progressively between 0 DS and 4 DS, but increased between 4 DS and 8 DS. These results show that seedling establishment (between 2 DS and 4 DS) is more sensitive to salinity than seed germination (between DS 0 and DS 2). Moreover, the salinity ionic effect seems to mediate the cotyledonary reserve mobilization inhibition and it reduced embryonic axis sink on the cotyledons, which negatively affect dwarf-precocious cashew seedlings growth

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os Ãcidos AnacÃrdicos (AA), isolados do lÃquido da casca da castanha, da planta medicinal Anacardium occidentale (cajueiro, Anacardiaceae) e que possuem propriedades antioxidante, inibidora de lipoxigenase, anti-Helicobacter pylori e antitumoral foram avaliados e caracterizados farmacologicamente, pela primeira vez, usando modelos animais de nocicepÃÃo (contorÃÃes pelo Ãcido acÃtico, formalina, capsacina e placa quente), inflamaÃÃo (edema de pata pela carragenina e granuloma por pellet de algodÃo) e Ãlcera gÃstrica (etanol e indometacina). Em camundongos, a administraÃÃo oral dos AA (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg) e Ãcido acetilsalicÃlico (250 mg/kg) reduziram significativamente as contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas pelo Ãcido acÃtico em 33, 44, 47 e 70%, respectivamente. Os AA (10, 30 e 100 mg/Kg, v.o.) demonstraram atividade antinociceptiva nas duas fases do teste da formalina, o mesmo efeito sendo observado com a morfina (7,5mg/kg, s.c.). AA demontraram efeito antinociceptivo no modelo da placa quente, mas nÃo no modelo da capsaicina. AA, nas mesmas doses, demonstraram significante atividade antiinflamatÃria, evidenciada pela reduÃÃo no edema de pata induzido pela carragenina e reduÃÃo dos pesos Ãmido e seco dos granulomas de algodÃo. AlÃm disso, observou-se que AA (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg) e misoprostol (50μg/kg) administrados oralmente proporcionaram gastroproteÃÃo contra as ulceraÃÃes gÃstricas induzidas por etanol e indometacina. Nas respectivas doses, as reduÃÃes foram de 25, 64, 83 e 63%, no modelo do etanol, e de 21, 41, 50 e 61%, no modelo da indometacina. No estudo do mecanismo de gastroproteÃÃo, os papÃis de receptores TRPV1, prostaglandinas endÃgenas, Ãxido nÃtrico e canais de potÃssio sensÃveis ao ATP foram analisados. O efeito dos tratamentos sobre os marcadores do estresse oxidativo associado ao etanol, GSH, MDA, catalase, SOD e nÃveis totais de nitrato/nitrito como um Ãndice de NO tambÃm foram medidos no tecido gÃstrico. O efeito dos AA sobre o volume secretÃrio gÃstrico e acidez total foram analisados no modelo de ligadura pilÃrica em ratos. AA proporcionaram gastroproteÃÃo dose dependente contra os danos causados pelo etanol e preveniram as alteraÃÃes induzidas pelo etanol sobre os nÃveis de GSH, MDA, catalase, SOD e nitrato/nitrito. Contudo, AA falharam em modificar a secreÃÃo e acidez total gÃstrica. A gastroproteÃÃo dos AA foi reduzida em animais prÃ-tratados com capsazepina, indometacina, L-NAME e glibenclamida. Os resultados sugerem que os AA exercem gastroproteÃÃo principalmente atravÃs de um mecanismo antioxidante. Outros mecanismos complementares incluindo a ativaÃÃo dos receptores TRPV1, estimulaÃÃo de prostaglandinas endÃgenas e Ãxido nÃtrico e a abertura de canais de potÃssio dependentes de ATP estÃo envolvidos. Esses efeitos combinados podem estar provavelmente acompanhados pelo aumento na microcirculaÃÃo gÃstrica. Os resultados demonstram que os Ãcidos anacÃrdicos, isolados de A. occidentale, possuem atividade antinociceptiva, antiinflamatÃria e gastroprotetora, e que merecem maior avaliaÃÃo futura em modelos animais que simulem doenÃas inflamatÃrias degenerativas agudas e crÃnicas em humanos. / The anacardic acids (AA), isolated from cashew nut-shell liquid of popular medicinal plant Anacardium occidentale (cajueiro, Anacardiaceae) and were shown to possess antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibitory, anti-Helicobacter pylori and antitumor properties were evaluated and pharmacologically characterized for the first time using the animal models of nociception (acetic acid writhing. formalin, capsaicin, and hot-plate), inflammation (carrageenan paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma), and gastric ulcer (ethanol, indometacin). In mice, orally administered AA (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) and acetylsalisylic acid (250 mg/kg) significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes by 33, 44, 47 and 70 %, respectively. AA (10, 30 and 100 mg/Kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the formalin-induced nociception at both first and second phases in a manner similar to morphine (7,5mg/kg, i.p.). AA reduced nociceptive effect in the model of hot-plate, but not in the capsaicin-induced hind-paw nociception. AA, at similar doses were found to have significant anti-inflammatory activity, evidenced by decreases in hind-paw edema in carrageenan model and reductions in both wet and dry weights of granulomas in cotton pellets model. It was further observed that AA (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and misoprostol (50μg/kg) administered orally afforded gastroprotection against gastric ulcerations evoked by both ethanol and indomethacin. At the repective doses, the reductions were 25; 64; 83 and 63 %, respectively in ethanol model, and 21; 41; 50 e 61 %, respectively, in indomethacin model. In the study of gastroprotective mechanism(s), the roles of TRPV1 channel, endogenous prostaglandins, nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive potassium channels were analysed. Treatments effects on ethanol-associated oxidative stress markers GSH, MDA, catalase, SOD, and total nitrate/nitrite levels as an index of NO were also measured in gastric tissue. Besides, the effects of AA on gastric secretory volume and total acidity were analysed in pylorus-ligated rat. AA afforded a dose-related gastroprotection against the ethanol damage and further prevented the ethanol-induced changes in the levels of GSH, MDA, catalase, SOD and nitrate/nitrite. However, they failed to modify the gastric secretion or the total acidity. It was observed that the gastroprotection by AAs was greatly reduced in animals pretreated with capsazepine, indomethacin, L-NAME or glibenclamide. These results suggest that AAs afford gastroprotection principally through an antioxidant mechanism. Other complementary mechanisms include the activation of TRPV1 channel, stimulation of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and opening of K(+)(ATP) channels. These combined effects are likely to be accompanied by an increase in gastric microcirculation. Taken together, these data suggest that anacardic acids from A. occidentale possess anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties that merit further evaluation of these acids in animal models that simulate the acute and or chronic degenerative inflammatory diseases in humans.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O cultivo de Anacardium occidentale Lin, mais conhecido popularmente como cajueiro, à uma das atividades agropecuÃrias mais importantes do Nordeste brasileiro. à utilizada na medicina tradicional para fins terapÃuticos, incluindo atividade antimicrobiana. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano da infusÃo de folhas de cajueiro em diferentes horÃrios de coleta frente à bactÃria Streptococcus mutans e analisar o potencial tÃxico e citotÃxico das infusÃes nas concentraÃÃes utilizadas. A ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃnima (CIM) foi determinada nos horÃrios de 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 e 19h utilizando a cepa de S. mutans UA159. TambÃm foi determinada a ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) e foram realizados testes de toxicidade das infusÃes em Artemia salina Leach e citotoxicidade na presenÃa da enzima LDH em neutrÃfilo humano. Os resultados dos ensaios antimicrobianos mostraram que as infusÃes de folhas de cajueiro podem estimular, inibir ou nÃo ter efeito sobre o crescimento bacteriano, conforme a hora de coleta e a concentraÃÃo. Os valores das CIMs foram de 250 Âg.mL-1 (7h), 125 Âg.mL-1 (9-15h) e 62,5 Âg.mL-1 (17 e 19h). Ocorreu estÃmulo no crescimento bacteriano nas concentraÃÃes de 15,62 Âg.mL-1 (9-19h), 31,25 Âg mL-1 .(15h) e 62,50 Âg.mL-1 (15h). A infusÃo coletada Ãs 7h nÃo apresentou nenhuma concentraÃÃo de estÃmulo. Nos testes de ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) as infusÃes foram consideradas como bacteriostÃtica. Os testes de toxicidade em Artemia salina resultaram em valores para a concentraÃÃo letal mÃdia (CL50) de 266,15; 285,48 e 345,15 nos horÃrios de coleta de 11, 17 e 19h, respectivamente. Assim, para esses horÃrios de coleta as infusÃes foram consideradas atÃxicas nos seus valores de CIMs (125 e 62,5Âg.mL-1 ). Os testes de citotoxicidade mostraram que as infusÃes nÃo sÃo tÃxicas nas concentraÃÃes de 1, 10, 100 e 200Âg.mL-1. / The cultivation of Anacardium occidentale Lin, more known as cashew tree, is one of the most important agriculture and stock-breeding activities in the northeast of Brazil. It is used in traditional medicine with therapeutic purposes, including antigerm activitiy. The objective of this work is to check the antigerm potential by infusing the leaves of the cashew tree in different hours of collection before the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Its objective also includes the analysis of the toxical and cytotoxical potential of these infusions in used concentrations. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined in the time- tables 7,9,11,13,15,17 and 19H using the cepa of S.mutans UA159. It was also determined the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), when tests of toxicity of infusions were done in Artemia salina Leach and cytotoxicity in the presence of LDH enzyme in human neutrophil. The results of the antigerm samples showed that the infusions of the leaves of the cashew tree may stimulate, inhibit or not present effects on the bacterium growth, according to the time of collection and concentration. The values of the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Con- centration) were 250 Âg.mL-1 (7h), 125 Âg. mL-1 (9-15h) e 62,5 Âg. mL-1 (17 e 19h). Some stimulus occured in the bacterium growth in the following concentrations: 15,62 Âg. mL-1 (9- 19h), 31,25 Âg mL-1 .(15h) e 62,50 Âg. mL-1 (15h). The collected infusion at 7 A.M. did not present any stimulus concentration. In the tests of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), the infusions were considered bacteriostatic. The tests of toxicity in Artemia salina resulted in values for the average lethal concentration (CL50) of 266,15; 285,48 and 345,15 in the collection times of 11, 17 and 19h, respectively. Therefore, for the hours of colletion the infusions were considered nontoxical in their values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (125 e 62,5Âg.mL-1 ). The tests of cytotoxicity showed that the infusions were not toxical in the concentrations of 1, 10, 100 e 200Âg. mL-1.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) no nordeste brasileiro caracterizando-se como uma das mais importantes fontes de emprego e renda das populaÃÃes. O lanÃamento de clones de cajueiro tipo anÃo-precoce aumentou a produtividade e qualidade das castanhas e pendÃculos, permitindo uma exploraÃÃo comercial mais vantajosa aos produtores, porem a uniformidade genÃtica deixou os pomares mais vulnerÃveis. A resinose hoje à considerada a principal doenÃa do cajueiro no semiÃrido nordestino. Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a reaÃÃo de genÃtipos de cajueiro do tipo comum à resinose sob condiÃÃes de elevada incidÃncia no semiÃrido. Vinte clones de cajueiro-comum previamente selecionados pelo programa de melhoramento genÃtico da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical foram usados no estudo e dessa forma foi possÃvel concluir que hà fontes de resistÃncia para uso em programas de melhoramento. Os clones CNPAT 06, CNPAT 08, CNPAT 11, CNPAT 12 e CNPAT 13 se apresentara como os mais resistentes a resinose, enquanto que os clones CNPAT 07, CNPAT 09, CNPAT 14, COMUM 05 e COMUM 31 forma os que obtiveram maiores notas de severidade de resinose. Outro importante resultado obtido foi que os clones CNPAT 08, CNPAT 11 e CNPAT 15 apresentaram capacidade de recuperaÃÃo da resinose. Por fim, sugere-se que com a avaliaÃÃo da incidÃncia à possÃvel estimar a severidade de resinose em pomares de cajueiro. / The cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) represents a social and economic tradition in Brazilian northeastern as one of the most important source of income and labor for its people. The releasing of early-dwarf clones contributed to increase yield and nut and apple quality, allowing gain in profit by small growers, in spite of increase genetic vulnerability of orchards. Cashew gummosis is presently the most important disease of this species in semi-arid regions of northeast. This study aimed to evaluate reactions of common selected clones of cashew to gummosis under high disease pressure of semi-arid region. Twenty clones selected by the cashew breeding program of Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical were evaluated for three consecutive years. Clones named CNPAT 06, CNPAT 08, CNPAT 11, CNPAT 12 and CNPAT 13 attained the highest levels of resistance, while CNPAT 07, CNPAT 09, CNPAT 14, COMUM 05 and COMUM 31 otherwise were the most susceptible ones. It was also found that clones CNPAT 08, CNPAT 11 and CNPAT 15 are able to heal gummosis cankers, which points to a new kind of resistance to be considered. Finally, it was shown that monitoring gummosis incidence it is possible to estimate disease severity.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carla Peixoto Guissoni - 2011.pdf: 1922127 bytes, checksum: 8ffe25b15ad2e7a9e502e8d12a607d26 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Feeding mosquitoes and disease vectors have been considered a major threat to global public health. The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) is the main vector of the four serotypes of dengue and urban yellow fever. Dengues is a viral human disease that is gradually becoming endemic in Central America and several South American countries. Nowadays, there is no specific antiviral drug for treatment and no vaccine available for prevention. The only available measure to interrupt transmission is vector control, which is done when potential breeding are eliminated with larvicides application in water recipients, and, in case of adult vectors, with insecticides dispersion though the air. However, the increasing resistance of populations of Ae. aegypti to current insecticides has made effective control hard to achieve. Besides, other serious problems have arisen because of their continued use, such as environmental and human toxicity, which, consequently, have encouraged the development of alternative mosquito control methods, less aggressive to humans and other living beings. Thus, compounds derived from plants have been considered good choice to be used as effective tools in controlling the vector, also as environmentally safe agents. After collecting and heating Anacardium occidentale L. fruits 40 ° C, the liquid obtained was tested to confirm its larvicidal activity. Then, it was fractionated by silica gel column. The fractionation resulted in eight fractions, which were coded as AO1 to AO8. In this paper, the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and its fractions were evaluated for their biological activity in third instars’ larvae of Ae. aegypti. The residual effect of CNSL and its toxicity in laboratory animals (Rattus novergicos) were evaluated. Considering the CNSL, LC50 and LC90 of 6.55 and 10.98 ppm, respectively, were found in the laboratory. The active fractions, AO2 and AO3, presented LC50 and LC90 of 3.18 and of 7.80 ppm, and 3.57 and 10.47 ppm, respectively. The CNSL had residual effects until the 6th day and was shown to be nontoxic after oral subacute treatment in rats. / Mosquitos hematófagos, vetores de doenças, representam uma grande ameaça à saúde pública global. O mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) é o principal vetor dos quatro sorotipos do vírus da dengue e da febre amarela urbana. A dengue é uma doença humana viral que está, gradualmente,tornando-se endêmica na América Central e em vários países sul-americanos. No momento não existem medicamentos antivirais específicos para seu tratamento e nenhuma vacina está disponível para prevenção. A única medida disponível para interromper a transmissão é o controle do vetor. Este é feito através da eliminação dos criadouros potenciais, aplicação de larvicidas em coleções de água e, para os adultos, aplicações espaciais de inseticidas. No entanto, a crescente resistência das populações de Ae. aegypti aos atuais inseticidas tem dificultado um eficiente controle. Além disso, outros problemas graves surgiram por seu uso contínuo, tais como a toxicidade ambiental e humana. Isto, consequentemente, aumentou a demanda pelo desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos para o controle do mosquito, que sejam menos agresivos para os humanos e outros seres vivos. Assim, os compostos derivados de plantas têm surgido como bons candidatos, não só como ferramentas eficazes no controle do vetor, mas também como agentes ambientalmente seguros. Após a coleta e aquecimento dos frutos de Anacardium occidentale L. a 40° C, obteve-se um líquido, conhecido como Líquido da Castanha do Caju (LCC), que depois de testado quanto à sua atividade larvicida em laboratório, foi fracionado em coluna de sílica gel. O fracionamento deu origem a oito frações, as quais foram codificadas como AO1 a AO8. Neste trabalho, o LCC, e suas frações foram avaliados quanto a sua atividade biológica em larvas de 3° estádio de Ae. aegypti Foi avaliado também o efeito residual do LCC e sua toxicidade em animais de laboratório (Rattus novergicos). Para o LCC foram encontradas CL50 e CL90 de 6,55 e 10,98 ppm, respectivamente. Já as frações ativas, AO2 e AO3, apresentaram CL50 e CL90 de 3,18 e 7,80 ppm, e 3,57 e 10,47ppm, respectivamente. O LCC apresentou efeito residual até o 6º dia e mostrou ser atóxico após tratamento subagudo via oral em ratos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho foi realizada a caracterização da variabilidade fenotípica e genética em genótipos de cajueiros, representando uma população natural da espécie Anacardium occidentale L. A pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a qualidade do fruto e do pseudofruto, por meio de análises morfológicas e físico-químicas nos anos de 2005 e 2006, bem como analisar a diversidade genética entre os genótipos dessa mesma população de cajueiros no município de Boa Vista - Roraima. Estes resultados podem ser utilizados na escolha de progenitores mais adequados dentro da população de cajueiros natural estudada, para iniciar um programa de melhoramento de qualidade do fruto e do pseudofruto, uma vez que esses recursos naturais apresentam potencialidade econômica. / Work was carried out, regarding the classification of the genetic and phenotypical variation and the genetic constitution of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L.). Research was done to find the quality of its fruits and pseudofruits by morphological and physio-chemical analization during the years 2005 and 2006, as well as an analysis of the genetic variety and genetic constitution of cashew trees in Boa Vista - Roraima. These results could be utilized in choosing better progenitores among the cashew trees that have already been studied and to start a programme for the betterment of fruit quality, once these the natural resources show economic potentiality.

La question des Églises régionales africaines est la préoccupation majeure de cette réflexion. L’auteur aborde la question en trois grandes parties. En posant la question de savoir ce qu’est une Église régionale et quel est son rôle aujourd’hui, l’auteur s’attache à présenter d’abord des pratiques de collaboration et de communion à l’intérieur d’une conférence épiscopale régionale d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CERAO). Les pratiques contemporaines de communion significatives mises en lumière ne sont pas sans rappeler les pratiques qui avaient cours à l’intérieur des organes supra locaux de coordination ecclésiale et des regroupements territoriaux et régionaux des Églises durant les six premiers siècles du christianisme. Après cette approche historique, l’auteur met en œuvre une approche systématique qui lui permet d’aborder la question du fondement théologique et canonique de l’Église régionale. Il se réfère ainsi à l’enseignement du Concile Vatican II et à l’élaboration canonique postconciliaire sur les regroupements d’Églises. Il prend également en compte l’enseignement du magistère et les travaux d’un certain nombre de théologiens et de canonistes en la matière. Et puisque c’est la question des Églises régionales africaines qui le préoccupe, l’auteur, à travers une réflexion critique, termine sa réflexion en mettant en lumière comment concrètement, dans un contexte particulier d’intégration ecclésiale, mais aussi politique, humaine, économique et culturelle, la CERAO met en œuvre la solidarité pastorale organique en référence à Ecclesia in Africa (16, 63, 72, 131) du pape Jean-Paul II. L’auteur inscrit sa réflexion dans le cadre de Lumen Gentium 23 qu’il croit encourager une véritable synodalité à l’intérieur des grands espaces culturels du monde. Cette réflexion permet de faire connaître et puis de réfléchir sur les pratiques de communion et de solidarité pastorale organique en Afrique. Elle permet aussi de réfléchir sur la portée historique, théologique et canonique de la fusion des deux conférences épiscopales régionales ouest-africaine : l’AECAWA et la CERAO. Pour l’auteur, il y a là une opportunité à saisir pour approfondir la question de l’émergence d’un nouveau sujet ecclésial et autour de ce qu’il appelle un véritable apprentissage pour l’édification d’une Église régionale en Afrique de l’Ouest. / The subject of the regional African Churches is the major preoccupation of this reflection. The author divides that subject into three major sections. Asking what a regional Church and its role are today, the author first introduces the current practices of collaboration and communion found in one modern episcopal conference of West Africa (CERAO). The significant contemporary practices that are brought in focus do recall the practices that were customary within the local networks of ecclesial coordination, territorial or regional, during the first six centuries of Christianity. After this historical introduction, the author moves on to a systematic approach apt to clarify the theological and canonical foundation of a regional Church. He also considers the teaching of the Council of Vatican II and the post-conciliar canonical elaborations on the regrouping of Churches. He also takes due account of the teaching of the Magisterium as well as of the works of some theologians and canon lawyers on the matter. Since he is primarily concerned with the African regional Churches, the author concludes his critical reflection on how, within the concrete perspective and the particular context of ecclesial, political, human, economical and cultural integration, the CERAO brings to realization pastoral, organic solidarity in reference to Ecclesia in Africa (16, 63, 72, 131) of Pope John Paul II. The author offers his reflection in the perspective of Lumen Gentium 23, which he believes encourages a genuine solidarity within the large cultural areas of the world. His work allows for a better knowledge and eventually for rewarding reflection on the practices of communion and organic pastoral solidarity in Africa. It also leads to a better understanding of the historical, theological and canonical value of the fusion between two important regional episcopal conferences in West Africa: AECAWA and CERAO. For the author, it is also an opportunity to assess the emergence of a new ecclesial object of study, which he calls a genuine apprenticeship in the task of the edifying a regional Church in West Africa.

Les travailleuses du sexe (TS) constituent une population fortement à risque d’infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST), incluant le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et le virus du papillome humain (VPH). À notre connaissance, depuis 2009, aucune étude n’a été réalisée sur l’épidémiologie des IST/VIH chez les TS au Mali. Par ailleurs, nous n’avons aucune connaissance d’étude réalisée sur l’épidémiologie des infections à VPH dans cette population clé au Mali et au Bénin. Cette thèse avait pour objectifs de : (1) déterminer la prévalence du VIH et des autres IST ainsi que des facteurs associés à ces infections chez les TS à Bamako, Mali; (2) estimer la prévalence du VPH, la distribution de même que les facteurs associés aux infections à VPH à haut risque chez les TS à Bamako, Mali et à Cotonou, Bénin; et (3) estimer les taux d’incidence et de persistance des infections à VPH chez les TS dans les deux pays ainsi que les facteurs qui leur sont associés. Les objectifs 1 et 2 ont conduit à la réalisation d’études transversales, tandis que l’objectif 3 a nécessité une étude longitudinale d’un an avec trois visites : recrutement initial, visites de suivi à 6 et 12 mois. Les sites d’étude étaient Cotonou (Bénin) et Bamako (Mali). Des variables concernant les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, comportementales et antécédents gynécologiques ont été recueillies. Des statistiques descriptives ont été produites. Des modèles multivariés de régression log-binomiale et de Poisson ont été utilisés pour identifier les facteurs associés aux différentes issues. Au total 353 TS ont été recrutées au Mali, l’âge moyen était de 26,8 ans. Concernant l’objectif 1, la prévalence du VIH était de 20,4%, et 35,1% des TS avaient au moins une IST. Les facteurs significativement associés à l’infection au VIH étaient l’âge plus avancé (test de tendance, p < 0,0001), la durée du travail du sexe ≥ 6 ans, la non-scolarisation ainsi que des infections à gonocoque et à chlamydia (p < 0,05). Par ailleurs, le jeune âge (test de tendance, p = 0,018), le nombre de clients ≥ 10 au cours des sept derniers jours et l’infection au VIH taient significativement associés aux autres IST (p < 0,05). Pour ce qui est de l’objectif 2, les données sur le VPH étaient disponibles pour 659 TS (309 au Bénin et 350 au Mali). La prévalence globale du VPH était de 95,5% au Bénin et de 81,4% au Mali. Les trois types de VPH à haut risque les plus prévalents chez les TS au Bénin étaient les VPH-58, VPH-16 et VPH-52; cet ordre au Mali était VPH-16, VPH-51 et VPH-52. Au Bénin, les principaux facteurs associés aux VPH à haut risque étaient la pratique de la douche vaginale et l’infection gonococcique (p < 0,05), tandis qu’au Mali, la durée du travail du sexe < 1 an et l’infection à VIH étaient les facteurs prédominants (p < 0,05). En lien avec l’objectif 3, le taux de participation à la visite de 12 mois était de 51,6%, mais 68,6% des participantes ont eu au moins une visite de suivi (51 femmes n’ayant pas participé à la visite de suivi de 6 mois sont revenues à 12 mois). Les taux d’incidence les plus élevés ont été observés avec VPH-59, VPH-16 et VPH-35 (≥ 6,3 cas pour 1000 femmes-mois). Les principaux facteurs associés à l’incidence des infections à VPH à haut risque étaient la durée du travail du sexe ≤ 1 an et l’infection par le VIH (p < 0,05). Les taux de persistance à 12 mois les plus élevés ont été observés avec VPH-59, VPH-51/VPH-52 et VPH-35 (≥ 28,6%). Les facteurs de risque de persistance étaient l’âge des TS < 20 ans ou ≥ 50 ans (p < 0,05); les infections à VIH ou à chlamydia ainsi que l’infection avec de multiples types de VPH à l’inclusion (p < 0,05). En conclusion, les TS dans ces pays d’Afrique occidentale sont caractérisées par une prévalence élevée des IST/VIH, des taux élevés de prévalence, d’incidence et de persistance du VPH. Ces données impliquent la nécessité de revoir la conception des programmes de prévention des IST/VIH y compris le VPH chez les TS afin de prévenir le cancer du col utérin chez ces dernières et de briser la chaine de transmission de ces IST vers la population générale de ces pays. / Female sex workers (FWs) represent a high-risk group for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the human papillomavirus (HPV). To our knowledge, since 2009, no study has been conducted on the epidemiology of HIV/STIs among FSWs in Mali. Also, there are no available data on the epidemiology of HPV infections in this key population in Mali and Benin.The objectives of this thesis were to (1) assess the prevalence of HIV/STIs and associated factors among FSWs in Bamako, Mali; (2) estimate HPV prevalence, distribution and factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections in FSWs in Bamako (Mali) and Cotonou (Benin), and (3) estimate the incidence and persistence rates of HPV infections in FSWs in the two countries as well as factors related to both incidence and persistence of HR-HPV infections. Cross sectional studies were conducted for objectives 1 and 2, where as a longitudinal study with visits at three time points (baseline, follow-up visits at 6 months and at 12 months) were carried out for objective 3. It took place in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali). Sociodemographic, behavioral and gynecological history data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed. Multivariate log-binomial and Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with study outcomes. Overall, 353 FSWs were recruited in Mali; the mean age was 26.8 years. Concerning objective 1, HIV prevalence was 20.4% and 35.1% of FSWs had at least one STI. Factors significantly associated with HIV were older age (trend test, p < 0.0001), sex work duration ≥ 6 years, uneducated status, gonococcal and chlamydial infections (p < 0.05). In addition, younger age (trend test, p = 0.018), number of clients ≥10 during the past week, and HIV infection were significantly associated with other STIs (p < 0.05). Regarding objective 2, HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (309 in Benin and 350 in Mali). The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. The three most common HPV types among FSWs in Benin were HPV58, HPV16, and HPV52; this order was HPV16, HPV51, and HPV52 in Mali. In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV infections were vaginal douching and gonococcal infection (p < 0.05), whereas in Mali, these factors were duration of sex work < 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). Concerning objective 3, the 12-month participation rate was 51.6%, but retention for at least one follow-up visit was 68.6% (51 women not attending the 6-month follow-up visit came back at 12 months). The highest incidence rates of HR-HPV over 12 months occurred with HPV59, HPV16 and HPV35 (≥ 6.3 cases per 1000 women-months). Factors associated with HR-HPV incidence were sex work duration ≤ 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). The highest HR-HPV persistence rates were observed for HPV59, HPV51/HPV52 and HPV35 (≥ 28.6%). Risk factors for HR-HPV persistence were age < 20 years or ≥ 50 years (p < 0.05); HIV and chlamydial infections as well as infection with multiple HPV types at baseline (p <0.05). In conclusion, FSWs in these West African countries are characterized by high HIV/STI prevalence, and by high rates of HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence. These data suggest the need to reconsider the conceptual framework of STI/HIV (including HPV) prevention programs aimed at FSWs in order to prevent cervical cancer among them and break the transmission chain of these STIs to the general population.