Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Jose Cunha Belfort.pdf: 773767 bytes, checksum: 8390ba657c4abf335428de1a0197de4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / The main goal of this thesis is to show that there is no plausible reason for the different treatments given in the assessment of the damage caused to the environment. Indeed, if the deterioration is against the environment we aplly the "teoria da culpa objetiva" (objective damage responsability theory). However, when it comes to accidents suffered by the employee, two situations have to be considered: if the damage caused to the employee derives from the degradation of the environment of work - artificial environment we should consider the" teoria da culpa objetiva" (objective damage responsability theory); But, on the other hand, if the misfortune is not caused by the environmental degradation, such as a typical accident, even though doctrine and jurisprudence may consider the above theory, we shall demonstrate it's unconstitutional interpretation, as seen that this was not the intention of the legislature when implemented the " teoria da culpa subjetiva ou aquiliana" (subjective damage responsability theory). This thesis is solidly supported by the doctrine of both objective and subjective theories. Over all, the environment is a right that belongs to the so-called fundamental rights of third generation, inserted in our constitution. We review the environment of work, its concept , general principles and without altering the essence of them, we rename some principles of our labour environment relating to the ones being used already. We talk about accidents at work, its origin, its causes and consequences, legislation, its concept, theories and responsibilities. We approach the moral responsability (damage), its concept, the comparative law and the historical development in Brazil. Also, the responsibility of environmental damage in its various aspects, features and the rule of our "responsabilidade objetiva" (objective damage responsability theory) in environmental damage, to finally complete this paper showing how to repair the damage in accidents at work. An extensive bibliography has been consulted, including research related to the theme at the Federal Supreme Court and the Senate / O objetivo desta tese é demonstrarmos que não há qualquer razão plausível para os tratamentos distintos que são dados na apuração do dano causado ao meio ambiente. Com efeito, se a degradação é contra o meio ambiente em geral aplica-se a teoria da culpa objetiva . Todavia, quando se trata de acidente do trabalho e é o empregado a vítima o tratamento que se vem encontrando é dúplice: se o dano sofrido pelo empregado é originado da degradação do meio ambiente do trabalho meio ambiente artificial aplica-se a teoria objetiva; mas, se ao revés, o infortúnio não ocorrer da degradação ambiental e se se tratar de acidente tipo ou típico, embora encontremos na doutrina e jurisprudência entonações para que seja, também, aplicada a teoria objetiva demonstraremos que se trata de interpretação inconstitucional, haja vista que não foi essa a intenção do legislador constituinte que manda aplicar a teoria da culpa subjetiva ou aquiliana . A tese é amparada em sólida doutrina sobre responsabilidade civil tanto objetiva como subjetiva. Justificamos ser o meio ambiente direito fundamental pertencente aos chamados direitos fundamentais de terceira geração, inserido em nossa Carta de Princípios. Analisamos o meio ambiente do trabalho, o conceituamos, vimos os princípios ambientais no aspecto geral e sem alterar a essência destes, estabelecemos nomenclaturas próprias para princípios do meio ambiente de trabalho e, igualmente, o que vem disciplinado no nosso ordenamento jurídico. Falamos sobre acidentes do trabalho, sua origem, suas causas e conseqüências, legislação, seu conceito, teorias e as formas de responsabilidade em matéria acidentária. Abordamos o dano moral, seu conceito, vimos as concepções no direito comparado e a evolução histórica no Brasil. Também, vimos a responsabilidade do dano ambiental em seus vários aspectos, características e a regra da responsabilidade objetiva no dano ambiental. Mostramos a reparação do dano nos acidentes de trabalho, para finalmente concluirmos. Uma vasta bibliografia comentada foi consultada, inclusive com incursão perante o acervo do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Senado Federal para identificação de jurisprudência e legislação

La métamorphose du risque professionnel puise ses sources dans la mutation de la représentation du risque professionnel factuel qui a permis la consécration de la notion de maladie professionnelle. Substituée à l’accident du travail comme centre de gravité du droit des risques professionnels, elle devient le point d’impulsion d’une réflexion nouvelle du concept juridique de risque professionnel entraînant la mutation du risque professionnel pris en charge. Cette métamorphose, dans le droit de la Sécurité sociale, permet la réactivation de l’obligation de sécurité de l’employeur qui irradie le droit du travail et entraîne l’affirmation du droit à la santé et à la sécurité des travailleurs. Partant, la réparation des atteintes à la santé du travailleur est considérablement étendue. Néanmoins, cette construction se heurte à des obstacles de taille, et s’accompagne d’incohérences, qu’il faut dépasser. / The metamorphosis of occupational hazard has its sources in the mutation of the representation of factual occupational hazard that led to the consecration of the notion of occupational disease. Substituted for the occupational accident as the centre of gravity of the occupational hazards law, it becomes the impetus for a new reflection about the legal concept of occupational hazard causing the mutation of occupational hazard taken charge of. This metamorphosis in the Social Security law, allows the reactivation of the employer's duty to ensure security that radiates labour law and causes the assertion of the workers’ right to health and safety. Therefore, the compensation of damages to workers’ health is considerably extended. However, this construction is fraught with obstacles, and is accompanied by inconsistencies that must be overcome.

La révolution industrielle du XIXème siècle, marquée par la création des grandes usines, a entraîné une mutation de la classe laborieuse constituée d’ouvriers dont les conditions de travail étaient d’une dureté que l’on peine à imaginer aujourd’hui. L’état de santé des ouvriers représentait pourtant un enjeu économique et politique d’une grande importance. L’Etat a, en conséquence, produit une législation tutélaire visant à protéger les corps des travailleurs : une législation industrielle devenue droit du travail, dans le cadre de ce plus vaste ensemble que l’on dénomme le droit social. Le droit du travail assure un équilibre entre les acteurs des relations du travail. Il est, essentiellement, un droit de compromis à des fins de pacification des relations sociales, un compromis social entre les intérêts des entreprises et ceux des travailleurs salariés. Le « droit social », qui recouvre, au moins, le droit du travail et le droit de la sécurité sociale, est à la fois un droit de protection et un droit de réparation des atteintes portées aux corps des salariés par le travail. L’homme au travail a longtemps été considéré comme une machine de production et le corps perçu uniquement du point de vue mécanique. Mais le corps est le substratum de la personne ; il n’est pas une chose : il est la personne protégée par des règles pénales, les règles composant le droit civil des personnes – au lieu de relever du droit des biens – et celles qui consacrent et garantissent ce que l’on appelle volontiers, aujourd’hui, les droits et libertés fondamentaux. Aujourd’hui, le travail, activité productive, est beaucoup plus diversifié que celui du XIXème siècle. Les conditions sociales et du travail ont évolué avec le droit du travail qui est bien différent d’alors. Les risques professionnels sont différents et l’homme au travail, considéré comme une personne à part entière, peut subir des atteintes à sa santé physique et mentale. Si le droit du travail poursuit les buts partiellement antagonistes de préserver, à la fois, le capital et le travail, la question est de savoir quels instruments juridiques visent à prémunir les salariés des atteintes à leur intégrité physique et mentale que pourrait provoquer le travail. Celui-ci étant, cependant, source d’accidents et de maladies, il s’agit de connaître les outils utilisés par le droit positif afin de permettre la réparation de ces atteintes. / The industrial revolution of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large factories, leading to a change in the living and working conditions for the proletariat, whose working conditions were more difficult than we could imagine today. Worker's health became an economic and political issue of great importance. The State, therefore, passed guardianship legislation to protect workers' health: the industrial legislation become labor law, a subset of broader social laws. The labor law provided a balance between the actors of labor relations. It was essentially a law compromise for the purpose of pacification of social relations, a social compromise between the interests of business and those of employees. "Social law", which incorporates both the labor law and the social welfare law, is composed of laws to protect and rules to govern awards for damages for injuries incurred in the workplace. The working man has long been considered a production machine viewed only from a mechanical point of view, but the body is the substratum of the person; it is not a thing. A person is protected under criminal law and civil law, not property law; what we now call fundamental rights and freedoms. In today's workforce, productive activity is much more diverse than in the Nineteenth Century. Social and labor conditions have evolved, as has labor law. Occupational hazards are different and the working man, considered as a whole person, may suffer damage to his physical and mental health. If labor law continues tries to encourage capital gain and workforce safety at the same time, how effective are the regulations that are in place to protect workers from physical harm. Workplace injuries and illnesses will occur, so it becomes important to know the tools of french positive law created to insure reparations in the instances.

La presente tesi si focalizza sullo studio delle determinanti e delle conseguenze del rischio sul lavoro e degli incidenti occupazionali nel mercato del lavoro. Il primo contributo (Capitolo 1) fornisce una rassegna critica all'interno di un quadro di analisi armonizzato allo scopo di evidenziare le debolezze della letteratura teorica ed empirica, che si occupa di rischio sul lavoro e dei incidenti occupazionali. Nell’ indagare le determinanti degli incidenti sul lavoro (Capitolo 2), si analizza il ruolo delle condizioni di lavoro e della sicurezza sul posto di lavoro nel ridurre la probabilità di un infortunio e la durata della relativa assenza, tema inesplorato nella limitata letteratura empirica. I nostri risultati forniscono evidenze cross-country che una maggiore sicurezza contribuisce a ridurre la probabilità che un incidente si verifichi e le corrispondenti conseguenze, in termini di giorni di assenza per infortunio. Particolare attenzione viene posta nel considerare il ruolo delle regolamentazioni sulla sicurezza e delle pratiche di organizzazione del lavoro. Il Capitolo 3 studia le conseguenze degli infortuni. Ci si concentra a determinare come un incidente possa influenzare i costi sostenuti dal lavoratori, vale a dire una riduzione delle probabilità di occupazione e perdite salariali, sia nel breve sia lungo periodo. Utilizzando i dati BHPS, si trova che, nel breve periodo, uno stato di infortunio, in seguito ad un incidente occupazionale, porta ad una maggiore probabilità di perdere il lavoro; nel lungo periodo, i lavoratori infortunati possono subire consistenti perdite salariali che possono essere evitate se il lavoratore è occupato nel settore pubblico o in imprese sindacalizzate. / This dissertation focuses on investigating the determinants and the consequences of risk at work and occupational accidents in the labour market. The first contribution (Chapter 1) provides a critical survey within an harmonized framework of analysis to highlight the weaknesses of the theoretical and empirical literature. In investigating the determinants of accidents at work (Chapter 2), we analyze the role of working conditions and safety at work in reducing the probability of accidents at work and the corresponding duration of absence, which is an unexplored issue in the limited empirically literature on risk at work and occupational accidents. Our findings provide cross-country evidence that more safety at work contributes to reduce the probability that an accident occurs and its consequences, in terms of days off from work. Particular attention is used in considering the role of safety at work regulations and of work organization practices. Chapter 3 studies the consequences of occupational injuries. We focus in determining how an accident may affect workers’ costs, namely a decline of employment probabilities and earning losses, either in the short or in the long term. Using the BHPS data, we find that, in the short term, a state of injury, following an occupational accident, leads to a higher probability of losing job; in the long term, injured workers may support significant earning losses that may vanish if they are employed in the public sector or in unionized firms.