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This study examines the identity work strategies that men students in nursing, elementary education, and social work programs employ in order to manage and assert their masculinity in the face of negative gender assessment, as well as the identity work involved in verifying their professional identities. It also examines the perceived benefits and disadvantages that men experience as numerical minorities in their fields of study. Interviews with 12 men students majoring in these disciplines reveal that while men do perceive disadvantages as men in these educational spheres, they believe that the advantages and benefits they enjoy in the form of special treatment, recognition, and access to opportunity far outweigh them. A key perceived disadvantage is the ongoing challenges they face to their social identity as men and their role identity as rising professionals. These men employ identifiable identity work strategies for doing masculinity; some of which have implications for gender equality in the educational setting, as well as in on-site training (i.e., workplace) settings as well. This study contributes to an understanding of how men verify contradictory identities, and how gender shapes, privileges, and constrains their lives. In addition, it builds on extant literature focusing on men's experiences in higher education as they prepare for careers in gender-nontraditional occupations. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a computer-assisted career information delivery system (CIDS), Virginia VIEW, with a computer-assisted guidance system (CAGS), DISCOVER, at a Virginia community college using parts of Shealy' s 1982 evaluation model patterned on the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee's specifications. User impact, user satisfaction, and economic efficiency components were studied. Screened volunteers in this five-week unstructured study were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of 25 students each: (A) Virginia VIEW; (B) Virginia VIEW and DISCOVER; (C) Control, wait for five weeks before using DISCOVER or VIEW; and (D) DISCOVER. Program completers (A=l7), (B=l8), (C=l9), and (D=20) took the Career Development Inventory (CDI) developed by Super and the Career Decision Scale (CDS) developed by Osipow as pre- and post-test instruments. Counseling assistance was available at all times upon request and records were kept on CIDS/CAGS User Logs. Student Planning and Counselor's Observation Logs were also kept. Based on the pre- and post-test results of the CDI and CDS, students did not differ in the affective, behavioral, and cognitive areas of career development and decision making at the end of five weeks (user impact). Students did not differ in their opinions (user satisfaction) of the information development, information delivery, or user service components of the two systems. Results on economic efficiency revealed that Virginia VIEW was less expensive per student user, while DISCOVER was less expensive per student hour of use. There were no clear differences in the three areas evaluated by this study between Virginia VIEW or DISCOVER. It was recommended that Shealy' s model be used again to evaluate the Interactive Virginia VIEW against DISCOVER and SIGI. Further research was also recommended in the use of the weekly Quantitative and Qualitative Student Career Planning Log. / Ed. D.

Psykisk ohälsa är en växande utmaning för både män och kvinnor i arbetslivet. Arbetsplatsen är en viktig arena för hälsofrämjande insatser, och mansdominerade yrken som ofta präglas av maskulinitetsnormer ses som en utmaning i det hälsofrämjande arbetet. Denna studie avsåg att undersöka hur män yrkesverksamma i mansdominerade yrken upplever trygghet och acceptans att prata om psykisk ohälsa på arbetsplatsen, samt vilka faktorer informanterna anser påverka samtalsklimatet. För att besvara studiefrågorna användes en kvalitativ ansats där 21 informanter i åldersspannet 24 till 63 år från olika mansdominerade yrken besvarade ett online-frågeformulär med fritextsvar. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i 4 teman. Resultatet pekar mot att psykiska besvär av ytlig, lindrig och arbetsrelaterad karaktär upplevs mer tryggt att diskutera på mansdominerade arbetsplatser jämfört med allvarligare psykisk ohälsa. Maskulinitetsnormer kring psykisk ohälsa och risken för stigmatisering upplevs bidra till ett otryggt samtalsklimat. Den yngre generationen män upplevs som vägledande i att omdefiniera de manskulturella värderingarna. Informanterna tror att åtgärder riktade mot att utmana stigma kring psykisk ohälsa och att stärka tillit och samhörighet på arbetsplatser kan vara effektiva. / Mental health issues are a growing challenge for both men and women in the workplace. The workplace is a crucial arena for health promotion efforts, and male-dominated professions, often characterized by masculinity norms, pose a significant challenge in this endeavor. This study aimed to investigate how men working in male-dominated professions perceive safety and acceptance in talking about mental health issues at work, as well as the factors that informants believe influence the conversational climate. To answer the study questions, a qualitative approach was used, where 21 informants aged 24 to 63 from various male-dominated professions responded to an online questionnaire with open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and resulted in four themes. The findings indicate that discussing superficial, mild, and work-related mental health issues is perceived as safer in male-dominated workplaces compared to more severe mental health problems. Masculinity norms surrounding mental health and the risk of stigmatization contribute to an unsafe conversational climate. The younger generation of men is seen as leading the way in redefining cultural values related to masculinity. The informants believe that measures aimed at challenging the stigma around mental health issues and strengthening trust and cohesion in the workplace could be effective.

Li Yan. / Thesis submitted in: September 1998. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Different Approach to Estimate the Rate of Return to Education --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Age-Cohort Analysis --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Gender Earning Gaps and Decomposition of Wage Differentials --- p.9 / Chapter III --- DATA DESCRIPTION --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Data and Methodology --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2 --- Education Attainment of Males and Females of Different Cohort --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3 --- Monthly Earnings of Individual with Different Educational Level --- p.17 / Chapter IV --- REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.18 / Chapter 4.1 --- Determinants of Monthly Earnings and the Returns to Education --- p.18 / Chapter 4.2 --- Returns to Education with respect to Marrage and Age Cohorts --- p.22 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition --- p.23 / Chapter V --- MULTINOMIAL LOGIT ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Occupational Distribution --- p.28 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Gender Earning Gap across Occupations --- p.31 / Chapter 5.3 --- Multinomial Logit Model and the Effect of Educational Attainment --- p.32 / Chapter 5.4 --- Prediction of a Nondiscriminatory Occupational Structure for Female --- p.35 / Chapter 5.5 --- Occupational Segregation and the Brown et al. Decomposition Method --- p.36 / Chapter VI --- POLICY IMPLICATIONS --- p.43 / Chapter VII --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.45 / REFERENCES --- p.47 / TABLES --- p.49

Introduction Cette thèse s’intéresse principalement à l’investissement des occupations vécues et perçues de la personne présentant un trouble perceptuel associé aux troubles des comportements alimentaires (TCA). Le projet de recherche s'articule autour d’un objectif préalable et de deux objectifs généraux, dont les résultats sont présentés dans le cadre de trois articles scientifiques. Dans un volet empirique, l’objectif préalable de cette thèse (article 1) vise à faire la synthèse des résultats empiriques sur l’état actuel des connaissances de la dynamique occupationnelle des personnes présentant un TCA. Ce volet couvre un double objectif spécifique, soit (OS.1) de documenter les occupations investies au quotidien par les personnes présentant un TCA et (OS.2) d’identifier les caractéristiques personnelles et environnementales influençant les occupations investies de ces personnes. Les résultats de ce volet empirique de la thèse indiquent une rareté d’études empiriques sur le sujet et permettent de préciser les sous-questions de recherche. De plus, la recension des écrits dégage clairement que la personne présentant un TCA envisage, expérimente et organise ses occupations autour de sa symptomatologie. En effet, les différents auteurs recensés s’appuient de modèles théoriques en sciences de l’occupation et en ergothérapie afin d’illustrer un investissement diminué dans certaines occupations et accentué dans d’autres. Ces occupations sont liées à la prise alimentaire, à la présence de comportements compensatoires inappropriés ainsi qu’à la relation à l’autre et à l’image du corps. Objectifs Au regard des constats issus du premier article et de la discussion intégrative qui en découle affinant les questions de recherche tout en positionnant le cadre de référence, la thèse se structure autour de deux objectifs généraux correspondant respectivement à deux volets de recherche intégratifs : un volet nomothétique et un volet idiographique. Le premier objectif général correspond au volet nomothétique (article 2) et consiste à caractériser les occupations quotidiennes des personnes présentant un TCA. Cet objectif général se décline en deux objectifs spécifiques (OS.1, OS.2). Le premier objectif spécifique (OS.1) vise à catégoriser et quantifier l’organisation temporelle des occupations d’une journée type autorapportée par les personnes présentant un TCA. Le deuxième objectif spécifique (OS.2) consiste à comparer l'utilisation du temps dans chaque occupation quotidienne entre les types de TCA (c.-à-d. anorexie mentale, boulimie, trouble d’accès hyperphagiques). Enfin, le deuxième objectif général qui s’inscrit à l’intérieur du volet idiographique (article 3) vise à démontrer la dynamique occupationnelle relative aux troubles perceptuels liés à l’alimentation. Plus spécifiquement, le premier objectif spécifique (OS.1) vise à dresser le portrait idiographique de l’évolution des perceptions du soi physique à l’égard de deux dimensions – insatisfaction corporelle et distorsion corporelle – des deux cas cliniques. Le second objectif spécifique (OS.2) tend à dresser le portrait idiographique de l’évolution de la perception des occupations vécues à l’égard de trois dimensions – importance, rendement et satisfaction – de ces mêmes deux cas cliniques. Méthode Étant donné que l’étude de portée est identifiée comme étant l’étude 1 (E1) de la thèse, les deux autres études identifiées sont respectivement l’étude 2 (E2) et l’étude 3 (E3). Ces études considèrent l’apport nécessaire de données quantitatives et qualitatives pour répondre aux objectifs de recherche. Plus précisément, le devis de l’étude 2 (E2) associé au volet nomothétique correspond à une étude quantitative rétrospective basée sur les principes de la recherche sur l'utilisation du temps alors que le devis de l’étude 3 (E3) associé au volet idiographique correspond à une étude exploratoire de deux cas cliniques prenant en compte des données mixtes. L’utilisation de données secondaires anonymisées de recherche de la Banque de données-Loricorps aussi intitulée BDL caractérise la collecte des données de cette thèse. Les mesures extraites proviennent principalement de la description d’une journée type de personnes présentant un TCA faisant partie du programme d’interventions eLoriCorps et d’un carnet de suivi basé sur l’évaluation écologique instantanée (Intervenant de poche-Loricorps) de ces mêmes personnes. Différentes analyses descriptives sont réalisées comme traitement de données. Concernant l’étude 2 (E2), une analyse descriptive a été effectuée pour obtenir la moyenne de l'utilisation quotidienne du temps pour chaque occupation et l'écart-type. Une série d'analyses de variance à sens unique (ANOVA) a été réalisée pour comparer l'utilisation du temps de chaque occupation selon les types de TCA (anorexie mentale, boulimie et trouble d’accès hyperphagiques). Concernant l’étude 3 (E3), une analyse descriptive et visuelle des séries temporelles représentées graphiquement incluant l’ajout des verbatim permet d’observer la tendance de la variabilité intra-individuelle de l’insatisfaction corporelle et de la distorsion corporelle ainsi que de l’importance, du rendement et de la satisfaction perçue de l’occupation pour chacun des cas. Résultats/Discussion Les résultats de l’étude 2 (E2) mettent en exergue certaines occupations sous-investies par les personnes présentant un TCA particulièrement liées aux loisirs, notamment les occupations de socialisation. L’analyse des résultats permet également d’envisager la possibilité d’un certain dysfonctionnement caché (blind dysfunctional occupation) à l’égard de certaines occupations associées aux soins personnels et à la productivité. En d’autres termes, certaines occupations peuvent sembler fonctionnelles, mais la qualité de cet investissement peut être problématique selon la perception de la personne. De plus, l’émergence d’occupations-symptômes apparaît dans la description d’une journée type comme un SUR-investissement de l’occupation alimentation. Ces occupations peuvent référer à la place accordée des attitudes et comportements alimentaires dysfonctionnels en termes d’investissement occupationnel, influencés de surcroît par la sévérité du trouble des personnes présentant un TCA. Par ailleurs, certains résultats significatifs démontrent que les caractéristiques cliniques spécifiques de chaque type de TCA, combinées à la probabilité qu'une occupation accentue les préoccupations corporelles et alimentaires, entraînent un SOUS- ou un SUR-investissement de certaines occupations. L'étude 3 (E3) a permis d’illustrer les situations de deux cas cliniques à l’égard de l’évolution de leur perception du soi physique et de leurs occupations. Les résultats discutés confirment la présence du trouble perceptuel influençant la perception du fonctionnement quotidien. Plus précisément, les perturbations affectives et émotionnelles de la personne influencent à la hausse le trouble perceptuel et occasionnent une fluctuation importante de l’occupation perçue. En effet, les résultats démontrent un niveau de fluctuation plus élevé lors de moments reliés à l’alimentation, la pratique d’activités physiques et aux occupations mobilisant le regard sur soi. Conclusion L’ensemble des observations faites dans le cadre de ce projet doctoral mènent à des perspectives émergentes selon une visée conceptuelle et pratique. Une conceptualisation de la dynamique occupationnelle est présentée en mettant l’accent sur une possible relation entre les perceptions du soi physique et le continuum de l’investissement occupationnel allant de l’occupation-symptôme ou dysfonctionnelle (NON-, SOUS-, ou SUR-investissement occupationnel/ACAD) en passant par l’occupation-bien-être ou fonctionnelle (zone optimale de fonctionnement/ACAF). Des pistes de réflexion cliniques basées sur l’analyse des résultats et les meilleures pratiques sont également exposées. En somme, la compréhension de la dynamique occupationnelle des personnes présentant des attitudes et des comportements alimentaires dysfonctionnels telle qu’abordée invite à des explorations futures de recherche pour mettre à contribution l’expertise disciplinaire des sciences de l’occupation au service de la transdisciplinarité. / Introduction This thesis is primarily interested in the investment of the « perceived » occupations of the person with a perceptual eating disorder (ED). The research is articulated around a preliminary objective and two general objectives, the results of which are presented in three scientific articles. In an empirical component, the preliminary objective of this thesis (paper 1) aims to synthesize empirical results on the current state of knowledge of the occupational dynamics of people with an ED. This component covers a double specific objective, namely (SO.1) to document the occupations invested in daily life by people with an ED and (SO.2) to identify the personal and environmental characteristics influencing the invested occupations of these people. The results of this empirical component of the thesis indicate a scarcity of empirical studies on the subject. Moreover, the literature review clearly shows that people with an ED envisage, experiment and organize their occupations around their symptomatology. Indeed, the different authors reviewed illustrate a decreased investment in certain occupations and an increased investment in others. These occupations are related to food intake, the presence of inappropriate compensatory behaviors as well as the relationship with other persons and body image. Objectives In view of the findings of the first article positioning the frame of reference, the thesis is structured around two general objectives corresponding respectively to two integrative research components: a nomothetic component and an idiographic component. The first general objective corresponds to the nomothetic component (paper 2) and consists to establish the time-use patterns of people with an ED and to characterize their daily occupations. The first specific objective (SO.1) is to categorize and quantify the temporal organization of a typical day's occupations as self-reported by individuals with an ED. The second specific objective (SO.2) is to compare daily occupational time use across ED types (i.e., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder). Finally, the second general objective that corresponds an idiographic component (paper 3) aims to demonstrate the occupational dynamics related to perceptual ED. More specifically, the first specific objective (SO.1) is to draw the idiographic portrait of the evolution of physical self perceptions to two dimensions – body dissatisfaction and body distortion – of the two clinical cases. The second specific objective (SO.2) is to develop an idiographic portrait of the evolution of perceptions of « lived » occupations to three dimensions – importance, performance, and satisfaction – of two clinical cases. Method Since the scoping study is identified as Study 1 of the thesis, the other two studies identified are Study 2 and Study 3 respectively. These studies consider the necessary input of quantitative and qualitative data to meet the research objectives. Specifically, the design of study 2 associated with the nomothetic component corresponds to a retrospective quantitative study based on time-use research principles and the design of study 3 associated with the idiographic component corresponds to exploratory study of two clinics case. These studies were conducted by analyzing data from an anonymized secondary dataset (LoriCorps’s Databank). The measures extracted were primarily from the description of a typical day of individuals with ED in the eLoriCorps intervention program and via a tracking book based on the ecological momentary assessment (Loricorps-IDP) of these same individuals. Different descriptive analyses are performed as data processing. Regarding Study 2, a descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the mean daily time use for each occupation and the standard deviation. A series of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed to compare the time use of each occupation according to the types of CAT (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder). Regarding Study 3, a visual analysis of the graphically represented time series including the addition of the verbatim allows for the observation of the trend of intraindividual variability in body dissatisfaction and body distortion as well as the importance, performance, and perceived satisfaction of the occupation for each case. Results/Discussion The results of study 2 highlight certain occupations that are under-invested by people with an ED, particularly those related to leisure, notably socialization occupations. In addition, personal care and productivity can represent the blind dysfunctional occupations. In other words, some occupations may appear to be functional, but the quality of this investment may be problematic depending on the individual's perception. The role of eating disorder–related behaviors in daily routines can be explored from an occupation-as-symptom perspective as an OVER-investment in the eating occupation. These occupations may refer to the place given to dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in terms of occupational investment, influenced, moreover, by the severity of the disorder of people with an ED. Furthermore, some significant results demonstrate that the specific clinical characteristics of each type of ED, combined with the probability that an occupation accentuates body and food concerns, lead to an UNDER- or OVER-investment in certain occupations. The study 3 illustrates the situations of two clinical cases with regard to the evolution of their perception of the physical self and their occupations. The results discussed confirm the presence of the perceptual disorder influencing the perception of daily functioning. More specifically, the affective and emotional disturbances of the person increase the perceptual disorder and cause a significant fluctuation of the perceived occupation. In fact, the results show a higher level of fluctuation during moments related to eating, physical activity and occupations that involve looking at oneself. Conclusion All of the observations made during this thesis lead to emerging conceptual and practical perspectives. A conceptualization of occupational dynamics is presented, emphasizing a possible curvilinear relationship between perceptions of the physical self and the continuum of occupational investment, ranging from symptomatic or dysfunctional occupation (NO-, UNDER-, or OVER-investment in occupation/DEAB) to wellness or functional occupation (optimal zone of functioning/FEAB). Clinical considerations based on the analysis of results and best practices are also presented. In short, the understanding of the occupational dynamics of people with dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours as discussed invites future research explorations to bring the disciplinary expertise of occupational sciences to bear on transdisciplinarity.

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie beskrywende, verkennende en kontekstuele studie is ondersoek gedoen na redes waarom opgeleide intensiewesorgverpleegkundiges uit die intensiewesorgomgewing bedank en buite die intensiewesorgomgewing werk in die noordelike gedeelte van Gauteng. Doelwitte vir die studie was om die faktore te bepaal wat bydra tot die bedanking uit die intensiewesorgeenheid, die identifisering van die nie-verpleegkundige beroepe wat tans beoefen word en die bepaling van die faktore wat bydra tot die beoefening van 'n nie-verpleegkundige beroep. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van 'n vraelys wat voltooi is deur opgeleide intensiewesorgverpleegkundiges wat bedank het uit die intensiewesorgomgewing. Die sneeubalsteekproeftegniek is gebruik. Die data-analise het getoon dat redes vir bedanking uit die intensiewesorgomgewing die volgende insluit: onvoldoende salarisse, te veel stres en emosionele uitputting, ongerieflike werkure, personeeltekort en onbevredigende werkomstandighede. Daar is bevind dat verpleeg-sessiewerk steeds deur die respondente gedoen word, al werk hulle huidig voltyds buite die intensiewesorgomgewing. / In this exploratory, descriptive and contextual study research has been done to establish the reasons why intensive care nursing personnel resign from the intensive care environment in the northern Gauteng region. The researcher aimed to establish the factors that contributed to the resignations from the intensive care environment, to identify the non-nursing careers currently being practised by former intensive care nursing staff and to establish the factors that influenced them to practice non-nursing careers. The data was collected through questionnaires completed by former intensive care nursing personnel. The snowball test sampling method has been used. Data analysis has shown the following to be inter alia the reasons for the resignations from the intensive care environment: insufficient income, exhaustion and emotional stress, inconvenient working hours, staff shortages and unsatisfactory working conditions. One finding is that respondents are still doing nursing session work although they are working full-time in nonnursing capacities. / Health Studies / M.A. (Verpleegkunde)

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between perceived career mobility, career mobility preference, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. A secondary objective was to determine whether various age, gender, tenure, marital status and race groups differed significantly regarding their perceived career mobility, career mobility preference, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. A perceived career mobility scale and career mobility preference scale, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (short form) and the Organisational Commitment Scale, were applied to a non-probability convenience sample consisting of 82 South African accountants, auditors and financial staff members. Significant relationships were observed between the variables. Significant differences were found between age and race groups‟ perceived career mobility, gender and tenure groups‟ career mobility preference, and age and tenure groups‟ organisational commitment. The findings contribute valuable new knowledge that may be used to inform retention practices in the financial sector. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

The study was designed to provide further empirical data on the career anchor construct. An individual in todays times is likely to make more than one career choice. If the career anchor construct can be used to accurately predict a person environment fit, the construct could prove useful as a diagnostic tool for midcareer individuals. In the study, 300 midcareer employees (managerial and non-managerial) completed questionnaires etermining their dominant career anchor, domi.nant perception of occupational type and levels of general, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. Specific aims of the study were, firstly, to determine whether in midcareer there is a relation between career anchor and occupational type (For the purposes of the study, occupational type was measured in terms of the individuals perception of the main aspect that dominates his occupation) and secondly, to determine whether there is a difference in general, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction between midcareer employees with a fit between career anchor and occupational type and midcareer employees with no such fit. Results of the study indicated a significant relation between career anchor and occupational type for the total sample as well as for the managerial and the non-managerial groups, for almost all of the eight career anchors. A significantly higher level of general and intrinsic job satisfaction was found for the fit group than for the non-fit group, however no such difference was found in extrinsic job satisfaction. No significant differences were found between the managerial and non­ managerial groups. On the basis of the results the conclusion can be made that the career anchor construct can be used effectively to assist midcareer managers and non-managers to make career choices. Career choices based on a fit between career anchor and occupational type are likely to yield a higher level ofeneral and intrinsic job satisfaction. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MCom (Industrial Psychology)

This research was undertaken to determine factors causing career indecision of schoolleavers in Kwandebele. Literature study indicates that factors such as interest, sex, dependency, vocational immaturity, the economy and politics have a direct influence on career indecision. Literature study further indicates that parties involved in career decision-making also contribute to career indecision. 424 Kwandebele school leavers answered questionnaires. The schoolleavers were requested to indicate the importance and contributions of five categories, namely personal aspects, family, school, guidance teacher and society to his career choice making process. Most of the personal aspects were regarded as important and also the other four categories showed a significant difference between school leavers who have made a choice and those that have not made a choice. This research could not cover the implication of career education at all levels of the child, recommendations for future research have been made. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)