The objective of this thesis is to analyze the Iraqi politics of oil in the period from 20 th century onwards. Within this regard, while &ldquo / rentier state&rdquo / conception is generally put under consideration to understand the state&rsquo / s centrality in political, economic and social spheres of oil &ndash / producing countries, contrary to this conventional approach,this thesis argues that the key to all achievements and all failures of Iraqi state is related to the status of oil in Iraq&rsquo / s engagement with the superpowers and the attractiveness of Iraqi oil for other external actors like international non-state actors and multinational companies. In the first instance, the engagement of Britain and later on, the inclusion of the U.S to the national, regional and international affairs of Iraq are discussed within the boundaries of the aforementioned argument. The role of oil in the creation of the state, in its relations with neighbour countries and in relations conducted with the super powers of the international system is analyzed. Within this context, in the aftermath of the September 11, the U.S&rsquo / s intense desires for regime change in Iraq is analyzed to reveal that the main motivation behind the invasion of Iraq in 2003 is related with the country&rsquo / s vast oil resources. In the similar vein, the developments in the post- invasion period are analyzed to indicate the prevailing prominent role of oil. Eventually, this thesis states that even though changes and continuities occur in the course of time and accordingly divergences and convergences exist in the implementations of the Iraqi state, the issue of guaranteeing the flow of oil at reasonable price has remained in the focal point of the external interventions to Iraq.

Submitted by Stephanie Blattler (stblattler@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T18:45:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado FGV - Dissertação - Stephanie Blattler - Versão Final - 12.03.2018.pdf: 772793 bytes, checksum: 107759c95799b83798ef3e00303c13aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2018-03-13T16:57:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado FGV - Dissertação - Stephanie Blattler - Versão Final - 12.03.2018.pdf: 772793 bytes, checksum: 107759c95799b83798ef3e00303c13aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T16:55:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado FGV - Dissertação - Stephanie Blattler - Versão Final - 12.03.2018.pdf: 772793 bytes, checksum: 107759c95799b83798ef3e00303c13aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 / In Brazil, the debate regarding the exploration and production of shale gas became relevant with the 12th Bid Round promoted by the National Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), which offered areas with great potential of such unconventional hydrocarbon. The country is listed as the tenth with greater shale gas potential in the world. However, due to the international controversy involving this energy source, mainly by virtue of its potential environmental impacts and damages, the matter was brought to the courts and is subject to legislative initiatives, so that the production of such hydrocarbon in Brazil has not started yet. Therefore, the present essay aims to clarify how the exploration and production of shale gas takes place and what would be its potential harmful effects to the environment, demonstrating that there are diverging scientific opinions over the most relevant of such effects. The description of the existing regulatory instruments in Brazil, such as ANP Resolution No. 21/2014, is also provided herein, as well as the description of the current legal proceedings and bills over the matter. Following, this essay also describes how the shale gas matter was solved in four states/countries, as to verify if there are any valuable lessons for Brazil. Based on the scientific uncertainty over the potential environmental damages and impacts, the precautionary rule is herein analyzed, aiming to understand how precaution may be applied to shale gas and to other cases under similar scientific uncertainty. Initially, the doctrine of absolute precaution is presented, followed by the main critics to precaution. Finally, the main conclusion is that the path of interpretation for the shale gas case and for other cases with similar scientific uncertainty is the use of the precautionary rule modulated by proportionality, so that its application does not reflect an immediate prohibition, but the management of uncertainties through regulation. / No Brasil, a discussão a respeito da exploração e produção de gás de folhelho, conhecido de forma equivocada como “gás de xisto”, ganhou expressividade com a 12ª Rodada de Licitações promovida pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), que licitou áreas com grande potencial exploratório para esse hidrocarboneto não convencional. O país apresenta o décimo maior potencial de gás de folhelho do mundo, porém, em razão da polêmica internacional que envolve essa fonte energética, principalmente em função de seus potenciais impactos e danos ambientais, a questão permanece judicializada e objeto de iniciativas legislativas, de forma que a produção desse hidrocarboneto no Brasil ainda não foi iniciada. Nesse âmbito, o presente trabalho visa esclarecer como se dá a exploração e produção do gás de folhelho e quais seriam seus potenciais efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente, demonstrando a divergência existente na comunidade científica sobre os mais relevantes desses potenciais efeitos. O trabalho também traz a descrição dos instrumentos regulatórios já existentes sobre o gás de folhelho no Brasil, como a Resolução ANP nº 21/2014, bem como dos processos judiciais e projetos de leis existentes sobre a questão. Em seguida, o presente trabalho também descreve como a questão do shale gas foi decidida em quatro estados/países, para verificar se podem ser extraídas lições para o Brasil. Com base na incerteza científica constatada sobre os potenciais danos e impactos ambientais, o postulado da precaução é aqui analisado, visando compreender como ele pode ser aplicado ao caso do gás de folhelho e a outros casos de incerteza científica análoga. Inicialmente, é apresentada a doutrina da precaução absoluta, para posteriormente introduzir as principais críticas ao postulado. Por fim, conclui-se que o caminho para a interpretação do caso do gás de folhelho e de outros casos em que recai incerteza científica análoga é a utilização do postulado da precaução modulado pela proporcionalidade, de modo que sua aplicação não reflita uma proibição imediata, mas sim o gerenciamento das incertezas envolvidas por meio da regulação.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Economics / LLD.

This article comments the most important aspects of the tax treatment applicable to investments of mining and oil and gas industry. The document highlights the relevant tax topics of the general tax legislation(Income Tax Law) and the special legislation of both industries (General Mining Law and Hydrocarbons Organic Law). / Este artículo comenta los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento tributario de las inversiones de la industria minera y de hidrocarburos, resaltando los puntos principales de la legislación tributaria general (Ley del Impuesto a la Renta) y sectorial (Ley General de Minería y Ley Orgánica de Hidrocarburos).

L’espace souterrain, qui s’étend depuis la surface des terres émergées et des fonds marins jusqu’au centre de la Terre, est délaissé par le droit international. Aucune règle de droit international positif ne vient réglementer l’utilisation que les Etats font de leur espace souterrain territorial, cette utilisation et le régime de la propriété souterraine faisant partie de leur domaine réservé. Si les normes internationales régissent l’utilisation de l’espace souterrain extra-territorial, celui des grands fonds marins et celui de l’Antarctique, elles n’appréhendent l’espace souterrain qu’en termes d’utilisation et de mise en valeur des ressources minérales. De ce régime juridique d’exploration et d’exploitation des ressources minérales dépend d’ailleurs le statut juridique de l’espace souterrain qui va de la pleine souveraineté de l’Etat côtier à l’exclusion de toute appropriation nationale ou individuelle. Devant la multiplication des utilisations souterraines et face aux dommages environnementaux et aux violations des droits de l’homme liés à certaines de ces utilisations, le droit international doit réinvestir l’espace souterrain et notamment le contenu et l’étendue des droits qui le concernent tant dans l’ordre interne qu’international afin d’en réglementer la mise en valeur et d’en assurer la protection. / Until today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.