Ulrich Johannes Schneider wurde an der Universitätsbibliothek Leipig zum Open-Access-Befürworter. Herzlichen Glückwunsch zum Abschied und weiter so!

Introduction: Researcher support is often written in the perspective of researchers, and few examine it from the perspective of archivists and librarians, the aim of this study is to change that. In this study we examine how archivists and librarians within Data Access Units (DAU) use their knowledge and how said knowledge is used to achieve the requirements set for making research data available at higher education institutions in Sweden. Method: In this study we have chosen to interview librarians and archivists at DAU:s since their goal is to be there for researchers and create access to data. A qualitative method was used to generate deeper understanding about the subjects. Theories: By applying two theories, Wiig’s Knowledge Management Cycle and Patrick Wilson’s cognitive authority, we aim to show the cycle from beginning of knowledge to the use of knowledge and a deeper understanding of why DAU are to be trusted, both by themselves and by researchers. Analysis and results: Within DAU archivist are unseen next to librarians, often left out and are therefore not assigned cognitive authority compared to the librarians who are often the first that researchers contact when they need help with their data. Problems arise when librarians answer questions meant for archivists, further reducing the archivist’s cognitive authority and highlights the wedge between the professions. However, we have found that many trusts DAU, and that the colleagues trust each other. Conclusions: DAU:s builds and pools knowledge to combine and give a complete coverage in the support they provide for researchers. This allows the different professions in DAU to share their knowledge and their strengths, helping them overcome the increasing demands from the scientific world. This is aided by the fact that archivists and librarians respect each other and assign each other cognitive authority over their specific knowledge domains. However, archivists do not gain the same amount of it from researchers, as librarians do.

Timely access and patient-physician continuity are two key measures for a primary care practice. Timeliness refers to the ability to obtain a physician appointment as soon as possible. Patient-physician continuity is one of the hallmarks of primary care and refers to the ability to provide appointments with a patient's own physician as much as possible. In the last decade, a paradigm called "advanced access" has been adopted by many clinics, which encourages physicians "to do today's work today" rather than push appointments in the future. Advanced access necessitates the design effective capacity management policies. In this study we apply the ideas of process flexibility to capacity management in a primary care practice. This leads to a system where patients can be seen by their primary care provider or additional physicians, the latter incurring a cost due to reduction of efficiency. We model a practice with multiple physicians and their corresponding patient panels as a stochastic dynamic program. Patients call in throughout the day and a decision has to be made immediately whether to assign the patient to a specific physician or refuse her. The study consists of three parts: in the first, we investigate the general benefits and shortfalls of different implementations of physician flexibility; in the second, we develop heuristic scheduling policies that can be implemented in practice; the third part compares the benefits of the system currently used in practice with our proposed approach where physicians are chained and pairs of physician are familiar with a certain panel.

This master´s thesis studies the discourse surrounding research data and open access within the artistic research field in Sweden. Its purpose is to explain how librarians better can support artistic researchers in research data management. The study was conducted by nine qualitative interviews, four with artistic researchers and five with academic librarians, to further investigate the differences and similarities between the two workgroups approach to research data and open access. The paper uses a theoretical framework of poststructuralist discourse analysis, inspired by discourse researcher Johannes Angermüller, to uncover structures and meanings connecting research data and open access amongst the two occupations. The thesis also uses Jacques Derrida´s concept of deconstruction, as inspiration to further analyze the collected material. The interview material was transcribed, coded and presented in three chapters. The first part investigates the subject of research data and management, the second part presents the data collected when investigating the topic of open science. The final chapter of the analysis discusses the interactions between the two groups. The results show that the concept of research data and open access remains a difficult and complex question within artistic research, where the discourse surrounding it is made up by multifaceted voices. The paper concludes that the field would benefit from a further collaboration between researchers and librarians in understanding and handling questions surrounding open access and research data. The data further suggests that more established guidelines and principles for data publishing within the artistic research field would further help librarians and researchers when communicating with each other. This is a two-year master´s thesis in library and information science.

The purpose of this dissertation is to — on occasion very literally — shine a light on processes that occur in non-thermal plasmas containing CO2, mostly for CO2 conversion. In particular, the focus lies on the transient behaviour of these discharges: how do these systems evolve over time before they settle in a (non-thermal) equilibrium. In addition to that, it analyses trends in the field of plasma-catalytic CO2 conversion as a whole to evaluate the current state-of-the-art, but also presents a new platform for the community to contribute and collaborate on, to facilitate cross-comparison between disparate experiments. The first part consists of experiments performed on: (a) an atmospheric pressure nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharge for CO2 conversion, and (b) a test bed system for a remote CCP plasma source for plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) of trimethylaluminium (TMA). The common theme in these experiments is a focus on the application of time-resolved, in situ diagnostics to study transient behaviour in the systems under investigation. The main diagnostics employed for such measurements are optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and laser induced fluorescence (LIF), which can provide complementary results when used in conjunction. In particular, this work presents the following results: A study of the evolution of emission from an NRP discharge (using OES), establishing both electron densities (by Stark broadening of atomic oxygen and carbon lines) and gas temperatures (by the N2 second positive system) as the discharge evolves from a breakdown phase to a spark phase. It furthermore explores the changes to these properties when operating in burst mode, where a subsequent pulse experiences a memory effect from the preceding one, which has been shown to be conducive to efficient conversion in literature. A study into the effect on energy efficiency of CO2 conversion by alternating the power modulation in an NRP discharge. Crucially, using CET-LIF (collisional energy transfer LIF) and OES it is shown that while power deposition to the discharge occurs in the order of 100 ns in the discharge, CO2 dissociation occurs on a timescale beyond a microsecond. This indicates that instead of direct electron impact, molecular-excitation kinetics play an important role under these conditions for CO2 dissociation. By shortening the time between pulses in a burst (down to 33 us in the work), these mechanisms can be further enhanced, by prolonging the quasi-‘metastable’ state of the system. The application of LIF in a PE-ALD process plasma along with OES, where diffusion profiles were measured close to the substrate surface with local time-resolved measurements of the OH ground state density. These indicate that the investigated surface reactions finish on a timescale of 100 ms, faster than would be indicated by OES which effectively measures emission from the bulk plasma after diffusion of reaction products away from the surface. The second part of this work is an open access database on plasma(-catalytic) CO2 conversion that is instrumental in identifying and verifying trends in experimental data, but also stresses the importance of rigorous reporting of essential parameters in literature. The approach in literature is diverse: some studies focus more on a mechanistic understanding of the fundamental processes, whilst others already focus on process tailoring and optimization for industrial applications. Trends observed in earlier review papers are observed as well and can now be trivially reproduced. The database platform (https://db.co2pioneer.eu) is put forward as a new tool for the community to easily cross-compare and contextualize experimental outcomes and strongly encourages new contributions. Based on the 196 papers included at the time of publication, a number of observations and recommendations can already be made. Chief among those is a clear and present need in the field for a more fundamental understanding of plasma-catalysis interaction, to develop techniques and criteria that are properly suited to test the synergy of both, rather than relying on methods from e.g. traditional thermal-catalysis. Also in this instance, local, time-resolved diagnostics may play a key role, but their implementation will be challenging.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第25439号 / 情博第877号 / 新制||情||147(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科数理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 信雄, 教授 梅野 健, 准教授 加嶋 健司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Im Juli und August 2014 habe ich im Rahmen meines Bibliotheksreferendariats fünf Wochen an der SLUB Dresden verbracht. Schwerpunkte des Praktikums waren die Themen „Open Access“ und „Digitalisierung“, Zentrum die AG „Elektronisches Publizieren“, die sich mit unterschiedlichsten Aspekten der Problematik beschäftigt — von Fragen der bibliometrischen Analyse über die Betreuung des Dokumentenservers „Qucosa“ bis hin zu Rechtsfragen bei Open Access-Veröffentlichungen. Neben der Mitarbeit in der Gruppe und dem Kennenlernen anderer Abteilungen der SLUB, die sich im Umfeld von Digitalisierung und elektronischem Publizieren bewegen, habe ich während des fünfwöchigen Aufenthalts in Dresden auch ein eigenes Projekt bearbeitet: es ging um die Bewertung von Open Access- Monographien im Bereich der Geistes- und speziell der Geschichtswissenschaften.

Nutzungsdaten von elektronischen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen und insbesondere die Anzahl ihrer Downloads rücken mit der Verbreitung des Internets zunehmend in den Blickpunkt des Interesses der Autoren, der Herausgeber, der technischen Anbieter und der Nutzer solcher Publikationen. Downloadzahlen von Publikationen, welche durch Auswertung der Protokolle der IT-Systeme der Anbieter ermittelt werden, sind solche Nutzungsdaten. Die Erhebung erfolgt durch Filterung aller stattgefundenen Zugriffe und Summierung über eine definierte Zeiteinheit. Downloadzahlen sind Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen, in welchen das Konzept des Citation Impact auf die Nutzungshäufigkeit einer Publikation übertragen und der sogenannte Download Impact gebil-det wird. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dem Zusammenhang von Citation Impact und Download Impact gewidmet. Handelt es sich um Open-Access-Publikationen, muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass in den Downloadzahlen nicht nur menschliche, sondern auch maschinelle Zugriffe erfasst wurden, da eine sichere Unterscheidung unmöglich ist. Das hat zur Folge, dass die gewonnenen Daten für die einzelnen Publikationen unzuverlässig sind und starken Schwankungen unterliegen. Trotzdem enthalten sie wertvolle Informationen, welche mit Hilfe der Mathematischen Statistik nutzbar gemacht werden können. Mit nichtparametrischen Methoden ausgewertet, geben Downloadzahlen Auskunft über die Sichtbarkeit von elektronischen Publikationen im Internet. Diese Methoden bilden den Kern von NoRA (Non-parametric Repository Analysis), mit deren Hilfe die Betreiber von Open Access Repositories die Downloadzahlen ihrer elektronischen Publikationen auswerten können, um Sichtbarkeitsdefizite zu ermitteln und zu beheben und so die Qualität ihres Online-Angebotes zu erhöhen. Die Analysemethode NoRA wurde auf die Daten von vier universitären Institutional Repositories erfolgreich angewendet. Es konnten jeweils Gruppen von Publikationen identifiziert werden, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzung signifikant unterscheiden. Die Parallelen in den Ergebnissen weisen auf Einflussfaktoren für die Nutzungsdaten hin, welche in der gegenwärtigen Diskussion bisher keine Berücksichtigung finden. Hier erschließen sich weitere Anwendungsfelder für NoRA. Gleichzeitig geben die Ergebnisse Anlass, den Informationsgehalt von Downloadzahlen für die einzelne Publikation kritisch zu hinterfragen. / With the spread of internet usage over the past decades, access characteristics of electronic scientific publica-tions, especially the number of document downloads, are of increasing interest to the authors, publishers, technical providers and users of such publications. These download data of publications are usually obtained from the protocols of the IT systems of the provider. A data set is then created by filtering all accesses and subsequent summarizing over a certain time unit. Download data are the subject of scientific investigations, in which the concept of the Citation Impact is applied to the rate of use of a publication and the so-called Download Impact is formed. Special attention is paid to the relation between Citation Impact and Download Impact. In the case of Open Access publications, two types of access need to be distinguished. Human access and machine access are both captured and a reliable distinction is not possible yet. As a result, the data obtained for single publications are unreliable and subject to strong fluctuations. Nevertheless, they contain valuable information that can be made useful with the help of mathematical statistics. Analyzed with nonparametric methods, download data give information about the visibility of electronic publications on the Internet. These methods form the core of NoRA (Non-parametric Repository Analysis). With the help of NoRA, the operators of Open Access Repositories are able to analyze the download data of their electronic publications, to identify and correct deficiencies of visibility and to increase the quality of their online platform. The analytical method NoRA was successfully applied to data from Institutional Repositories of four universities. In each case, groups of publications were identified that differed significantly in their usage. Similarities in the results reveal factors that influence the usage data, which have not been taken into account previously. The presented results imply further applications of NoRA but also raise doubts about the value of download data of single publications.

Recentemente estudiosos como Benkler, Lessig, Boyle, Hess e Ostrom retomaram o uso do conceito de commons, mas agora relacionado à informação em geral ou à informação científica. Nesse trabalho, nós lançamos mão desse termo para destacar o caráter cooperativo da pesquisa científica, a importância da transparência e neutralidade no acesso ao commons da Ciência e a natureza anti-rival da informação científica. O conceito de commons nos é muito útil para focar todo o conjunto dos artigos científicos já publicados, quer estejam na forma impressa ou na digital. Ainda permite um estudo através de prismas multidisciplinares e, finalmente, enfatiza a dinâmica das comunidades científicos como um todo. Em qualquer commons de informação, quanto maior a distribuição do conhecimento, mais dinâmico e eficiente é o processo de evolução do conhecimento. A tecnologia da imprensa tem desempenhado um papel fundamental na divulgação de informação e o seu surgimento marcou uma revolução no conhecimento e na cultura da nossa civilização. A tecnologia digital tem se mostrado mais eficiente ainda, uma vez que a natureza da sua implementação em bits se aproxima mais da natureza anti-rival das idéias do que qualquer outra tecnologia hoje empregada para preservação e distribuição de informação. Em nosso estudo, constatamos que o commons da Ciência pode ser enormemente enriquecido através de práticas cooperativas e de acesso aberto na publicação da academia. Percebemos também que o uso da tecnologia digital no commons científico, especialmente na publicação dos resultados da pesquisa, aumenta grandemente a distribuição do conhecimento acadêmico, suas oportunidades de escrutínio e validação, a dinâmica de amadurecimento das idéias científicas e, conseqüentemente, pode tornar o desenvolvimento da Ciência mais veloz e eficiente. No entanto, o meio digital tem sido utilizado tanto para criar um ambiente de livre circulação de idéias quanto para controlá-las. Por um lado, código computacional tem sido implementado para garantir o acesso apenas aos que pagam pelos altos preços das revistas científicas. Por outro lado, a publicação de revistas on-line de acesso aberto e outras formas alternativas de disseminação de conteúdo científico têm se proliferado. Ainda, o decrescente orçamento das bibliotecas, o crescente preço das assinaturas de revistas científicas e as crescentes restrições aplicadas pelas leis de propriedade intelectual têm minado a natureza livre das idéias científicas e colocado a Comunicação Científica numa crise. Estamos no meio de uma transição de paradigmas quanto à publicação dos resultados de pesquisa científica, onde aspectos legais, tecnológicos e sócio-econômicos estão em renegociação. À luz das oportunidades da tecnologia digital e da publicação em acesso aberto, as formas de disseminação dos resultados da pesquisa científica presentemente estabelecidas tem sido repensadas. Inserimos essa análise num contexto maior, o paradigma da Comunicação Científica. Isso nos auxilia a fazer um estudo mais abrangente das complexas questões envolvendo nosso tema, analisando os aspectos tecnológicos, legais e sócio-econômicos de uma possível transição para o modelo de publicação de acesso aberto. Tão grandes são as oportunidades desse novo modelo que ele tem agregado em torno de si iniciativas sócio-acadêmicas conhecidas por Movimento de Acesso Aberto à literatura científica. Atualmente, há muitos testes e modelos de publicação dessa literatura. Em especial, nesse trabalho focamos o modelo de acesso aberto aos resultados científicos, suas vantagens, as dificuldades para seu estabelecimento e como ele tem se desenvolvido. Analisamos a viabilidade de criação de um ecossistema de bibliotecas digitais de acesso aberto, especializadas em cada ramo da Ciência. Nossos modelos de partida baseiam-se em alguns aspectos de serviços como arXiv, CiteSeer e Google Scholar. Entre as muitas conclusões desse estudo, constatamos que bibliotecas desse tipo aumentam sobremaneira a dinâmica de circulação, geração, transformação e renovação do conhecimento científico. Assim, o processo de produção de recursos no commons científico pode se tornar muito mais eficiente. / Recent studies done by Benkler, Lessig, Boyle, Hess and Ostrom look at the concept of commons again however, this time in relation to information in general more specifically to scientific information. In this study, we focused on the cooperative character of scientific research, the importance of transparency and neutrality to access the scientific commons. The concept of commons is highly useful to focus on every scientific article that has already been published in print or digitally. This allows studies through several multidisciplines and finally emphasizes the dynamic of scientific communities around the world. In each commons of information, the higher the distribution of knowledge, the more dynamic and efficient the process of the evolution of this information. Technology of the press has been key in the divulging of information and its expansion marked a revolution in knowledge and culture in our civilization. Digital technology has shown more efficiency. Its implementation into bits is closer to the non-rival nature of the ideas than other technologies used to preserve it and used to distribute information. In our work, we realized that the science of commons should be enriched through cooperative practices and open access to scientific results. We also realized that digital technology in scientific commons improves distribution of scholarly knowledge and the dynamic evolution of scientific ideas so the science development should be even more efficient and faster. The digital revolution has been used to create a free environment of circulation of ideas and it has also been used to control certain things. On one side, computational code has been implemented to allow access just for people who pay for the service. On the other hand, online journals publishing and other alternative forms of disseminating scientific knowledge have been proliferated. The decreasing budget of libraries, the increasing cost of journal subscriptions and the increasing restrictions applied by intellectual property has enclosed the free nature of scientific ideas and it has put Scholarly Communication into a crisis. We are in the middle of a transitional phase, where legal, technological, social and economic aspects of scientific publishing have being renegotiated. We inserted our analyses in a larger context, the Scholarly Communication paradigm. This supports a larger study about the complex questions of our subject, analyzing the technological, legal, social and economic aspects of a possible transition to the open access publishing model. This new publishing model is so interesting that some initiatives have started social movements pertaining to it. Nowadays, there are many tests and publishing models especially in this line of work. We focused on the open access model in scientific results, its advantages, the difficulties of its establishment and how it has been developed. Finally, we propose that the creation of an open access digital libraries ecosystem specialized in every scientific field. Our staring models are services such as: arXiv, CiteSeer and Google Scholar. Among our conclusions, we have realized that following this models stated above, digital libraries can enhance the dynamic of circulation, generation, transformation and renovation of the scientific knowledge.

Seit der Jahrtausendwende prägt das Schlagwort Open Access die Debatten um wissenschaftliches Publizieren. Je nach Kontext geht es dabei um handfeste Strategien angesichts der Zeitschriftenkrise, um ein mehr oder weniger einheitliches Programm zur Verabschiedung des Gutenberg-Zeitalters oder um visionäre Vorstellungen digitaler Wissenskulturen. Die Untersuchung verfolgt zwei Ziele: Zunächst erklärt sie, auf welche Konzepte sich der Begriff Open Access bezieht, wie sich diese Konzepte entwickelt haben und wie sie zusammenfassend beschrieben werden können. Diese Betrachtungsweise ermöglicht es, Open Access in einem zweiten Schritt aus seiner strategischen und programmatischen Funktionalisierung zu lösen und medien-/kulturwissenschaftlich zu deuten: Nicht zufällig entsteht die Open-Access-Bewegung zu einem Zeitpunkt, da sich die medientechnischen Infrastrukturen der Gesellschaft und damit auch der Wissenschaft tiefgreifend verändern. Die Untersuchung analysiert Open Access als den Versuch der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft, durch die Beeinflussung des Mediensystems auch unter veränderten medialen Bedigungen wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit herstellen zu können und dabei Verwerfungen für wissenschaftliche Arbeitsabläufe und für das gesamte Wissenssystem zu vermeiden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass verschiedene Disziplinen unterschiedliche Anforderungen an wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit haben und dass daher Aushandlungsprozesse nötig sind. Gleichzeitig reflektiert die Untersuchung, dass es sich bei den gerade entstehenden neuen Medieninfrastrukturen genau wie beim sich wandelnden wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesen um fragile, grundsätzlich kontingente Strukturen handelt, deren Zukunft keineswegs gesichert ist: Statt Open Access könnten sich auch andere Organisationsformen wissenschaftlicher Öffentlichkeit im digitalen Zeitalter etablieren, die aber nicht unbedingt im Sinne eines offenen und produktiven wissenschaftlichen Austausches und einer breiten gesellschaftlichen Partizipation an wissenschaftlicher Kultur sein müssen. Open Access erscheint vor diesem Hintergrund als vorsichtiger und vergleichweise schadensarmer Aushandlungsprozess, nicht als radikale Revolution des Wissenschaftssystems an der Schwelle zum digitalen Zeitalter. Methodisch knüpft die Untersuchung an die Mediologie an, die durch die Beschreibung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen technischen Medien und kulturellen Praxen die Konstruktion einseitiger Kausalzusammenhänge vermeiden will. In einem Exkurs wird untersucht, worin sich die Konzepte von Open Access und Open Source bzw. Freier Software unterscheiden. Der Anhang der Arbeit enthält den Volltext der drei Erklärungen von Budapest, Bethesda und Berlin, in denen wichtige Prinzipien von Open Access niedergelegt sind.