Desde sua criação, o Linux trouxe muita atenção ao movimento open-source, e à concreta possibilidade de se usar soluções de baixo custo em missões críticas. Nos últimos anos, esta possibilidade tornou-se real com a criação de vários clusters de alta disponibilidade. Atualmente, existem pelo menos 10 soluções de clusters open-source e mais de 25 comerciais. Cada um destes projetos teve uma abordagem diferente para o problema, embora todos tenham enfrentado dificuldades semelhantes. Se houvesse alguma padronização nesta área, esforços poderiam ter sido reaproveitados, e não duplicados. Neste contexto, o Open Clustering Framework (OCF) é um projeto open-source que visa definir um padrão para clusters em Linux. Um dos serviços mais importantes em um cluster é o serviço de pertinência. Ele é responsável por criar e manter o grupo, sendo assim importante para inúmeras aplicações. Sistemas de alta disponibilidade baseiam-se no serviço de pertinência para garantir o funcionamento dos recursos oferecidos por um cluster. Esta dissertação visa apresentar vários conceitos relativos a clusters, alta disponibilidade e serviços de pertinência. Com estes conceitos definidos, iremos implementar um serviço de pertinência, que será baseado no framework proposto pelo OCF, de maneira que esta implementação possa ser posteriormente incorporada a qualquer cluster que siga a especificação OCF. / Since its creation, Linux has brought attention to the open-source movement, and to the concrete possibility of using low cost solutions in critical mission systems. In the last years, this possibility has become real due to the creation of several high availability clusters. Today there are at least 10 open-source solutions and more than 25 commercial ones. Each one of these projects had a different approach to the problem, altought all of them had faced similar difficulties. If there was a standard in this area, efforts could be shared, and not duplicated. In this context, the Open Clustering Framework (OCF) is an open-source project that aims to define a cluster standard for Linux. One of the more important services in a cluster is the membership service. It is responsible for creating and maintaing the group. For this reason, it is important for many applications: high availability systems rely on this service to garantee the execution of the resources provided by a cluster. This thesis aims to present several concepts related to clusters, high availability and membership services. Having the concepts been defined, we will implement a membership service based on the OCF framework, in order to be able to incorporate this implementation in any OCF compliant cluster.

O open source design ainda é um fenômeno nascente, no entanto representa um movimento que caminha em direção a mudanças radicais na maneira como nós adquirimos uma grande variedade de produtos. Baseado no conceito Do-It-Yourself, os usuários, ou seja, os indivíduos ou organizações que esperam se beneficiar do uso de um design, produto ou serviço, possuem um papel ativo e central no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Por meio de comunidades auto-organizadas, os colaboradores compartilham esforços para geração de produtos, e os tornam disponíveis para que qualquer pessoa possa utilizá-los livremente. Embora as comunidades open source sejam mais conhecidas para o desenvolvimento de software, elas não estão restritas ao software. No entanto, são poucas as iniciativas que aplicam esse conceito para produtos físicos. A literatura apresenta um grande número de estudos relacionados ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, porém, o open source design apresenta um ambiente diferente do tradicional. O envolvimento de um grande número de pessoas auto-organizadas pode provocar efeitos negativos no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, quando soluções ruins influenciarem significativamente na convergência para uma solução final. Pesquisas indicam a necessidade de um melhor entendimento do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos nesse ambiente, assim como das ferramentas utilizadas para apoiar às organizações na gestão de seus processos de forma eficiente. Alguns autores apontam a falta de estudos de caso como uma das grandes barreiras para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas neste campo. Com base nessas lacunas, o objetivo deste estudo é contribuir com a caracterização do desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design. Para atingir esse objetivo, são realizados uma revisão de literatura no tema e um estudo de caso de caráter etnográfico, apoiado em mais de 800 horas de observação participante, e na análise de documentos da comunidade Open Source Ecology, nos Estados Unidos. Como resultado, é apresentado um relato das experiências vivenciadas junto à comunidade, que permitiram o levantamento de características do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos no open source design, assim como algumas reflexões sobre os demais elementos deste fenômeno: a plataforma de colaboração, a comunidade, os fatores que motivam os colaboradores a se envolverem no open source design, e o modelo de negócio dessas organizações. Estes resultados nos levam a crer que, embora muito trabalho tenha sido feito nas comunidades de open source design, este movimento ainda possui um baixo nível de maturidade com relação à gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, e está longe de mostrar seu todo o seu potencial. / The open source design is still a nascent phenomenon, but is it represents a movement that goes toward radical changes in how we acquire a wide variety of products. Based on the Do-It-Yourself concept, the users, i.e. individuals or organizations who expect to benefit from the use of a design, product or service, have an active and central role in the development of new products. Through self-organized communities, contributors share efforts to generate product designs, and make them available so that anyone can make free use of them. Although the open source communities are best known for software development, they are not restricted to software. However, there are few initiatives that apply this concept to physical products. The literature shows a large number of studies related to the design process, however, the open source design has a different environment than traditional one. The involvement of a large number of selforganized people can result in negative effects on the design process, when bad solutions dominate and greatly influence the convergence to a solution. Some researches indicate the necessity of better understand the design process in this environment, as well as the tools that aid organizations and individuals to manage this process effectively. Some authors point out the lack of case studies as one of the major barriers to the development of research in this field. Based on these gaps, the objective of this study is to contribute to the characterization of the design process in the open source design. To achieve this goal, there are conducted a literature review on this topic and an ethnographic case study, supported by more than 800 hours of participant observation, and document analysis the Open Source Ecology community, in the United States. As a result, an account of experiences with this community is presented, which support the characterization of the design process in open source design, as well as some reflections on other elements of this phenomenon: the collaboration platform, the community, the drive that motivates participation, and the business models of these organizations. Our findings indicate that, even though many accomplishments have been achieved, the open source design movement still has a low level of maturity, and is far from showing its full potential.

A new method for making software is stealthily gaining ground in the computer industry, offering a promise of better, cheaper software and the empowerment of the user. The open source movement could revolutionize the software industry...if it succeeds. Open source means software that you are allowed to copy, modify, and give to friends. Source code , the lists of instructions which tell computers how to run, is readily available, allowing you to look inside the workings of a program and change it to suit your needs. A group of programmers, companies, users, and activists have gathered in support of this empowering technology, seeking to persuade businesses and users that open source is the way to go. However, open source faces stiff challenges. The economic basis for the software industry is to charge users by the copy when they buy software. Copying and modification are illegal. The industry and its customers are so mired in this worldview that the idea of giving out a program's "recipe," along with a license to change or copy it at will, seems preposterous. Powerful players in the software industry, such as Microsoft, see open source as a threat to their bottom line, and have devoted their energies to discrediting and marginalizing the movement. Beginning from the assumption that cheap, reliable software that empowers the user is a good thing, this thesis looks at the claims made by advocates about the benefits of open source. I explore how the advocates make their case to the business world, the public, and government. I also look at ways in which the government could help bring about an open source revolution, using the policy tools of procurement, research funding, standards enforcement, and antitrust law. I conclude that programmers and public interest lobbyists must join forces to carry this revolution forward, and that the time for action is now, while Microsoft is on trial.

Kein roter Knopf wurde gedrückt, keine große Rede gehalten: einige Klicks, etwas Tastengeklapper und der neue Katalog der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig war online. Was am 21. März des Jahres gegen 12 Uhr so unspektakulär und doch nicht ohne Lampenfieber über die Bühne ging, hat inzwischen einige Beachtung gefunden. Es folgten kollegiale Glückwünsche und ein starkes Interesse aus vielen Bibliotheken, von denen die entfernteste sicher die Technical University Sydney ist. Für die Beteiligten aber am wichtigsten war ein weitgehend positives, manchmal geradezu begeistertes Feedback im Chat und im Blog durch die Nutzerinnen und Nutzer der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. Die kritischen Hinweise kommen meist aus dem eigenen Haus: Der Katalog ist uns wichtig, wir wollen ihn noch besser machen!

Gerade in den letzten Jahren erfuhr Open Source Software (OSS) eine zunehmende Verbreitung und Popularität und hat sich in verschiedenen Anwendungsdomänen etabliert. Die Prozesse, welche sich im Kontext der OSS-Entwicklung (auch: OSSD – Open Source Software-Development) evolutionär herausgebildet haben, weisen in den verschiedenen OSS-Entwicklungsprojekten z.T. ähnliche Eigenschaften und Strukturen auf und auch die involvierten Entitäten, wie z.B. Artefakte, Rollen oder Software-Werkzeuge sind weitgehend miteinander vergleichbar. Dies motiviert den Gedanken, ein verallgemeinerbares Modell zu entwickeln, welches die generalisierbaren Entwicklungsprozesse im Kontext von OSS zu einem übertragbaren Modell abstrahiert. Auch in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin des Software Engineering (SE) wurde bereits erkannt, dass sich der OSSD-Ansatz in verschiedenen Aspekten erheblich von klassischen (proprietären) Modellen des SE unterscheidet und daher diese Methoden einer eigenen wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung bedürfen. In verschiedenen Publikationen wurden zwar bereits einzelne Aspekte der OSS-Entwicklung analysiert und Theorien über die zugrundeliegenden Entwicklungsmethoden formuliert, aber es existiert noch keine umfassende Beschreibung der typischen Prozesse der OSSD-Methodik, die auf einer empirischen Untersuchung existierender OSS-Entwicklungsprojekte basiert. Da dies eine Voraussetzung für die weitere wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit OSSD-Prozessen darstellt, wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auf der Basis vergleichender Fallstudien ein deskriptives Modell der OSSD-Prozesse hergeleitet und mit Modellierungselementen der UML formalisiert beschrieben. Das Modell generalisiert die identifizierten Prozesse, Prozessentitäten und Software-Infrastrukturen der untersuchten OSSD-Projekte. Es basiert auf einem eigens entwickelten Metamodell, welches die zu analysierenden Entitäten identifiziert und die Modellierungssichten und -elemente beschreibt, die zur UML-basierten Beschreibung der Entwicklungsprozesse verwendet werden. In einem weiteren Arbeitsschritt wird eine weiterführende Analyse des identifizierten Modells durchgeführt, um Implikationen, und Optimierungspotentiale aufzuzeigen. Diese umfassen beispielsweise die ungenügende Plan- und Terminierbarkeit von Prozessen oder die beobachtete Tendenz von OSSD-Akteuren, verschiedene Aktivitäten mit unterschiedlicher Intensität entsprechend der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Anreize auszuüben, was zur Vernachlässigung einiger Prozesse führt. Anschließend werden Optimierungszielstellungen dargestellt, die diese Unzulänglichkeiten adressieren, und ein Optimierungsansatz zur Verbesserung des OSSD-Modells wird beschrieben. Dieser Ansatz umfasst die Erweiterung der identifizierten Rollen, die Einführung neuer oder die Erweiterung bereits identifizierter Prozesse und die Modifikation oder Erweiterung der Artefakte des generalisierten OSS-Entwicklungsmodells. Die vorgestellten Modellerweiterungen dienen vor allem einer gesteigerten Qualitätssicherung und der Kompensation von vernachlässigten Prozessen, um sowohl die entwickelte Software- als auch die Prozessqualität im OSSD-Kontext zu verbessern. Desweiteren werden Softwarefunktionalitäten beschrieben, welche die identifizierte bestehende Software-Infrastruktur erweitern und eine gesamtheitlichere, softwaretechnische Unterstützung der OSSD-Prozesse ermöglichen sollen. Abschließend werden verschiedene Anwendungsszenarien der Methoden des OSS-Entwicklungsmodells, u.a. auch im kommerziellen SE, identifiziert und ein Implementierungsansatz basierend auf der OSS GENESIS vorgestellt, der zur Implementierung und Unterstützung des OSSD-Modells verwendet werden kann. / In recent years Open Source Software (OSS) has become more widespread and its popularity has grown so that it is now established in various application domains. The processes which have emerged evolutionarily within the context of OSS development (OSSD – Open Source Software Development) display, to some extent, similar properties and structures in the various OSSD projects. The involved entities, e.g., artifacts, roles or software tools, are also widely comparable. This leads to the idea of developing a generalizable model which abstracts the generalizable development processes within the context of OSS to a transferable model. Even the scientific discipline of Software Engineering (SE) has recognized that the OSSD approach is, in various aspects, considerably different from traditional (proprietary) models of SE, and that these methods therefore require their own scientific consideration. Numerous publications have already analyzed individual aspects of OSSD and formulated theories about the fundamental development methods, but to date there is still no comprehensive description of the typical processes of OSSD methodology based on an empirical study of existing OSSD projects. Since this is a precondition for the further scientific examination of OSSD processes, a descriptive model of OSSD processes is obtained on the basis of comparative case studies and described in a formalized manner with UML modeling elements within the context of this dissertation. The model generalizes the identified processes, process entities and software infrastructures of the analyzed OSSD projects. It is based on a specially developed meta model which identifies the entities to be analyzed and describes the modeling viewpoints and elements which are used for the UML-based description of the development processes. Another procedure step includes the further analysis of the identified model in order to display the implications, and the potential for optimization. For example, these encompass the insufficient planning and scheduling capability of processes or the observed tendency of OSSD actors to carry out various activities at different intensities depending on the subjectively perceived incentives which leads to some processes being neglected. Subsequently, the optimization targets which address these inadequacies are displayed, and an optimization approach for the improvement of the OSSD model is described. The approach incorporates the expansion of the identified roles, the introduction of new or the expansion of already identified processes and the modification or expansion of artifacts of the generalized OSSD model. The presented model enhancements serve, above all, to increase quality assurance and to compensate neglected processes in order to improve developed software quality as well as process quality in the context of OSSD. Furthermore, software functionalities are described which expand the existing identified software infrastructure and should enable an overall, software-technical support of OSSD processes. Finally, the various application scenarios of OSSD model methods - also in commercial SE - are identified and an implementation approach based on the OSS GENESIS is presented which can be used to implement and support the OSSD model.

Die Chemnitzer Linux-Tage sind eine Veranstaltung rund um das Thema Open Source. Im Jahr 2012 wurden 104 Vorträge und Workshops gehalten. Der Band enthält ausführliche Beiträge zu 14 Hauptvorträgen sowie Zusammenfassungen zu 90 weiteren Vorträgen. / The "Chemnitz Linux Days" is a conference that deals with Linux and Open Source Software. In 2012 104 talks and workshops were given. This volume contains papers of 14 main lectures and 90 abstracts.

Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet 13 Beiträge von Referenten der Chemnitzer Linux-Tage 2014 sowie Zusammenfassungen von weiteren 78 Vorträgen und 14 Workshops. Die Beiträge umfassen das breite Spektrum der Veranstaltung, darunter Probleme von eingebetteten Systemen und vertrauliche Kommunikation.

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Open Source Software (OSS) ist immer mehr verbreitet und anerkannt. Sie zeichnet sich insbesondere durch die Offenlegung des Quellcodes und die Möglichkeit der freien Verwendung und Weiterverarbeitung aus1. Auch im Bereich des eLearning2 spielen Open Source Lösungen zunehmend eine große Rolle, wobei sich vor allem in Universitäten zahlreiche Communities herausgebildet haben.

Als Triumph der Open Source Bewegung wurde im vergangenen Jahr das Urteil des Landgerichts München I1 gefeiert, das als weltweit erste Gerichtsentscheidung der General Public Licence (GPL) rechtliche Verbindlichkeit zusprach und einem Sofwarehersteller die kommerzielle Verwertung eines unter der GPL stehenden Computerprogramms ohne Quellcodeweitergabe untersagte.