近年來，政府資料開放(Open Government Data)政策的研究蔚為一片學術研究的藍海，成為各國政府、企業以及公民社會共同關注的治理議題。然而，過去研究聚焦於資料品質以及政府開放資料動機等研究，較少關注開放資料使用族群以及開放資料影響力。因此，本研究從使用者影響力認知著手，探討我國政府資料開放現狀，並且盤點開放資料能否體現透明課責、參與協作等精神，並且促進在政治、社會與經濟上的各種效益。 本次研究採用次級資料分析以及質性訪談方式進行，開放資料影響力問卷部分雜揉各國際組織近年來倡議方向編製而成，衡量指標為透明課、參與協作以及政治、經濟與社會預期效益，發放對象我國開放資料使用族群。質性訪談部分，則觸及我國開放資料的政策執行者、倡議者以及服務開發者，蒐集不同角色之間對於開放資料影響力的認知與意見。 研究顯示，我國開放政府尚未走向以資料利用為前提並且促進公民參與協作與創新的階段。在各項影響力指標當中，我國使用族群對於透明指標的現況較為樂觀，但是對於開放資料促進社會影響力部分則前景堪憂，多數受訪者認為當前開放資料影響力不彰的原因在於缺乏良好且具規模的資料轉化機制，除了政府各單位在推動政策上所遇到的瓶頸之外，政府與民間社群對於資料創新也缺乏想像，因此以資料利用為前提來精進政府資料開放政策實有必要，本研究根據結論提出政策與後續研究上相關建議。 / As a field of practice and research that is fast-growing and a locus for much attention and activity, open government data (OGD) has attracted stakeholders from different sectors. The open data movement holds out the promise of improving transparency, accountability, citizen participation. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear if Taiwanese government are truly fulfilling these promises. Current literature on open government data has uncovered a wide range of challenges related to data qualities and barriers of policy implementation. In other words, most of the open data research based on a technology-driven perspective, rather than a focus on the potential public value and social benefits of data to be used. As a result, the purpose of this study is to test an open data impact evaluative framework and reveal the open data impact cognition among data users in Taiwn from a variety of origins. This study adopts quantitative method, applying secondary analysis, and qualitative method, applying interview survey, in the meantime. The research subjects include different data users in this field, such as open government initiators, developers and policy executors. This study shows that the impact of open data in Taiwan is limited. Although Taiwan obtained a top ranking of Global Open Data Index these years, Taiwanese government and civil society hasn’t tapped the full potential of open data on promoting public value or creating social benefits. As open data initiatives spread across the globe, research is needed that can deepen our shared understanding of the open data potential in creating a better democratic society.

Open government relies heavily on reliable records to uphold service delivery and access to information. Without proper records management of business transactions and activities of an organization, the primary objective of openness becomes obscured and difficult to achieve. Within the digital space and environment, establishing good record- keeping procedures is challenging to both paper and e-records, because of a scarcity of clarity in the processes and measures in place, as well as as a result of lack of suitable ICT infrastructure plus skilled human resources to help facilitate good e-records management. The aim of this research was to provide a structure for the integration of records into open government initiatives in Botswana with the aim of assisting access to information and service delivery, and a subsequent transparent, accountable and open government. This is a mixed research study framed within the interpretivism epistemological inquiry model, and used Open Government Implementation Model and Action research being a theoretical lense in this study. Document analysis was used to gather information, complemented by interviews and questionnaires with participants and respondents alike purposively selected from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD). According to the findings, the legislative as well as regulatory frameworks in order to manage both paper and e-records were available in Botswana although inadequate. Similarly, the research showed that legislation that gives the citizens access to information and subsequently make compulsory for organizations to avail information upon request is absent. Furthermore, it was established through the study findings that information management practitioners are particularly are ill equipped and inexperienced to manage paper and electronic records. Due to the inavailability of ICT infrastructure to help facilitate both paper and e-records management was noted. In addition, open government initiatives were identified as producing e- records, but there were no defined protocols to help aid in their management. Therefore, this weakness can be addressed by integrating records management into open government initiatives, and be able to utilize suitably identified Enterprise Content Management (ECM) or Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS). Currently, open government remains ensured through the reliance of only open government initiatives, without leveraging on good records management. This project study suggests a structure to integrate records management into open government initiatives anchored on legislation and regulatory frameworks with the confidence that its employment would support better information and service accessibility by the citizens. Finally, because of poor records management and a lack of legislation that encourage access to information, there will be continued reliance on the discretion of records professionals by the citizens to have information access. Similarly, without proper records management procedures, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) will remain underutilized. Thus, it is a recommendation that MLGRD should develop proper records management procedures to guide and improve on the management of records. A further study to establish the level of e-readiness of the Botswana government to fully automate and guarantee the success of open government is recommended. / Information Science / D. Litt et Phil (Information Science)

開放政府資料能帶來龐大的經濟效益以及達到透明治理的理念，已成為電子治理最重要的議題之一，各國政府如美國、英國、加拿大無不積極推動開放政府資料政策。我國行政院亦將政府資料開放列為第四階段電子化政府計畫的項目之一，中央機關與地方政府將分別建立開放資料平台，並要求將機關所擁有之資料逐步開放予社會大眾使用。在此背景下，財政部財政資訊中心預建置財政資訊共享服務平台，來達到資料開放政策的目標。本研究目的在於該平台的推動在實務上面臨了哪些困難，後續還有哪些地方需要克服，這樣的經驗能帶給其他行政機關哪些啟示。 本研究首先整理國內外開放政府資料的文獻，其次介紹創新擴散理論，作為財政資訊中心推動財政資訊共享服務平台的階段基礎，並以訪談法蒐集相關資料。本研究最後以議題設定與配對階段、再定義/再建構階段、闡述階段及例行化階段為主軸，分別探討各階段的推動工作與困境。 本研究發現，推動財政資訊共享服務平台的主要工作與困境包括溝通策略、法律規範、分工方式、業務單位的抗拒與資料的價值。財資中心在政策規劃面、組織管理面以及法律規範面仍有改進空間，包括改變同仁的觀念態度、提出明確的評估報告、團隊成員的代表性、訂定行政規則以及與相關單位共商修法議題。未來有意推動相關政策的機關，除了前述財資中心應該改進之處，尚須注意組織文化以及公民參與的部分，讓政策推動的阻力降至最低。 / Open government data (OGD) can brings great economic benefit and promotes more openness in government, it has become one of the most important issues in e-Government around the world. An open data policy was enacted by the Executive Yuan at the end of 2013, both central and local governments should gradually release their possessed data to the public. In the context of open data policy, Fiscal Information Agency, MOF tries to establish an open data platform of Ministry of Finance. However, the open data policy in Taiwan is still in a stage of sprouting, it is an innovation policy and brand new notion to many governments, the objective of this research is to analyze what obstacles does Fiscal Information Agency, MOF meet when promoting the open data platform of Ministry of Finance, and how could this experience be learned. First of all, the research introduces the literatures about open data. Secondly, quoting the Innovation Diffusion Theory as the conceptual framework and conducting interviews. The analysis about the works and obstacles is individually based on the phase of agenda setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing. The results show the main work and obstacles including the strategy of communication, legal norms, division of labor, resistance of agency and the value of data. There are still areas of improvement for Fiscal Information Agency, MOF, such as changing the concept of colleagues, providing a tangible report about open data and the representativeness of group. The lessons from this study are expected to provide insights to the Taiwan government when it tries to engage the open data policy.

With the advent of new interactive Internet technologies in government, a move from the transactional loop of electronic government to a more web-like structure of interaction is anticipated for government information systems. It has been argued that that web-like structure of information systems will dictate a new organizational form for government organization. Explored within the dissertation are two primary research questions. The first research question relates to understanding the nature of adoption of new interactive Internet tools in government agencies and whether that adoption differs from the adoption process for transactional systems. To understand the nature of interactive technology adoption, presidential directives, legislation, and laws implementing transactional and interactive information systems are evaluated. Discovered in evaluation are the motivating factors in technology adoption and related technology adoption and organizational outcomes. Accompanying that evaluation is an exploration of the new technologies being used by government agencies as a part of the technology adoption process. To understand the nature of the differences in infrastructure of information systems associated with transactional information technologies and interactive information technologies, a series of case studies were developed. For each case, an exploration of the technology implemented and a map of the Internet architecture for the technology were constructed. Findings suggest that the adoption process and the information system architecture of transactional and interactive technologies are different. Though it is too early in the adoption and implementation process to discern any impacts to the government organization, the technology adoption and implementation is couched in larger organizational theory. Extrapolations are made to address the future form of the government organization and policy outcomes for continued implementation of interactive systems and the organizational impacts are discussed. The second research question relates to the value associated with the implementation of new interactive Internet technologies. To understand any value associated with implementation of technologies, a qualitative assessment of the value conversations within government agencies was conducted, an assessment of citizen value ranking of data was undertaken, and a quantitative analysis of differences in customer service scores given the use of interactive information technologies is conducted. This analysis is triangulated against a historical evaluation of increasing and decreasing scores and an exploration of specific evaluations conducted for interactive technology projects. Findings suggest that that there is value in implementing interactive Internet technologies. However, that signal is weak. A suggestion of research is that evaluation metrics be developed to understand the value of implementing of interactive technologies. Policy suggestions are outlined for technology value evaluation. The concluding outcome of the dissertation is a suggestion of a path forward for interactive Internet technology development in government and an argument for the construct of the emerging organizational structure associated with information organizations. / text

Submitted by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-02-14T13:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-02-14T16:29:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T16:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DURVAL VIEIRA PEREIRA.pdf: 2783976 bytes, checksum: c9a2323462b1a68f94c5e66da32966bd (MD5) / Objetiva propor um modelo conceitual dos dados sobre acidentes do trabalho para publicação dos dados governamentais mantidos pela Previdência Social. Busca na literatura modelos conceituais ou vocabulários sobre acidentes do trabalho, analisa o Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico (VCGE), o modelo de publicações de dados sobre acidentes do trabalho publicado pela Dataprev e o tesauro e a taxonomia da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). Identifica a ausência de um modelo conceitual dos dados da Previdência Social para publicação em formato aberto e utiliza as tecnologias de Web Semântica, de forma a torná-las compartilháveis, acessíveis e reutilizáveis. Seleciona e analisa definições de acidente do trabalho e identifica conceitos e relacionamentos. Classifica os conceitos encontrados de acordo com as ontologias UFO-B e DUL. Utiliza o modelo Entidade-Relacionamento para auxiliar na elaboração de um modelo que consiga representar o domínio sobre acidente do trabalho. Constata a necessidade da elaboração de um vocabulário específico para descrever os conceitos sobre acidentes do trabalho como forma de enriquecer a representação dos dados analisados. Representa uma amostra dos dados em RDF, utilizando o modelo conceitual e o vocabulário proposto. Conclui que a elaboração do modelo conceitual e a descrição em RDF pareceram adequadas para organizar e fornecer um nível mínimo de semântica aos dados sobre acidente do trabalho da Previdência Social brasileira. / This project studies the conceptualization model about occupational accidents at Social Security for open government data. It conducts research literature to identify conceptual models or vocabulary about workplace accidents from the analysis of E-Government Controlled Vocabulary (VCGE from the Portuguese language), the occupational accident model published by Dataprev and also the taxonomy and thesaurus of International Labour Organization (ILO). It identifies the absence of a conceptual model for Social Security data for publication in an open format using Web Semantics technologies, to make this data sharable, affordable and reusable. It selects and discusses the definitions of occupational accidents by identifying concepts and relationships. It classifies the concepts found in accordance with ontologies UFO-B and DUL. It uses the Entity-Relationship model to assist in developing a model that can represent the domain of occupational accident. It notes the need to develop a specific vocabulary to describe the concepts of occupational accidents as a way to enhance the representation of the data analyzed. It represents part of the data in RDF using the proposed conceptual model and vocabulary. It concludes that the development of the conceptual model and description in RDF seemed appropriate to organize and provide a minimum level of semantic data on occupational accident at Brazilian Social Security.

This study explores Open Data actors in Kenya, focusing on the issue of transparency and accountability. Drawing on an exploratory quantitative analysis of existing statistical material of usage of the Kenya Open Data Initiative website and 15 qualitative interviews conducted primarily in Nairobi, the study analyses key factors – both enabling and disabling – that shape transparency initiatives connected to Open Data in Kenya. The material is analysed from three perspectives: a) a review based on existing research around impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives; b) based on theories on human behaviour in connection to transparency and accountability; and c) introducing a critical perspective on power relations based on Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality’. The study shows that the Kenya Open Data Initiative has potential to become an effective transparency and accountability initiative in Kenya, but that its future is heavily dependent on current trends within the political context and fluctuations in power relations. Applying a stronger user-perspective and participatory approach is critical.Open Data is a relatively new area within the governance and development field, and academia can play an important role in enhancing methodology and impact assessments to create more effective and sustainable initiatives and ensure that future Open Data initiatives can be both accessible and constitute a base for accountability.

本文透過取得資訊的權利和公民參與程度的高低作為指標，討論生活在風險社會中，開放政府在台北市的表現情形。研究者採用世界正義計畫的開放政府指數為問卷作為基礎並且修改，以台北市為範圍。大眾問卷旨在探討不同年齡層對於取得資訊的權利和公民參與之見解是否有不同看法，而專家問卷則探討不同領域的專家對於取得資訊的權利和公民參與之見解是否有不同看法。 根據學者Gwanhoo Lee和Young Hoon Kwak所提出的開放政府程度之檢視以及開放政府的三大準則—透明、公共參與、合作，對照本研究之測量，本研究發現：台北市公民與專家對資訊的準確程度未呈現質疑態度，而資訊品質之評價亦為正面，符合「資料透明」。然而，普遍來說公眾會隨著年齡不同而對於公民參與的認知有所不同，實際參與的次數也不高。綜上所述，本研究認為台北市開放政府的情形有涵蓋資料透明但缺乏「公民參與」。也因為缺乏公民參與，以至於合作的概念目前尚未實踐。至於如何突破現階段的困境，可做為將來研究的方向。 / This paper uses right to information and the level of civic participation as indicators to discuss citizens living in a risk society how the open government performs in Taipei City. The study adopts the World Justice Project(WJP) Open Government Index as the foundation of questionnaires and has done some revision, focusing on the case in Taipei City. The general public questionnaire aims to survey whether citizens in different age ranges hold different opinions toward right to information and civic participation; Expert questionnaire, on the other hand, is to investigate whether experts have different perspectives toward these two indicators. Based on the survey of the level of open government and the three principles proposed by Gwanhoo Lee and Young Hoon Kwak: transparency, public participation, and collaboration in contrast to the assessment of the study, the paper discovers that citizens and experts in Taipei City are undoubting of information accuracy and hold positive feedback to information quality, which corresponds to “information transparency.” However, generally the public varies in the understanding of civic participation as citizens age. The frequency of the actual participation remains low. In sum, the study deems that open government in Taipei City has incorporated information transparency but lack “civic participation.” Because of this, the concept of “collaboration” has not yet achieved. As for how to break through the current difficulties, it can serve as a research direction in the future.

Proactive government transparency has recently entered the spotlight. Examples of information made public at the initiative of the public body, without the need for filing a request, are: www.data.gov and www.recovery.gov. Transparency is an intrinsic value of democratic societies. In much of the literature an automatic link is assumed between transparency and increased accountability or trust. However, this link may not be as straightforward. Whether and how information is used to further public objectives also depends on the way information is incorporated into the complex communication chain of comprehension, action and response. Therefore, in this dissertation a communication approach was taken. The role of federal government communicators within the government transparency realm was studied in the USA and the Netherlands. More specifically, it was examined how the institutional (macro) and organizational (meso) embedding influences the way communicators value and implement proactive transparency (micro). A mixed method comparative case study consisting of process tracing, a web-based survey and semi-structured in-depth interviews showed that the institutional embedding in the USA can be characterized as a more rules-based approach while a principles-based approach prevails in the Netherlands. This study also showed that communicators working in an organization that supports proactive transparency provide more substantial information, use less spin and are more inclined to solicit feedback and participation from stakeholders. Finally, in both countries the majority of communicators valued proactive transparency highly and most communicators were actively involved in implementing proactive transparency. Communicators contributed to making information more findable, relevant and understandable for its users. At the same time some communicators indicated to sometimes leave out important details, give only part of the story or specifically highlight the positive elements in the information. Hence, communicators can play a role in both enhancing and constraining transparency. This study enhanced our understanding of proactive transparency and the value of communication. The project resulted in a conceptual framework for explaining similarities and differences in proactive transparency policy regimes from the perspective of the government communicator.

Dados governamentais abertos é resultado, de uma série de novas exigências da sociedade para com seus governos. Entre estas exigências pode-se citar a busca por uma maior transparência e participação na gestão dos recursos públicos, maior controle sobre a qualidade dos serviços prestados, além de uma maior responsabilização por parte de seus gestores sobre a utilização destes recursos. Os governos para tentar atender a estas exigências fazem uso dos recursos da tecnologia de informação e comunicação, assim surge à possibilidade da disponibilização de dados em formato aberto, que tem como premissas básicas a transparência, colaboração e inovação. O tema dados governamentais abertos assume grande importância, pois aproximadamente uma centena de países desenvolve iniciativas neste sentido. De forma paralela a este fato, gestores públicos enfrentam desafios na implementação de projetos de dados governamentais abertos, pois este requer múltiplas interações entre governos e sociedade e ainda não existe um entendimento disponível em guias, ferramentas ou teorias para lidar com a abertura de dados no setor público.Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal propor um modelo genérico de produção e utilização de informações sob a ótica conceitual da cadeia de valor; o modelo visa atender as necessidades do ecossistema brasileiro de dados governamentais abertos. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas com membros de governos e da sociedade. Os resultados apontam que possíveis vantagens são visualizadas por membros de governos e da sociedade pela atuação em dados governamentais abertos. Os resultados confirmam a existência e necessidade da formação de redes entre governos e sociedades, bem como a importância de diversos atores da sociedade que atuam neste ecossistema, como fatores facilitadores ou motivadores para a realização de diversas atividades. Existem diversas barreiras ou fatores inibidores, em especial com questões relacionadas a legislação e qualidade da informação disponibilizada. O modelo proposto aponta atores e respectivas atividades, bem como quais fatores podem prover sustentabilidade ao desempenho das mesmas e indica como determinada atividade impacta as demais. De forma coerente as premissas da cadeia de valor, o modelo proposto contém atividades primárias e secundárias. / Open Government Data is the result of new demands from society towards their governments. Among these demands can cite search for greater transparency and participation in the management of public resources, greater control over the quality of services, and greater accountability on the part of its managers on the use of these resources.Governments to try to meet these demands make use resources of information technology and communications and the possibility arises of providing data in open format. Open Government Datahas the basic premises transparency, collaboration and innovation. The theme is of great importance because approximately one hundred countries are developing initiatives in this sense.Parallel to this fact, public managers has challenges in implementing initiatives of Open Government Data. This requires several interactions between governments and society and there is still no understanding available in guides, toolsor theories to deal with the opening of data in the public sector.This work aimed to propose a generic model of production and use of information in the conceptual view of the value chain. The model aims to meet the needs of the Brazilian ecosystem Open Government Data collection was conducted from interviews with government members and society.The results indicate that members from government and society realize benefits by acting in Open Government Data.The results confirm the existence and or need for networking among governments and societies.Actors from society that act as factors that facilitate or motivate for performing various activities by others actors.There are several barriers, specially with legal factors and information quality.The model indicates actors and their activities, and what factors can provide sustainability to the same performance and indicates how a particular activity impacts the others. Consistently the assumptions of the value chain, the model contains primary and secondary activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Kalil Issa.pdf: 1645366 bytes, checksum: 0a09771ceb4c6ddaf61e5d6daa386561 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-21 / In recent years, groups of digital activists, spread over different parts of the planet, conformed collectively a set of technical standards for publishing data on the web, so that they facilitate the capture and reuse of these elements. The political discourse associated with the defense of the provision of information according to these criteria made emerge a global coordination that has been called the open data movement. Its militancy maintains especially the need for publication of scientific and government data according to these parameters. Thus, in the context of political science, so-called open government data and its implications have been established as a relatively autonomous object of inquiry. This paper addresses the main aspects of the current debate on open government data and attempt to identify the context in which this discussion takes place, its meanings and most relevant implications in terms of improvement of democratic dynamics, especially with respect to transparency, social participation and collaborative governance. In this sense, the central aim of the dissertation is to examine how the practices of open government data can affect the process of formulation, implementation and evaluation of public policies. To this end, some aspects of the experiences of promoting open data carried out by the governments of the United States and Brazil are analyzed, in particular the political and administrative contexts in which they have given and the applications developed from the reuse of datasets offered by open data official pages from both countries. The paucity of Brazilian initiatives determined consulting the principals involved in discussions and actions related to the subject in the country through qualitative interviews and published statements. The final considerations intend to point out some of the most pressing challenges and possible ways to effect the potential publication of open government data as an instrument of democratic assertion / Nos últimos anos, grupos de ativistas digitais, espalhados por diversas partes do planeta, conformaram coletivamente um conjunto de padrões técnicos para publicação de dados na web, a fim de facilitar a captura e o reuso desses elementos. O discurso político associado à defesa da disponibilização de informação segundo esses critérios fez emergir uma articulação global que tem sido chamada de movimento de dados abertos. Sua militância sustenta, sobretudo, a necessidade de publicação dos dados científicos e governamentais de acordo com esses parâmetros. Assim, no âmbito da ciência política, os chamados dados abertos governamentais e suas implicações vêm sendo estabelecidos como um objeto relativamente autônomo de investigação. Este trabalho aborda os principais aspectos do atual debate sobre dados abertos governamentais. Nele se busca identificar o contexto em que se dá essa discussão, seus significados e implicações mais relevantes em termos de aprimoramento das dinâmicas democráticas, especialmente no que diz respeito a ações de transparência pública, participação social e governança colaborativa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo central da dissertação consiste em avaliar de que maneira as práticas de dados abertos governamentais podem interferir no processo de formulação, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas. Para tanto, foram analisados alguns aspectos das experiências de promoção de dados abertos levadas a cabo pelos governos dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil, em especial os contextos político-administrativos em que se têm dado e as aplicações informáticas desenvolvidas a partir da reutilização das bases de dados públicas e oferecidas nas páginas oficiais de dados abertos de ambos os países. A incipiência das iniciativas brasileiras determinou a consulta aos principais atores envolvidos nos debates e ações relativas ao tema no país por meio de entrevistas qualitativas e declarações publicadas. As considerações finais pretendem apontar alguns dos desafios mais prementes e caminhos possíveis para efetivar as potencialidades da publicação de dados abertos governamentais como instrumento de afirmação democrática