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Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Deep Beams with Web Openings.Yang, Keun-Hyeok, Ashour, Ashraf 12 1900 (has links)
Yes / Ten reinforced-concrete continuous deep beams with openings were tested to failure. The main variables investigated were the shear span-to-overall depth ratio, and the size and location of openings. Two failure modes influenced by the size and location of web openings regardless of the shear span-to-overall depth ratio were observed. The normalised load capacity of beams having a web opening area ratio of 0·025 within exterior shear spans was approximately similar to that of their companion solid beams. Continuous deep beams having web openings within interior shear spans exhibited a higher load capacity reduction with the increase of the opening size, similar to simply supported deep beams with web openings. Formulae based on the upper bound analysis of the plasticity theory were proposed to predict the load capacity of continuous deep beams with web openings. Comparisons between the measured and predicted load capacities showed a good agreement.
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Efeitos da atividade física aeróbia no complexo vásculo-alveolar no pulmão de ratos / Effects of the physical activity on the vasculo-alveolar complex of the rat\'s lungAbrahão, Luciana Maria Bigaram 18 September 2009 (has links)
O treinamento físico aeróbio crônico regular provoca importantes adaptações autonômicas e hemodinâmicas que influenciam o sistema cardiovascular. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio crônico, na citoarquitetura alveolar dos pulmões de ratos Wistar, sob os aspectos morfoquantitativo e funcional, bem como avaliar o efeito do treinamento na modulação da freqüência cardíaca (FC), da pressão arterial (PA), no perfil bioquímico (lactato, hemogasometria, glicemia e perfil lipídico: triglicérides, colesterol total, colesterol fracionado). Desta forma foram utilizados quinze ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 60 dias, que receberam ração própria para roedores e água sem restrição, e foram divididos em três grupos, sendo eles: Controle etário (CE, n=5), saudável sedentário (SS, n=5) e saudável treinado (ST, n=5). Após os registros de todos os parâmetros hemodinâmicos supracitados, os animais foram eutanasiados e fixados por perfusão com solução de formoldeído (4%), sendo o mesmo fixador instilado pela traquéia e perfundido via tronco pulmonar. Métodos estereológicos foram empregados para estimar o número total de aberturas alveolares pulmonares, bem como o volume do pulmão (Princípio de Cavalieri). A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi 140,87 mmHg para o CE, 146,70 mmHg para o SS e 149,53 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,137) A pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foi 115,83 mmHg para o CE, 107,00 mmHg para o SS e 105,39 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,0004). A pressão arterial média (PAM) foi 128,93 mmHg para o CE, 125,22 mmHg para o SS e 125,34 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,332). A FC foi 388,40 bpm para o CE, 379,83 bmp para o SS e 370,85 bpm para o ST (p = 0,381). O volume do pulmão foi 1,05 cm³ para o CE, 1,24 cm³ para o SS e 0,95 cm³ para o ST (p = 0,484). O número de aberturas alveolares pulmonares foi 21x106 para o CE, 25x106 para o SS e 38x106 para o ST (p = 0,02). Os resultados desse estudo sugerem que o treinamento físico aeróbio crônico em ratos promove um melhor estado hemodinâmico e um aumento no número de aberturas alveolares do pulmão dos animais exercitados. / The cardiovascular system is subject to important autonomic and haemodynamic adaptation by virtue of regular physical training. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a treadmill physical training on the alveolar cytoarchitecture of the rat\'s lung from a morphoquantitative and functional point of view. Additional aims were to quantify the heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (AP), lactate, arterial blood gases, glucose, triglycerides, total and fractional cholesterol. For this purpose fifteen 60-day-old male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided into three groups: age control (CE, n=5), sedentary (SS, n=5) and trained rats (ST, n=5). After recording the haemodynamic parameters, the animals were euthanised and perfusion-fixed with a 4 % formaldehyde solution, which was also intratracheally instillated. Design-based stereological methods were applied for estimating the total number of alveolar openings as well as the lung volume using Cavalieri\'s principle. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was 140.87 mmHg for the CE, 146.7 mmHg for the SS and 149.53 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.137). The diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) was 115.83 mmHg for the CE, 107 mmHg for the SS and 105.39 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.0004). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 128.93 mmHg for the CE, 125.22 mmHg for the SS and 125.34 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.332). HR was 388.4 bpm for the CE, 379.83 bmp for the SS and 370.85 bpm for the ST group (p=0.381). The lung volume was 1.05 cm³ for the CE, 1.24 cm³ for the SS and 0.95 cm³ for the ST group (p=0.484). The total number of alveolar openings alveolar was 21x106 for the CE, 25x106 for the SS and 38x106 for the ST group (p=0.02). The main findings of this research suggest that low-intensity treadmill physical training improves the haemodynamic parameters and increases the total number of alveolar openings of trained rats.
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Distribution of Ventilation Air and Heat by Buoyancy Forces inside Buildings : An Experimental StudyBlomqvist, Claes January 2009 (has links)
The main task of the ventilation system in a building is to maintain the air quality and (together with the heating or cooling system) the thermal climate at an acceptable level within the building. This means that a sufficient amount of ventilation air at the appropriate temperature and quality must be supplied to satisfy thermal comfort and air quality demands and that this air is distributed to the parts of the building where people reside. Air movements caused by buoyancy forces can determine the distribution of ventilation air within buildings. The purpose of this thesis is to advance the state of knowledge of buoyancydriven air movements within buildings and to determine their importance both for ventilation air distribution and the maintenance of thermal comfort and air quality in buildings. The work is focused on studying thermally-driven air movements through large openings, both horizontal and vertical (i.e. doorways). The properties of a special type of thermally-driven currents, so called gravity currents, have also been explored. Large vertical openings like doorways are important for air exchange between rooms within a building. Air movements through doorways separating rooms with different air temperatures are often bidirectional and the buoyancy-driven flow rates are often greater than those caused by the mechanical ventilation system alone. Bidirectional flows through doorways can effectively spread contaminants, for example, from a kitchen or a hospital rooms, yet the results of this study indicate that the conversion of a thermally-driven bidirectional flow to a unidirectional flow via an increase of the mechanically forced flow rate requires forced flows that are more than three times greater than the thermally-driven flows. Experiments conducted in this project indicate that the resistance to buoyancy-driven flows in horizontal openings is significantly greater than that in vertical openings. Model tests have shown, however, that this problem may be mitigated if a simple model of a staircase located in the centre of the room (being ventilated) is linked to the horizontal ventilation opening. Gravity currents in rooms occur in connection with so called displacement ventilation as cool gravity currents propagate along the floor that are driven by the density difference of the ventilation air and the ambient, warmer air within the room. As these gravity currents easily pass obstacles and to a certain extent are self-controlling, they can effectively distribute the cool air within rooms in a building. Likewise, warm gravity currents occur when warmer air introduced in a room rises and spreads along the ceiling plane. One application where warm gravity currents may be used to advantage is when converting buildings from electric heating to district hot water heating thus, avoiding the introduction of an expensive hydronic heating system. This report includes a full-scale laboratory study of the basic properties of thermally-driven warm air gravity currents in a residential building and examines the possibilities of using the resulting air movements for the distribution of ventilation air as well as heat. Results from laboratory tests show that this conversion method may prove effective if certain conditions on the layout of the building are fulfilled. / QC 20100705
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A função social dos vernissages no campo da arteRamos, Alexandre Dias January 2012 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é estudar os dispositivos de atuação dos agentes no campo das artes através dos vernissages, estes eventos sociais aglutinadores que servem não apenas para inaugurar uma determinada exposição, mas também como palco para a construção de capital simbólico e social, necessários para o funcionamento do próprio campo. Pretendemos analisar a atuação dos convidados no espaço expositivo e os conceitos associados à experiência pessoal de cada agente do campo artístico, a partir de entrevistas; por fim, pretendemos mostrar a importância dos vernissages para o mundo da arte. Por que o vernissage é importante? Sua existência traz, de antemão, um poderoso instrumento de divulgação e de coesão social – o convite privado e público que faz a seu público: um chamamento. Desta forma, pretendo apresentar um estudo relevante para uma melhor compreensão sobre o funcionamento do campo artístico, dos papéis dos diversos agentes nesse campo, mostrando que os vernissages podem ser, em boa medida, um importante instrumento para a própria construção do público de arte. / The general aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of the action of agents in the art world through vernissages (art openings), social events that bring people together, not just to open a particular exhibition, but also as the stage for the construction of symbolic and social capital necessary for the operation of the art world itself. It aims to analyse the behaviour of guests in the exhibition space and the concepts associated with the personal experience of each agent on the art scene conducted through interviews; and finally it aims to show the importance of these vernissages for the art world. Why is the vernissage important? Its existence is a powerful anticipatory instrument for publicising and for social cohesion – the private and public invitation that is created for its audience: a convocation. I intend to present a study that is relevant for a better understand of the running of the artistic field, and of the roles of the various players in the field, showing that vernissages may be, in large measure, an important instrument for the actual construction of art public.
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Ventilação natural e códigos de obras: uma análise das tipologias de aberturas nos edifícios de escritório em Maceió/ALCândido, Christhina Maria 15 February 2006 (has links)
In office buildings located on hot humid climate areas, the architectonical typology
could improve the regional winds entrance and minimize the energy consumption.
The increase of ventilation inside the rooms depends on the architectonical typology
adopted and the specifications related on the room s openings. The room s openings
allow or make difficult to distribute the air flow inside the places, either being
responsible by the rain protection, noises and excessive solar radiation. Thus, the
opening s design must be considered, otherwise it will endanger the comfort
condition inside an ascertain place. The opening typology influences the ventilation
of the rooms offering more or less resistance to the air s flow. The Building
Regulation of Maceio of 1985 determines the minimum openings area based on the
floor s area, as 1/6 for light and 1/12 for ventilation. In this paper the position,
orientation or main kinds of ventilation are not mentioned. These items have a
straight influence on the air flow determination inside the rooms, as well the users
thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to investigate three different kinds of
openings in office buildings in Maceio city (sash, top hung and vertical pivot
window) with area based on the Building Regulation. Computational simulations
where realized with PHOENICS 3.6 software on a typical office building. The
opening design is an important aspect in buildings where passive cooling is a
bioclimatic strategy. Building Regulation needs to consider this aspect. For the same
opening area specified for the Building Regulation the airflow and air velocity inside
the office building will be different depends on the opening design. In this case,
some coefficients need to be investigating for different opening design. The Building
Regulation needs to apply large openings to improve air flow inside the buildings. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em edificações de escritório localizadas em regiões quentes e úmidas, as tipologias
arquitetônicas poderiam favorecer o aproveitamento dos ventos regionais,
minimizando assim os gastos com energia para climatização dos mesmos. O
incremento da ventilação no interior dos ambientes dependerá, entre outros fatores,
da tipologia arquitetônica adotada e das especificações relacionadas às aberturas do
ambiente. Tais itens estão intrinsecamente relacionados às escolhas realizadas pelo
profissional que desenvolve o projeto que, por sua vez, se aplicar os princípios
bioclimáticos pode aumentar consideravelmente, a construção de edifícios
energicamente eficientes. Nesse sentido, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para
incorporar o conhecimento existente sobre as estratégias de condicionamento
ambiental recomendadas para cada tipo de clima, transformando-as em
especificações para normas e Códigos de Obras. Entretanto, os aspectos relacionados
à ventilação, apresentam requerimentos referentes às áreas das aberturas,
independentemente das diversas tipologias de aberturas existentes e da localização
das mesmas. Esse trabalho investiga o impacto decorrente da utilização do tipo de 3
tipos diferentes de esquadrias (correr, maxim-ar e pivô vertical), na distribuição do
fluxo de ar, considerando a área de abertura especificada pelo Código de Obras de
Maceió/AL. A metodologia constitui-se em uma análise comparativa dos três tipos
de esquadrias, utilizando o software PHOENICS 3.6, de uma edificação considerada
típica. A esquadria de pivô vertical demonstrou um melhor desempenho quanto à
distribuição do fluxo do ar e velocidade do vento no interior dos ambientes. O tipo de
correr proporciona um insuflamento de ar concentrado na área das aberturas e ocorre
a formação de zonas de vórtices no ambiente. A esquadria maxim-ar, além de não
proporcionar um insuflamento de ar uniforme no ambiente, mostrou-se como
obstáculo à entrada dos ventos devido ao seu formato. Para a mesma especificação
de área de abertura do Código de Obras, a distribuição do fluxo de ar e a velocidade
do vento serão influenciadas pela tipologia de esquadria adotada pelo projetista. As
especificações poderiam adotar coeficientes de correção para diferentes tipologias de
esquadria a rever a área de abertura para a ventilação.
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A função social dos vernissages no campo da arteRamos, Alexandre Dias January 2012 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é estudar os dispositivos de atuação dos agentes no campo das artes através dos vernissages, estes eventos sociais aglutinadores que servem não apenas para inaugurar uma determinada exposição, mas também como palco para a construção de capital simbólico e social, necessários para o funcionamento do próprio campo. Pretendemos analisar a atuação dos convidados no espaço expositivo e os conceitos associados à experiência pessoal de cada agente do campo artístico, a partir de entrevistas; por fim, pretendemos mostrar a importância dos vernissages para o mundo da arte. Por que o vernissage é importante? Sua existência traz, de antemão, um poderoso instrumento de divulgação e de coesão social – o convite privado e público que faz a seu público: um chamamento. Desta forma, pretendo apresentar um estudo relevante para uma melhor compreensão sobre o funcionamento do campo artístico, dos papéis dos diversos agentes nesse campo, mostrando que os vernissages podem ser, em boa medida, um importante instrumento para a própria construção do público de arte. / The general aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of the action of agents in the art world through vernissages (art openings), social events that bring people together, not just to open a particular exhibition, but also as the stage for the construction of symbolic and social capital necessary for the operation of the art world itself. It aims to analyse the behaviour of guests in the exhibition space and the concepts associated with the personal experience of each agent on the art scene conducted through interviews; and finally it aims to show the importance of these vernissages for the art world. Why is the vernissage important? Its existence is a powerful anticipatory instrument for publicising and for social cohesion – the private and public invitation that is created for its audience: a convocation. I intend to present a study that is relevant for a better understand of the running of the artistic field, and of the roles of the various players in the field, showing that vernissages may be, in large measure, an important instrument for the actual construction of art public.
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ABERTURAS DE CAPITAL NO BRASIL â ANÃLISE DAS OFERTAS PÃBLICAS INICIAIS DE AÃÃES / CAPITAL OPENINGS IN BRAZIL - ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC OFFERINGS OF SHARES STARTAntÃnio Josà Lima de Almeida 24 June 2009 (has links)
Desde 2004, noticia-se na imprensa especializada um grande dinamismo do
mercado de capitais brasileiro. Em 2005, foram realizadas nove ofertas pÃblicas
iniciais â IPO, que movimentaram cerca de R$ 5 bilhÃes. Em 2006, foram 26 novas
emissÃes, quando as empresas estreantes captaram cerca de R$ 15 bilhÃes. Em
2007, o nÃmero de IPOs foi recorde, chegando a 64 novas empresas (captaÃÃo de
mais de R$ 55 bilhÃes), considerado um marco na histÃria do mercado de capitais
brasileiro. Nesse contexto, este estudo analisou o comportamento das aÃÃes
relativas Ãs ofertas pÃblicas iniciais de aÃÃes ocorridas no Brasil no perÃodo de
01.01.05 a 31.07.07, com o objetivo de apurar indÃcios de ocorrÃncia das seguintes
anomalias relacionadas aos IPOs: subprecificaÃÃo (underpricing), alta volatilidade
das aÃÃes, baixa performance das emissÃes no longo prazo e performance
vinculada ao desempenho geral do setor de atividade das empresas emissoras. O
estudo obteve os seguintes resultados: considerando o retorno mÃdio das aÃÃes no
primeiro dia de negociaÃÃo (12,34%), ante a variaÃÃo do CDI e do Ibovespa de
apenas 0,07% e 0,46%, respectivamente, conclui-se que existem evidÃncias de
underpricing nas emissÃes analisadas; 83% das aÃÃes apresentaram volatilidade
superior à do Ibovespa, o que poderia explicar os retornos elevados no primeiro dia
de negociaÃÃo, ou seja, o retorno inicial elevado à uma recompensa ao risco aceito
pelos investidores; a maioria das aÃÃes seguiu a mesma tendÃncia de desempenho
do setor, sugerindo que as empresas abrem o capital em momentos de auge no
desempenho do setor ao qual pertencem; as aÃÃes apresentaram baixa
performance no longo prazo, indicando que os emissores tendem a aproveitar os
perÃodos de grande volume de emissÃes, quando as aÃÃes estÃo sobrevalorizadas.
Dessa forma, os retornos iniciais sÃo elevados e no longo prazo hà um movimento
de mercado no sentido de posicionar os papÃis no seu real valor. / Since 2004, it has been noticed through the specialized media a great excitement in
the Brazilian stock market. Nine (greatest amount since 1986) Initial Public Offers
(IPO) were carried out along 2005 generating about R$ 5 billion. In 2006, 26 new
offers were carried out and the beginning companies made around R$ 15 billion. In
2007, the number of IPOâs achieved a record of 64 new companies (more than R$ 55
billion), a landmark in the history of the Brazilian stock market. The enthusiasm of
investors towards the initial offers reached a level where the stock markets decided
to sell their own stocks. Natural people forgot their fear of the risk for a while trying to
increase their income considering the decline of ordinary funds. BM&Fâs IPO, for
instance, had 275 thousand natural people among the investors. Concerning all this
excitement and some notorious cases of success and others of low performance of
beginning companies in the stock market, the following work analyses the return of
investments made in initial public offers of stocks in Brazil carried out between
2005/01/01 and 2007/07/31. Besides a comparative study of the return of the stocks
with the CDI tax variation and the Ibovespa, it was a done an analyses of the
behavior of investments according to the market section and a study of the
profitability of long term funds. Among 81 companies, only 30 had positive results,
which demonstrate a low performance considering the initial enthusiasm and the
excessive increase of values. The profitability of stocks was only superior to the CDI
and Ibovespa variation in a shot term frame and the papers seemed to be more
volatile than the market average. It was also noticed that the return of investments is
attached to the performance of each market section and the profitability of funds was
not superior in a long term frame.
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A função social dos vernissages no campo da arteRamos, Alexandre Dias January 2012 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é estudar os dispositivos de atuação dos agentes no campo das artes através dos vernissages, estes eventos sociais aglutinadores que servem não apenas para inaugurar uma determinada exposição, mas também como palco para a construção de capital simbólico e social, necessários para o funcionamento do próprio campo. Pretendemos analisar a atuação dos convidados no espaço expositivo e os conceitos associados à experiência pessoal de cada agente do campo artístico, a partir de entrevistas; por fim, pretendemos mostrar a importância dos vernissages para o mundo da arte. Por que o vernissage é importante? Sua existência traz, de antemão, um poderoso instrumento de divulgação e de coesão social – o convite privado e público que faz a seu público: um chamamento. Desta forma, pretendo apresentar um estudo relevante para uma melhor compreensão sobre o funcionamento do campo artístico, dos papéis dos diversos agentes nesse campo, mostrando que os vernissages podem ser, em boa medida, um importante instrumento para a própria construção do público de arte. / The general aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of the action of agents in the art world through vernissages (art openings), social events that bring people together, not just to open a particular exhibition, but also as the stage for the construction of symbolic and social capital necessary for the operation of the art world itself. It aims to analyse the behaviour of guests in the exhibition space and the concepts associated with the personal experience of each agent on the art scene conducted through interviews; and finally it aims to show the importance of these vernissages for the art world. Why is the vernissage important? Its existence is a powerful anticipatory instrument for publicising and for social cohesion – the private and public invitation that is created for its audience: a convocation. I intend to present a study that is relevant for a better understand of the running of the artistic field, and of the roles of the various players in the field, showing that vernissages may be, in large measure, an important instrument for the actual construction of art public.
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Efeitos da atividade física aeróbia no complexo vásculo-alveolar no pulmão de ratos / Effects of the physical activity on the vasculo-alveolar complex of the rat\'s lungLuciana Maria Bigaram Abrahão 18 September 2009 (has links)
O treinamento físico aeróbio crônico regular provoca importantes adaptações autonômicas e hemodinâmicas que influenciam o sistema cardiovascular. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio crônico, na citoarquitetura alveolar dos pulmões de ratos Wistar, sob os aspectos morfoquantitativo e funcional, bem como avaliar o efeito do treinamento na modulação da freqüência cardíaca (FC), da pressão arterial (PA), no perfil bioquímico (lactato, hemogasometria, glicemia e perfil lipídico: triglicérides, colesterol total, colesterol fracionado). Desta forma foram utilizados quinze ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 60 dias, que receberam ração própria para roedores e água sem restrição, e foram divididos em três grupos, sendo eles: Controle etário (CE, n=5), saudável sedentário (SS, n=5) e saudável treinado (ST, n=5). Após os registros de todos os parâmetros hemodinâmicos supracitados, os animais foram eutanasiados e fixados por perfusão com solução de formoldeído (4%), sendo o mesmo fixador instilado pela traquéia e perfundido via tronco pulmonar. Métodos estereológicos foram empregados para estimar o número total de aberturas alveolares pulmonares, bem como o volume do pulmão (Princípio de Cavalieri). A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi 140,87 mmHg para o CE, 146,70 mmHg para o SS e 149,53 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,137) A pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foi 115,83 mmHg para o CE, 107,00 mmHg para o SS e 105,39 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,0004). A pressão arterial média (PAM) foi 128,93 mmHg para o CE, 125,22 mmHg para o SS e 125,34 mmHg para o ST (p = 0,332). A FC foi 388,40 bpm para o CE, 379,83 bmp para o SS e 370,85 bpm para o ST (p = 0,381). O volume do pulmão foi 1,05 cm³ para o CE, 1,24 cm³ para o SS e 0,95 cm³ para o ST (p = 0,484). O número de aberturas alveolares pulmonares foi 21x106 para o CE, 25x106 para o SS e 38x106 para o ST (p = 0,02). Os resultados desse estudo sugerem que o treinamento físico aeróbio crônico em ratos promove um melhor estado hemodinâmico e um aumento no número de aberturas alveolares do pulmão dos animais exercitados. / The cardiovascular system is subject to important autonomic and haemodynamic adaptation by virtue of regular physical training. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a treadmill physical training on the alveolar cytoarchitecture of the rat\'s lung from a morphoquantitative and functional point of view. Additional aims were to quantify the heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (AP), lactate, arterial blood gases, glucose, triglycerides, total and fractional cholesterol. For this purpose fifteen 60-day-old male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided into three groups: age control (CE, n=5), sedentary (SS, n=5) and trained rats (ST, n=5). After recording the haemodynamic parameters, the animals were euthanised and perfusion-fixed with a 4 % formaldehyde solution, which was also intratracheally instillated. Design-based stereological methods were applied for estimating the total number of alveolar openings as well as the lung volume using Cavalieri\'s principle. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was 140.87 mmHg for the CE, 146.7 mmHg for the SS and 149.53 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.137). The diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) was 115.83 mmHg for the CE, 107 mmHg for the SS and 105.39 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.0004). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 128.93 mmHg for the CE, 125.22 mmHg for the SS and 125.34 mmHg for the ST group (p=0.332). HR was 388.4 bpm for the CE, 379.83 bmp for the SS and 370.85 bpm for the ST group (p=0.381). The lung volume was 1.05 cm³ for the CE, 1.24 cm³ for the SS and 0.95 cm³ for the ST group (p=0.484). The total number of alveolar openings alveolar was 21x106 for the CE, 25x106 for the SS and 38x106 for the ST group (p=0.02). The main findings of this research suggest that low-intensity treadmill physical training improves the haemodynamic parameters and increases the total number of alveolar openings of trained rats.
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Modélisation de la ventilation naturelle en vue d'une conception optimisée d'ouvertures vitrées / Multi-physical modeling of glassed openingsCui, Shuqing 16 November 2015 (has links)
La ventilation naturelle est une solution passive de rafraichissement des bâtiments dont la performance est souvent limitée par des contraintes acoustiques et visuelles. Les travaux de cette thèse visent à améliorer la conception des ouvertures vitrées pour intégrer ces multiples contraintes. Des modèles thermo-aéraulique, acoustique et d'éclairement sont intégrés dans une plate-forme de simulation énergétique du bâtiment afin d'évaluer la performance de la ventilation naturelle dans des bâtiments tertiaires et résidentiels en termes de confort global et de consommation énergétique. La thèse contribue en particulier au développement et à la validation de modèles thermo-aérauliques à partir d'essais expérimentaux et de la simulation numérique. Une nouvelle technique de mesure du taux de renouvellement d'air par gaz traceur est développée en conditions de laboratoire puis appliquée dans une campagne d'essais in-situ pour caractériser l'écoulement d'air en ventilation traversante et mono-façade. Des simulations numériques ont été menées pour analyser les écarts observés entre les mesures et les corrélations. A l'aide de la CFD, des géométries d'ouverture spécifiques au cas d'étude (présence de loggia, tailles différentes de fenêtres) sous différentes conditions de vent permettent d'identifier les plages d'application des corrélations. Enfin, des simulations énergétiques du bâtiment intégrant les modèles développés et comparant différents modes de gestion sont effectuées en bâtiment de bureaux et résidentiel. On observe une réduction importante du potentiel de rafraichissement dans un environnement bruyant. Des prototypes de volets acoustiques sont conçus pour assurer un compromis entre confort thermique et acoustique. Des indicateurs applicables à la conception des ouvertures vitrées en fonction de paramètres climatiques sont également proposés. / Natural ventilation is a passive solution to refresh and cool down the buildings whose performance is often limited by acoustic and visual constraints. This thesis aims to improve the design of glazed windows to integrate these multiple constraints. Thermo-aeraulic, acoustic and lighting models are integrated in a platform of building energy simulation to evaluate the performance of natural ventilation in office and residential buildings according to global comfort and energy consumption. The thesis contributes in particular to the development and the validation of thermo-aeraulic models from experiments and numeric simulations. A new technique of air change rate measurement by tracer gas is developed in laboratory conditions and then applied in an in-situ experimental campaign to characterize the airflow in cross and single-sided ventilation. The numeric simulations are conducted to analyze the deviation observed between the measures and correlations. With the help of CFD tool, the specific opening geometries of this case study (loggia, different window sizes) under different wind conditions allow to identify the application range of the correlations.Finally, building energy simulation integrating the developed models comparing different control modes are carried out for two case studies: office and residential buildings. Significant reductions of cooling potential are observed in a noisy environment. To provide a response to the constraints of external noise, prototypes of acoustic shutters are designed to ensure a good compromise between thermal and acoustic comfort. Indicators applicable to the design of glazed openings based on climatic parameters are also proposed.
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