Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-169).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

Introdução: As Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência á Saúde (IRAS) são consideradas um problema de saúde pública com implicações sociais e econômicas graves que geram sobrecarga nas instituições de saúde, aumentando o período de internação e elevando consideravelmente a morbimortalidade em pacientes hospitalizados. A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) se constitui como uma das mais temidas complicações decorrentes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos No Brasil, são escassos os estudos epidemiológicos sobre as infecções em pacientes submetidos à procedimentos anestésico cirúrgico. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia num hospital geral privado filantrópico, de nível terciário do interior paulista, segundo o potencial de contaminação da ferida operatória. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, com abordagem retrospectiva e quantitativa, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. A população do estudo foi constituída 58 prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia no referido hospital exceto nas especialidades de ortopedia e ginecologia, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2014 e que apresentaram infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de consulta aos prontuários e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 17.0 para Windows. Resultados: A taxa global de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi de 1,9% (57/3.064), as especialidades com maiores taxas foram a neurocirurgia (3,5%), seguida pela cirurgia geral (2,0%). Ao se analisar a taxa de infecção por potencial de contaminação, nas cirurgias limpas foi de 1,0%, nas potencialmente contaminadas 1,8%, nas contaminadas 5,4% e nas infectadas 7,2%. Nas cirurgias limpas a maior taxa foi na neurocirurgia, na potencialmente contaminada foi na cirurgia torácica, na contaminada e infectada foi na cirurgia geral. E ressalta-se que 46,6% tiveram infecção de órgão ou cavidade. Conclusão: O presente estudo permitiu identificar as taxas globais de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e também, por especialidades e por potencial de contaminação, dados esses que podem contribuir para o planejamento das ações de prevenção e controle de Infecção do sítio cirúrgico no referido hospital / Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are considered to be a public health problem with serious social and economic implications that overload health institutions, extend hospital length of stay and considerably increase morbidity- mortality among hospitalized patients. Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most feared complications from surgical procedures. There are few epidemiological studies in Brazil on infections among patients submitted to anesthetic-surgical procedures. Objective: To identify the prevalence of surgical site infection among adult patients submitted to surgery in a tertiary philantropic private general hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, according to the potential of contamination of the operative wound. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using a retrospective and quantitative approach, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, at the University of São Paulo. The study sample was made up of 58 medical records of patients submitted to surgery in this hospital, except for the orthopedics and gynecology specialties, from January to December 2014, who presented surgical site infection. Data were collected from the medical records and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 17.0 for Windows. Results: Overall surgical site infection rate was 1.9% (57/3,064), and specialties with higher rates were neurosurgery (3.5%) and general surgery (2.0%). Regarding the infection rate by potential contamination, in clean surgeries it was 1.0%; in potentially contaminated surgeries, it was 1.8%; in contaminated surgeries, it was 5.4%; and in infected surgeries, it was 7.2%. Neurosurgery presented the highest rate in clean surgeries; thoracic surgery in potentially contaminated surgeries; whereas general surgery had the highest rate in contaminated and infected surgeries. It is worth highlighting that 46.6% reported organ or cavity infection. Conclusion: This study allowed to identify overall rates of surgical site infection, also by specialty and potential of contamination. These data can contribute to the planning of actions to prevent and control surgical site infection in the studied hospital

Introdução: As Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência á Saúde (IRAS) são consideradas um problema de saúde pública com implicações sociais e econômicas graves que geram sobrecarga nas instituições de saúde, aumentando o período de internação e elevando consideravelmente a morbimortalidade em pacientes hospitalizados. A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) se constitui como uma das mais temidas complicações decorrentes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos No Brasil, são escassos os estudos epidemiológicos sobre as infecções em pacientes submetidos à procedimentos anestésico cirúrgico. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia num hospital geral privado filantrópico, de nível terciário do interior paulista, segundo o potencial de contaminação da ferida operatória. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, com abordagem retrospectiva e quantitativa, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. A população do estudo foi constituída 58 prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia no referido hospital exceto nas especialidades de ortopedia e ginecologia, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2014 e que apresentaram infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de consulta aos prontuários e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 17.0 para Windows. Resultados: A taxa global de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi de 1,9% (57/3.064), as especialidades com maiores taxas foram a neurocirurgia (3,5%), seguida pela cirurgia geral (2,0%). Ao se analisar a taxa de infecção por potencial de contaminação, nas cirurgias limpas foi de 1,0%, nas potencialmente contaminadas 1,8%, nas contaminadas 5,4% e nas infectadas 7,2%. Nas cirurgias limpas a maior taxa foi na neurocirurgia, na potencialmente contaminada foi na cirurgia torácica, na contaminada e infectada foi na cirurgia geral. E ressalta-se que 46,6% tiveram infecção de órgão ou cavidade. Conclusão: O presente estudo permitiu identificar as taxas globais de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e também, por especialidades e por potencial de contaminação, dados esses que podem contribuir para o planejamento das ações de prevenção e controle de Infecção do sítio cirúrgico no referido hospital / Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are considered to be a public health problem with serious social and economic implications that overload health institutions, extend hospital length of stay and considerably increase morbidity- mortality among hospitalized patients. Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most feared complications from surgical procedures. There are few epidemiological studies in Brazil on infections among patients submitted to anesthetic-surgical procedures. Objective: To identify the prevalence of surgical site infection among adult patients submitted to surgery in a tertiary philantropic private general hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, according to the potential of contamination of the operative wound. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using a retrospective and quantitative approach, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, at the University of São Paulo. The study sample was made up of 58 medical records of patients submitted to surgery in this hospital, except for the orthopedics and gynecology specialties, from January to December 2014, who presented surgical site infection. Data were collected from the medical records and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 17.0 for Windows. Results: Overall surgical site infection rate was 1.9% (57/3,064), and specialties with higher rates were neurosurgery (3.5%) and general surgery (2.0%). Regarding the infection rate by potential contamination, in clean surgeries it was 1.0%; in potentially contaminated surgeries, it was 1.8%; in contaminated surgeries, it was 5.4%; and in infected surgeries, it was 7.2%. Neurosurgery presented the highest rate in clean surgeries; thoracic surgery in potentially contaminated surgeries; whereas general surgery had the highest rate in contaminated and infected surgeries. It is worth highlighting that 46.6% reported organ or cavity infection. Conclusion: This study allowed to identify overall rates of surgical site infection, also by specialty and potential of contamination. These data can contribute to the planning of actions to prevent and control surgical site infection in the studied hospital

En cirugía abierta, piel y el tejido se cortan lograr tener proximidad a un órgano o estructura, extirpar la lesión y mantener intacta a través de una barrera protectora. Los guantes pueden reducir el peligro de exhibición del personal de la salud durante la cirugía abierta a microorganismos patógenos, como el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y los virus de la hepatitis, que pacientes portadores pueden transmitir a los trabajadores de la salud. Sin embargo, las perforaciones en los guantes son bastante comunes. El propósito de este análisis secundario es verificar si da seguridad el uso de dos guantes al equipo médico durante varios procedimientos quirúrgicos. El método utilizado es la enfermería basada en la evidencia; la pregunta de investigación fue: ¿es efectivo el uso del doble guante para el equipo médico en quirófano? Se buscó información en las siguientes bases de datos: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, PUBMED y ELSEIVER, se encontraron 359 artículos de revistas, donde solo 13 fueron escogidos, todos estos artículos fueron remitidos a Gálvez. Toro Finalmente, el artículo fue seleccionado y analizado utilizando las guías PRISMA, por tratarse de un tipo de estudio científico. Para cuestiones clínicas, verificar que usar dos guantes tiene mayor efectividad que uno solo, siempre dependiendo de la especialidad y el tiempo de la cirugía. / In open surgery, skin and tissue are cut to achieve proximity to an organ or structure, excising the lesion and keeping it intact through a protective barrier. Gloves can reduce the danger of exposure of healthcare personnel during open surgery to pathogenic microorganisms, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses, which patient carriers can transmit to healthcare workers. However, glove perforations are quite common. The purpose of this secondary analysis is to verify whether it is safe for the medical team to wear two gloves during various surgical procedures. The method used is evidence-based nursing; The research question was: is the use of double gloves effective for the medical team in the operating room? Information was searched in the following databases: Virtual Health Library, PUBMED and ELSEIVER, 359 journal articles were found, where only 13 were chosen, all these articles were sent to Gálvez. Bull Finally, the article was selected and analyzed using the PRISMA guidelines, as it is a type of scientific study. For clinical issues, verify that using two gloves is more effective than one, always depending on the specialty and the time of surgery.

Abstract There are previous reports of an increasing incidence of children’s forearm fractures in the last few decades. Their surgical treatment is evolving. The present study was aimed at determining the incidence and background of these fractures and their treatment. It was also aimed to analyse the short- and long-term outcomes. A comprehensive population-based study (N=168) among 86,000 children in Oulu University Hospital District over a decade (2000–2009) was performed to analyse the incidence of middle-third forearm fractures. Further data (N=291) covering 1997–2009 was achieved in order to study monthly variation and backgrounds of all both-bone forearm fractures in the distal, middle or proximal thirds. An age- and sex-matched case-control study (N=94) at Vaasa Central Hospital District in 1995–1999 with approximately 11 years of follow-up was performed to evaluate long-term morbidity. The relationship between summer weather and outdoor fractures was based on daily weather readings of all summer days (N=1989) in 1997–2009. There was a 4.4-fold increase in middle-third shaft fractures in the last decade (2000–2009) and a 3.1-fold increase in all forearm shaft fractures (proximal, middle and distal) in 1997–2009. The increase in the middle-shaft fractures was still accelerating towards the end of the study period. Trampolining was increasing as a reason for the injuries. At the end of the study every third fracture was caused by a trampoline injury. The fractures caused by other recreational activities increased absolutely, but they were stable in relation to trampoline injuries. There was a clear monthly variation in fracture incidence. During the long study time, August was repeatedly the most usual month for the fractures. School terms and summer holidays did not explain the varying fracture risk. The incidence of the fractures was 50% higher in dry vs. rainy days in summer. Temperature and wind speed did not affect fracture risk. Not only were the number of children’s forearm shaft fractures increasing, but also their operative treatment in 1997–2009. The increase was mostly connected to elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN), the incidence of which changed from 10% to 30% during the study period, compared with other types of treatment. Non-operative treatment showed poor short-term outcome in the form of worsening alignment and a relatively great need of re-operations. Operative treatment showed excellent primary results. In the long run, the outcome of non-operative treatment was excellent. / Tiivistelmä Lasten kyynärvarren diafyysimurtumat ovat lisääntyneet viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana. Samalla niiden kirurginen hoito on muuttunut. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää murtumien ilmaantuvuutta ja murtumien taustalla olevia tekijöitä sekä hoidon kehittymistä. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia lyhyt- ja pitkäaikaisia hoitotuloksia. Ilmaantuvuuden määrittämiseksi kerättiin väestöpohjainen aineisto (N=168) kaikista niistä lapsista (<16-v.), jotka ovat olleet hoidossa Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa kyynärvarren keskialueen murtuman vuoksi 2000–2009. Taustatekijöiden selvittämiseksi aineisto laajennettiin koskemaan kaikkia kyynärvarren kahden luun murtumia (proksimaaliset, keskialueen ja distaaliset murtumat) 1997–2009 (N=291). Pitkäaikaistuloksia arvioitiin tapaus-verrokkitutkimuksella (N=94), jonka potilasaineiston muodostivat Vaasan keskussairaalassa vuosina 1995–1999 hoidetut lapsipotilaat. Ikä- ja sukupuolivakioidut vertailutapaukset poimittiin väestörekisteristä. Kesäsään ja ulkona tapahtuvien murtumien välisen yhteyden tutkimiseksi kerättiin säätila-aineisto kaikilta vuosien 1997–2009 kesäpäiviltä (N=1989). Lasten kyynärvarren keskidiafyysin murtumat lisääntyivät 4,4-kertaisesti vuosikymmenessä (2000–2009) ja kaikki diafyysimurtumat lisääntyivät 3,1-kertaisesti (1997–2009). Keskidiafyysimurtumien ilmaantuvuus kasvoi kiihtyvästi. Trampoliini aiheutti yksinään joka kolmannen murtuman, ja trampoliinimurtumien ilmaantuvuus kasvoi tutkimusaikana. Muut tapaturmatyypit pysyivät vakioisina. Murtumien ilmaantuvuus vaihteli kuukausittain, mutta 13 vuoden seurantajaksolla ne olivat selvästi yleisimpiä elokuussa. Koululaisten kesäloma ei vaikuttanut murtumariskiin. Murtumat olivat 50 % yleisempiä kuivalla säällä kuin sadesäällä. Lämpötila tai tuulennopeus eivät vaikuttaneet murtumien ilmaantuvuuteen. Lasten kyynärvarsimurtumien operatiivinen hoito lisääntyi. Joustavien ydinnaulojen käyttö kasvoi 10 %:sta 30 %:iin suhteessa muihin hoitomuotoihin. Kajoavan hoidon lyhytaikaiset tulokset olivat erinomaiset. Kajoamattoman hoidon tulokset olivat heikot, ja hoitoon liittyi paljon asennon huonontumista ja myöhempää leikkaustarvetta, erityisesti asennon korjaamista. Pitkän ajan seurannassa kajoamattoman hoidon tulokset olivat kuitenkin erinomaiset. / Sammanfattning Barns underarmsfrakturer har ökat under de senaste årtiondena och deras behandling är under förändring. Syftet med den här forskningen var att undersöka underarmsfrakturer: förekommande, bakgrund och behandling. Meningen var också att bedöma resultat av olika frakturbehandlingar på kort och lång sikt. Totalt 168 barn undersöktes. De behandlades på Uleåborgs universitetssjukhus åren 2000–2009 p.g.a. en underarmsfraktur i mellersta tredjedelen av skaft. Därtill inkluderades 291 barn med en underarmsfraktur i hela skaftet åren 1997–2009. En fall-kontroll–undersökning innehöll 47 barn med en underarmsfraktur i Vasa centralsjukhus åren 1996–1999 samt en köns- och ålders standardiserad kontroll grupp med 47 medlemmar (N=47). Relationen mellan sommarväderlek och frakturer som skedde utomhus analyserades på basis av uppgifter om väderleken på alla sommardagarna åren 1997–2009 (N=1989). Frakturer i den mellersta underarmen ökade 4,4-faldigt och accelererande på ett årtionde (2000–2009) och alla skaftfrakturer 3,1-faldigt (1997–2009). Trampolinen tillfogade var tredje av dessa frakturer och således ökade trampolinens betydelse. Jämfört med trampolinen höll sig andra bakgrundsfaktorer stadiga. Det fanns en klar variation i förekommande av frakturer mellan månaderna. Mest förekom frakturer i augusti. Skolperioden eller sommarlovet påverkade inte risken för frakturer. Uppehållsväder ökade risken 1,5-faldigt jämfört med regniga dagar. Temperaturen eller vinden hade ingen effekt på frakturer. Operativa kirurgiska behandlingar ökade i stället för ej-operativa behandlingar åren 1997–2009. Ökningen berodde mest på tilltagande bruk av flexibla märgspikar, vilket ökade från 10 % till 30 % jämfört med andra behandlingsmetoder. Ej-operativ vård visade gott om komplikationer under den korta uppföljningen. Operativ vård var framgångsrik på kort sikt. Däremot visade ej-operativ behandling utmärkta resultat efter den långa uppföljningen.