A administração de princípios ativos pela mucosa oral é uma forma eficiente para a distribuição de fármacos e nutrientes, oferecendo diversas vantagens como uma fácil aplicação, evitando o metabolismo de primeira passagem hepática e potencialmente melhorando a biodisponibilidade dessas substâncias. A acerola e o camu-camu apresentam uma alta concentração de vitamina C e são consideradas fontes de diferentes compostos ativos, porém a vitamina C presente nas frutas é facilmente oxidada pelos fatores ambientais, e essas frutas são pouco acessíveis ao consumo populacional. Filmes de desintegração oral (FDO) podem apresentar rápido tempo de desintegração e fácil administração, o que os torna um material interessante para a veiculação de compostos com atividades farmacêuticas ou nutricionais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de desintegração oral à base de amido e gelatina com adição de extrato seco de acerola e camu-camu produzidos por \"spray dryer\" como uma alternativa para a administração de vitamina C. Os FDOs foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, variando-se a proporção de amido e gelatina. Como plastificante foi utilizado o sorbitol (20 g / 100 g de polímero), mantendo-se constante a concentração de polímeros (2 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e de extrato seco de acerola (4 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e camu-camu (4 g / 100 g de solução filmogênica). Os extratos secos de acerola e camu-camu foram caracterizados com relação à concentração da vitamina C e da estabilidade desses extratos nessas condições (30 °C, UR 75 % e 40 °C, UR 75%). Os FDOs foram caracterizados em relação a espessura, propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, FT-IR, microscopia electrônica de varredura, concentração de vitamina C, atividade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana, estabilidade da vitamina C, tempo de desintegração, estabilidade da atividade de eliminação de radicais de DPPH•, avaliação sensorial. Os extratos secos apresentaram uma boa estabilidade em relação à vitamina C e aos compostos antioxidantes (sequestro do radical DPPH•). Os FDOs sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, mostraram-se homogêneos, com ausência de partículas insolúveis e alta capacidade de formação de filme. Para os FDOs com maior concentração de amido foi observado reduzido tempo de desintegração e pH próximo ao bucal. Após a adição dos extratos, os FDOs apresentaram redução do tempo de desintegração, boa aceitação sensorial, propriedades antioxidantes e estabilidade pelo sequestro do radical DPPH•. O pH de superfície dos filmes com adição de extrato seco de acerola foi mais próximo ao bucal quando comparado com os filmes com camu-camu. No entanto, os FDOs com acerola apresentaram reduzida estabilidade da vitamina C em relação ao tempo de armazenamento, enquanto que os filmes com camu-camu apresentaram melhor estabilidade. De modo geral, na formulação produzida apenas com amido (100 g de amido / 100 g de polímeros) observou-se uma maior concentração da vitamina C no final da estabilidade realizada à 30 °C e umidade relativa de 75 %, elevada estabilidade dos compostos ativos (DPPH) e alta taxa de uniformidade na distribuição da vitamina C no filme de desintegração oral. Dessa forma, os FDOs podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de vitamina C. / The administration of active ingredients through the oral mucosa is an efficient way to deliver drugs and nutrients because it offers various advantages such as easy application, avoiding the hepatic metabolism of the first pass and potentially improving the bioavailability these substances. Acerola and camu-camu have high concentration of vitamin C and are considered sources of different active compounds, however the vitamin C present in fruits is easily oxidized by environmental factors, and such fruits are poorly accessible to population consumption. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) can provide rapid disintegration and easy administration, which makes them interesting materials to deliver compounds with pharmaceutical or nutritional properties. This work aimed at the development and characterization of orally disintegrating films based on starch and gelatin with addition of acerola and camu-camu dry extract produced by spray dryer as an alternative to vitamin C administration. ODFs were produced with casting technique by varying the ratio of starch and gelatin. Sorbitol (20 g / 100 g polymer) was used as plasticizer, with constant the concentration of polymer (2 g / 100 g filmogenic solution), and dry extracts of acerola and camu-camu (4 g / 100 g filmogenic solution). Acerola and camu-camu dry extracts were characterized regarding vitamin C concentration and stability (30 °C, RH 75% and 40 °C, RH 75%). ODFs were characterized considering thickness, mechanical properties, contact angle, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, vitamin C concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, vitamin C stability, disintegration time, stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical, and sensory evaluation. Dry extracts showed good stability for vitamin C and antioxidant compounds (scavenging activity of DPPH• radical). ODFs without extract addition, regardless of the formulation, were homogeneous, without insoluble particles and with high film formation capacity. Reduced disintegration time and pH similar to oral pH was observed for ODFs with high starch concentration. After the addition of extracts, ODFs presented decreased disintegration time and good sensorial acceptation, antioxidant properties and stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH• radical. Surface pH of films with acerola dry extract was the closest to oral pH when compared with films with camu-camu dry extracts. However, ODFs with acerola dry extract showed reduced stability of vitamin C regarding storage time, whereas films with camu-camu dry extract showed better stability. In general, the formulation produced only with starch (100 g starch / 100 g polymer) presented higher concentration of vitamin C at the end of stability assay performed at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity, as well as high stability of active compounds (DPPH) and high uniformity rate in vitamin C distribution in the orally disintegrating film. Thus, ODFs can be considered a good alternative for the supplementation of vitamin C.

Purpose: Athough an effective direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren (ALS) presents with a low bioavailability coupled with high drug cost. As nanoformulation may increase drug bioavailability, our laboratory developed an ALS-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle (ALS-NP) formulation. As such, the influence of nanoformulation on drug pharmacokinetic parameters were examined in this study. Methods: Following a single oral dose of ALS (n=7; 30 mg/kg) or ALS-NP (n=7; ALS dose equivalent), rats underwent pharmacokinetic sampling (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hrs post-dose). Plasma samples were assayed using LCMS-IT-TOF (coefficient of variation of <5%). Pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, t1/2; maximum plasma concentration, Cmax; time to reach Cmax, tmax; the area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to infinity, AUC0-∞; apparent volume of distribution, V/F; and oral clearance, CLoral) were calculated using WinNonlin and evaluated using Student’s t-test with statistical significance set at p<0.05. All values shown as mean±SD. Results: While t1/2 (p=0.0517) and tmax (p=0.0961) were not significantly altered, Cmax in the ALS-NP group (448.53±49.07 mg/L) was elevated compared to control (288.60±148.07 mg/L; p=0.0189). ALS-NP also presented with a 168% relative bioavailability compared to ALS with respective AUC0-∞values of2592.82±600.51 and 1538.40±678.17 hr.mg/L (p=0.0095). The V/F of ALS-NP (128.56±43.67 L/kg) was significantly reduced (p=0.0009) compared to ALS (540.33±245.57 L/kg). A significant reduction (p=0.0298) was also detected in CLoral (ALS-NP, 12.26±3.59 L/hr/kg vs. ALS, 23.44±11.45 L/hr/kg) Conclusion: This study indicates that ALS-NP can be used to improve bioavailability of the drug.

A administração de princípios ativos pela mucosa oral é uma forma eficiente para a distribuição de fármacos e nutrientes, oferecendo diversas vantagens como uma fácil aplicação, evitando o metabolismo de primeira passagem hepática e potencialmente melhorando a biodisponibilidade dessas substâncias. A acerola e o camu-camu apresentam uma alta concentração de vitamina C e são consideradas fontes de diferentes compostos ativos, porém a vitamina C presente nas frutas é facilmente oxidada pelos fatores ambientais, e essas frutas são pouco acessíveis ao consumo populacional. Filmes de desintegração oral (FDO) podem apresentar rápido tempo de desintegração e fácil administração, o que os torna um material interessante para a veiculação de compostos com atividades farmacêuticas ou nutricionais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de desintegração oral à base de amido e gelatina com adição de extrato seco de acerola e camu-camu produzidos por \"spray dryer\" como uma alternativa para a administração de vitamina C. Os FDOs foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, variando-se a proporção de amido e gelatina. Como plastificante foi utilizado o sorbitol (20 g / 100 g de polímero), mantendo-se constante a concentração de polímeros (2 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e de extrato seco de acerola (4 g /100 g de solução filmogênica) e camu-camu (4 g / 100 g de solução filmogênica). Os extratos secos de acerola e camu-camu foram caracterizados com relação à concentração da vitamina C e da estabilidade desses extratos nessas condições (30 °C, UR 75 % e 40 °C, UR 75%). Os FDOs foram caracterizados em relação a espessura, propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, FT-IR, microscopia electrônica de varredura, concentração de vitamina C, atividade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana, estabilidade da vitamina C, tempo de desintegração, estabilidade da atividade de eliminação de radicais de DPPH&bull;, avaliação sensorial. Os extratos secos apresentaram uma boa estabilidade em relação à vitamina C e aos compostos antioxidantes (sequestro do radical DPPH&bull;). Os FDOs sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, mostraram-se homogêneos, com ausência de partículas insolúveis e alta capacidade de formação de filme. Para os FDOs com maior concentração de amido foi observado reduzido tempo de desintegração e pH próximo ao bucal. Após a adição dos extratos, os FDOs apresentaram redução do tempo de desintegração, boa aceitação sensorial, propriedades antioxidantes e estabilidade pelo sequestro do radical DPPH&bull;. O pH de superfície dos filmes com adição de extrato seco de acerola foi mais próximo ao bucal quando comparado com os filmes com camu-camu. No entanto, os FDOs com acerola apresentaram reduzida estabilidade da vitamina C em relação ao tempo de armazenamento, enquanto que os filmes com camu-camu apresentaram melhor estabilidade. De modo geral, na formulação produzida apenas com amido (100 g de amido / 100 g de polímeros) observou-se uma maior concentração da vitamina C no final da estabilidade realizada à 30 °C e umidade relativa de 75 %, elevada estabilidade dos compostos ativos (DPPH) e alta taxa de uniformidade na distribuição da vitamina C no filme de desintegração oral. Dessa forma, os FDOs podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de vitamina C. / The administration of active ingredients through the oral mucosa is an efficient way to deliver drugs and nutrients because it offers various advantages such as easy application, avoiding the hepatic metabolism of the first pass and potentially improving the bioavailability these substances. Acerola and camu-camu have high concentration of vitamin C and are considered sources of different active compounds, however the vitamin C present in fruits is easily oxidized by environmental factors, and such fruits are poorly accessible to population consumption. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) can provide rapid disintegration and easy administration, which makes them interesting materials to deliver compounds with pharmaceutical or nutritional properties. This work aimed at the development and characterization of orally disintegrating films based on starch and gelatin with addition of acerola and camu-camu dry extract produced by spray dryer as an alternative to vitamin C administration. ODFs were produced with casting technique by varying the ratio of starch and gelatin. Sorbitol (20 g / 100 g polymer) was used as plasticizer, with constant the concentration of polymer (2 g / 100 g filmogenic solution), and dry extracts of acerola and camu-camu (4 g / 100 g filmogenic solution). Acerola and camu-camu dry extracts were characterized regarding vitamin C concentration and stability (30 °C, RH 75% and 40 °C, RH 75%). ODFs were characterized considering thickness, mechanical properties, contact angle, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, vitamin C concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, vitamin C stability, disintegration time, stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH&bull; radical, and sensory evaluation. Dry extracts showed good stability for vitamin C and antioxidant compounds (scavenging activity of DPPH&bull; radical). ODFs without extract addition, regardless of the formulation, were homogeneous, without insoluble particles and with high film formation capacity. Reduced disintegration time and pH similar to oral pH was observed for ODFs with high starch concentration. After the addition of extracts, ODFs presented decreased disintegration time and good sensorial acceptation, antioxidant properties and stability of the scavenging activity of DPPH&bull; radical. Surface pH of films with acerola dry extract was the closest to oral pH when compared with films with camu-camu dry extracts. However, ODFs with acerola dry extract showed reduced stability of vitamin C regarding storage time, whereas films with camu-camu dry extract showed better stability. In general, the formulation produced only with starch (100 g starch / 100 g polymer) presented higher concentration of vitamin C at the end of stability assay performed at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity, as well as high stability of active compounds (DPPH) and high uniformity rate in vitamin C distribution in the orally disintegrating film. Thus, ODFs can be considered a good alternative for the supplementation of vitamin C.

This project was undertaken to establish whether the Onderstepoort Biological Products Fowl Typhoid (OBPft) vaccine registered as an injectable vaccine was effective and safe when administered orally to commercial layers. Its efficacy and duration of protection were compared to the intramuscular injectable route. Commercial brown layer hens were used as they were found to be highly susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infections. In the safety trial birds were euthanased at timed intervals spanning 4-weeks post vaccination. Necropsies were performed and samples were taken and tested. No clinical signs or mortalities could be attributed to the OBPft vaccine. No active shedding of the vaccine strain could be detected. Slight pathological changes were noted with both routes of vaccination; however these changes were transient, returning to normal within the observation period. The injected group showed a better serological response with the serum agglutination test than the orally vaccinated groups. In the duration of protection trial the two routes of vaccination were compared, the birds were challenged at three 8-week intervals post vaccination. All the unvaccinated birds died. The protection offered to the vaccinated groups was good when birds were challenged 8 and 16-weeks after vaccination. However, this dipped steeply by the challenge 24-weeks post vaccination. Statistically (ANOVA, p<0.05) it was found that there was no significant difference between the protection offered by either the oral or injected route of vaccination with the OBPft vaccine. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

According to existing literature, there is a suggested correlation between certain vaccinations and oral cavity symptoms. Studies have shown that the Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertusis, as well as Polio Vaccinations have an association with presented symptoms of bleeding gums, sores, ulcers, white spots in the mouth or on lips, and unpleasant breath odor. Although these symptoms may not occur simultaneously or directly after administration of the immunization, there has been supported evidence of correlation. Given the relevance of an association between vaccinations and orally manifested side effects, an investigation on the presence of such association with the widely administered flu vaccine was conducted. Data for this work was collected from a population including undergraduate students studying at the University of Central Florida. A brief voluntary online survey requesting demographic information regarding administration of the vaccine as well as any experienced side effects was used. The study was cohort in nature as it tracked subjects with known exposure to the flu shot in the past six months to understand the outcome of interest. Results from the survey were used to determine that there is no correlation between orally manifested side effects and administration of the flu vaccine.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Folho de rosto17-03.pdf: 60317 bytes, checksum: 14c6f3a46b95a73503b51dca542f8137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The study consists in the analysis of the learning course of the author José Lins do Rego, from the moment of his first contact with literature to making himself a writer, turning [himself] into an edition phenomenon. Hence I analyzed the different reading practices registered by the author, comprehending, at first, the reading of what I denominated lived texts, that is, the remembrance of listening the speeches and oral literature heard by José Lins do Rego in his childhood. I analyze, here, the intrinsic relationship among the orally poetics, memory and writing. In second, I examined the reading of the written verbal registered by the author, in Doidinho. The narrator remembers the utilization he made of the school manuals (highlight to Livros de Leitura by Felisberto Rodrigues Pereira de Carvalho and Cuore by Edmond D Amici) and of other texts as the Carlos Magno and the 12 pairs from French at the time he attended the INSC in Itabaiana. I investigated the diverse uses and the different interpretations of the school - manual as a disseminator of political projects and of the users and those surrounding them lifestyles constituting ideologies. Those readings, as the listening pointed by the narrator, establish the place of the memory. I also aim at accompany the voice in the writing, that is, I seek by that the memory place that became writing: it s the turning itself into writer of José Lins do Rego. Investigating in the same direction I bring the production of José Lins do Rego in multiple media. I therefore discuss the making of the book, the relationship editor - author. To finish, I return to the school universe to investigate the author s text being applied in school, and as example I found the Cartilha Literária José Lins do Rego. As theoretical underpinning to the discussion about memory, writing and orally I have called forth to authors as Jerusa Pires Ferreira, Paul Zumthor, Maurice Halbwachs e Iuri Lotman. To deal with the narrative and the different genres of discourse, I made use of Mikhail Bakhtin and the works of Jacques Migozzi, Jean-Yves Mollier, and Jean-Claude Vareille. And, to study the author - editor relationship, I employed authors as Circe M. F. Bittencourt e Roger Chartier / O estudo consiste na análise do percurso de aprendizagem do autor José Lins do Rego, desde o momento de seu primeiro contato com as letras até o seu fazer-se escritor, transformando-se em um fenômeno de edição. Para tanto, problematizei as diferentes práticas de leituras registradas pelo autor, compreendendo, em primeiro lugar, a leitura do que denominei de textos vividos, isto é as rememorações da escuta das falas e da literatura oral, ouvidas por José Lins do Rego na infância. Analiso, aqui, a relação intrínseca entre a poética da oralidade, a memória e a escrita. Em segundo lugar, examinei a leitura do verbal escrito registrado pelo autor, em Doidinho. O narrador lembra o uso que fez dos manuais escolares (destaque aos Livros de Leitura de Felisberto Rodrigues Pereira de Carvalho e Coração de Edmond D Amici) e de outros textos como as narrativas de Carlos Magno e os 12 pares de França, no momento em que freqüentou o INSC, em Itabaiana. Investigo os diferentes usos e as diferentes interpretações do manual - escolar como difusor de projetos políticos e de ideologias formadoras do modo de vida de seus usuários e dos que os circundam. Essas leituras, assim como a escuta apontada pelo narrador, estabelecem o lugar da memória. Procuro, também, acompanhar a voz na escrita , ou seja, busco com isso o lugar da memória que se transformou em escritura: é o fazer-se escritor de José Lins do Rego. Investigando nessa mesma direção trago a produção de José Lins do Rego em múltiplas mídias. Discuto assim, o fazer do livro, a relação editor autor. E para finalizar, retorno ao universo escolar para investigar o texto do autor sendo aplicado na escola, como exemplo encontrei a Cartilha Literária José Lins do Rego. Como sustentação teórica para a discussão sobre memória, escrita e oralidade recorri a autores como Jerusa Pires Ferreira, Paul Zumthor, Maurice Halbwachs e Iuri Lotman. Para trabalhar com a narrativa e os diferentes gêneros do discurso, utilizei Mikhail Bakhtin e os trabalhos de Jacques Migozzi, Jean-Yves Mollier, Jean-Claude Vareille. E, para estudar a relação autor editor, me servi de autores como Circe M . F. Bittencourt e Roger Chartier

No description available.

L’objectif de ce projet était de développer une formulation liquisolide (LS) de clozapine ayant des propriétés de dissolution améliorées et évaluer sa stabilité et ainsi que sa robustesse à la modification d’excipients. Le propylène glycol (PG), la cellulose microcrystalline (MCC) et le glycolate d’amidon sodique (SSG) ont été utilisés respectivement en tant que véhicule liquide non volatile, agent de masse et agent désintégrant pour la préparation de comprimés LS. Le dioxyde de silicium colloïdal (CSD), le silicate de calcium (CS) et l'aluminométasilicate de magnésium (MAMS) ont été choisis comme agents d’enrobage sec. La caractérisation complète des mélanges et des comprimés a été effectuée. Le taux de libération des comprimés LS était statistiquement supérieur à celui des comprimés réguliers. La surface spécifique des matériaux d’enrobage avait un effet sur les propriétés d’écoulement des mélanges et la taille des particules des matériaux d’enrobage a eu un effet sur la vitesse de dissolution. Le ratio support/enrobage du mélange de poudres (valeur de R) était un paramètre important pour les systèmes LS et devait être plus grand que 20 afin d’obtenir une meilleure libération du médicament. La formulation choisie a démontré une stabilité pour une période d’au moins 12 mois. La technique LS s’est avéré une approche efficace pour le développement de comprimés de clozapine ayant des propriétés de dissolution améliorées. Les comprimés oro-dispersibles (ODT) sont une formulation innovante qui permettent de surmonter les problèmes de déglutition et de fournir un début d'action plus rapide. Dans l’optique d’améliorer les propriétés de dissolution, un essai a été effectué pour étudier la technique LS dans la formulation des ODT de clozapine. Le PG, la MCC, le CSD et la crospovidone (CP) ont été utilisés respectivement en tant que véhicule liquide non volatile, agent de masse, agent d’enrobage sec et agent superdésintégrant pour la préparation de comprimés oro-dispersibles liquisolides (OD-LST). Le mannitol a été choisi comme agent de masse et agent édulcorant. La saccharine de sodium a été utilisée comme agent édulcorant. La caractérisation complète des comprimés a été effectuée. Le taux de libération des OD-LSTs était statisquement supérieur comparativement aux comprimés ODTs. La formulation choisie a démontré une stabilité pour une période d’au moins 6 mois. Il a été conclu que des ODT de clozapine peuvent être préparés avec succès en utilisant la technologie LS dans le but d’améliorer la désintégration et le taux de dissolution de la clozapine dans la cavité orale. / The objective of this research was to develop a liquisolid (LS) formulation of clozapine with improved dissolution properties and evaluate its robustness to excipient modifications as well as its stability. Propylene glycol (PG), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were employed as non-volatile liquid vehicle, carrier material and disintegrant respectively for preparing LS compacts. Colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD), calcium silicate (CS) and magnesium aluminometasilicate (MAMS) were selected as coating materials. Complete characterisation of the blends and tablets was performed. The drug release rates of LS compacts were distinctly higher as compared to regular tablets. The specific surface areas of coating materials had an effect on the flow properties of the blends and the particle sizes of coating materials affected the dissolution rate. The carrier : coating ratio of the powder system (R value) was an important parameter for LS systems and had to be larger than 20 to obtain enhanced drug release. The selected formulation demonstrated stability for a period of at least 12 months. The LS technique was an effective approach to prepare clozapine tablets with enhanced dissolution properties. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) constitute an innovative dosage form that overcomes the problems of swallowing and provides a quick onset of action. In view of enhancing dissolution properties an attempt has been made to study LS technique in formulation of ODT of clozapine. PG, MCC, CSD and crospovidone (CP) were employed as non-volatile liquid vehicle, carrier material, coating material and superdisintegrant respectively for preparing orally disintegrating liquisolid tablets (OD-LST). Mannitol was selected as a carrier material and sweetening agent. Sodium saccharin (SS) was employed as a sweetening agent. Complete characterisation of the tablets was performed. The drug release rates of OD-LSTs were distinctly higher as compared to regular ODTs. The selected formulation demonstrated stability for a period of at least 6 months. It was concluded that the ODT of clozapine can be successfully prepared using LS technology in order to improve disintegration and dissolution rate of clozapine in oral cavity.

I den här studien är syftet att ta reda på hur lärare uppfattar begreppet formativ bedömning i samband med skrivundervisningen i svenska och hur den återkoppling som ges kan påverka elevernas möjlighet till progression. För att finna svar på studiens frågeställningar har en kvantitativ enkät använts som datainsamlingsmetod. Enkäten baserades mestadels på frågor av sluten karaktär, men flera frågor av öppen karaktär förekom också då det var lärares egen uppfattning som efterfrågades. Resultatet har visat att de lärare som studien baseras på har en uppfattning om formativ bedömning som en process där man under arbetets gång ger eleverna relevant återkoppling med syfte att hjälpa och stötta eleverna mot de uppsatta målen, vilket till viss del stämmer väl överens med vad forskare anser om begreppet. Men trots att lärarna i denna studie hade en uppfattning om begreppet formativ bedömning som till viss del stämde överens med vad forskare anser så var det få av dessa lärare som uppfattade den formativa bedömningen som något som även syftar till att utveckla den egna undervisningen. Att kommunicera den formativa återkopplingen muntligt är något som flera av lärarna upplever tas emot bättre av eleverna. Dock har forskare skilda uppfattningar angående om muntlig återkoppling bör ges till eleverna eller ej. / In this study, the purpose is to find out how teachers perceive the concept of feedback for formative assessment in the education of Swedish writing and how the feedback that is given can affect the student´s ability to progress. To help me find out the answers of the issues of this study a quantitative survey has been used as the method to collect data. The survey was mostly based on questions of closed nature, but some questions of open character was also used as it was the teacher´s own perception that was investigated. The result has shown that the teachers, on which the study is based, have an idea of formative assessment as a process where teachers during the course gives students relevant feedback with the aim of helping and supporting the students towards the goals that has been set. The teacher's idea of formative assessment is consistent with what researcher’s views about the concept. However, although the teachers in this study had a god idea of the concept for formative assessment, few of these teachers perceived the formative assessment as something that also aims to develop their own teaching. Communicating the formative feedback orally is something that several of the teacher´s experience as better received by the students. However, researchers have different views on whether or not oral feedback should be given to the students.