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Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-27T19:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Maria Cecilia Cabral Rampe.pdf: 3505409 bytes, checksum: f0fa90892ebfa73252ffcc79d0e799b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-06-06T13:01:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Maria Cecilia Cabral Rampe.pdf: 3505409 bytes, checksum: f0fa90892ebfa73252ffcc79d0e799b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T13:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Maria Cecilia Cabral Rampe.pdf: 3505409 bytes, checksum: f0fa90892ebfa73252ffcc79d0e799b9 (MD5) / CAPES / Objetivando-se determinar as necessidades nutricionais de lisina e metionina+ cistina digestíveis para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), da linhagem tailandesa, foram realizados dois experimentos no Laboratório de Aquicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, com duração de 30 dias cada. No primeiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a necessidade nutricional de lisina digestível, para tanto, foram utilizados 720 juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo masculinizados e com peso médio inicial de 7,30 ± 0,11 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos, seis repetições e quinze peixes por unidade experimental. As tilápias foram distribuídas em 48 aquários de polietileno com volume útil de 60L, com aeração individual e temperatura controlada em sistema de recirculação com renovação mínima da água de 50% ao dia. Os tratamentos constaram de oito rações (26,81% de proteína digestível e 3090 kcal/kg de energia digestível) contendo diferentes teores de lisina digestível (1,24; 1,36; 1,48; 1,60; 1,72; 1,84; 1,96 e 2,08%). Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência protéica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de lisina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de umidade e matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de lisina e da eficiência de lisina para ganho, que aumentou e reduziu, respectivamente, de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 1,84% de lisina digestível para máximo ganho de peso. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se determinar a necessidade nutricional de metionina+cistina digestível, para tanto foram utilizados 1260 juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo com peso médio inicial de 0,80 ± 0,03g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos, seis repetições e trinta peixes por unidade experimental. As tilápias foram distribuídas em 42 aquários de polietileno com volume útil de 300L, com aeração individual e temperatura controlada em sistema de recirculação com renovação mínima da água de 25% ao dia. Os tratamentos constaram de sete rações (26,80% de proteína digestível e 3090 kcal/kg de energia digestível) contendo diferentes teores de metionina+cistina digestível (0,68; 0,80; 0,92; 1,04; 1,16; 1,28 e 1,40%). Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência proteica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de metionina+cistina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de proteína e matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de metionina e do teor de umidade corporal que aumentaram de forma linear (P<0,05) e, do teor de gordura corporal que reduziu de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 0,96% de metionina+cistina digestível para máximo ganho de peso. / Aiming to determine the nutritional needs of lysine and methionine+cystine for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Thai strain, two experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo, with 30 days each. In the first experiment aimed to evaluate the nutritional need of lysine to this, we used 720 juvenile Nile tilapia with initial weight of 7.30 ± 0.11 g, distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, six replications and fifteen fish per experimental unit. The tilapia were divided into 48 polyethylene tanks with a volume of 60L, with individual aeration and temperature controlled recirculation system with minimum water renewal of 50% per day. Treatments consisted of eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy) containing different levels of digestible lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72; 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved quadratic (P<0.05) the other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain. In the second experiment aimed to evaluate the nutritional requirements of methionine+cystine, were used for both 1260 juvenile Nile tilapia with initial weight of 0.80 ± 0.03 g, distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments six replicates and thirty fish per experimental unit. The tilapia were divided into 42 polyethylene tanks with a volume of 300L, with individual aeration and temperature controlled recirculation system with minimum water renewal of 25% per day. Treatments consisted of seven diets (26.80% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy) containing different levels of methionine+cystine (0.68, 0.80, 0.92, 1.04, 1, 16, 1.28 and 1.40%). We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain,

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmersonESM.pdf: 931852 bytes, checksum: f768665fe7e8aa27e4023b4def16f98d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Considering their commercial importance, as these are the species of freshwater fish more commercialized in Brazil, their occurence in different kinds of aquatic environments (lakes, rivers and dams) and for being tolerant to a wide range of variation of various physical parameters and chemical water, the fish species Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and Colossoma macropomum were chosen for this study, furthermore, to test the toxicity we used the herbicide Roundup. The fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), commun carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were submitted to the herbicide roundup in the following concentrations: 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, 0.0 (control); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 and 17,78 mg.L-1, and 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, respectively, three for 96 hours. The LC50 - 96h for O. niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum was 21,63, 15,33 and 20,06 mg.L-1 of the herbicide roundup, respectively. The results show that this herbicide is classified as slightly toxic to the three species. The values of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature recorded in the aquarium control and aquarium experimental of the three fish species have remained without significant variations during the tests, which reduces the possibility of death caused by sudden variations of these parameters during the 96 hours the experiment. The values of LC50 between different species of fish were observed, noting that the species O.niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum showed no expressive differences. The values of environmental risk of Roundup were calculated to obtain more stringent parameters in assessing the dangerousness of those on nontargets. The risk of environmental contamination by Roundup for the Nile tilapia, common carp, and tambaqui are low for the lowest application rate (1 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m). The dilution of 100%, the highest recommended dose (5 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m) the risk is moderate for the three species. The values of the Risk Ratio (QR) were greater than 0,1, indicating that the values of the CAE and LC50 are above acceptable levels and there is a need, this study, a refinement in ecotoxicological tests / Considerando a import?ncia comercial, por se tratarem das esp?cies de ?gua-doce mais comercializadas no Brasil, por ocorrerem em diversos tipos de ambientes aqu?ticos (lagos, rios e a?udes) e ainda por serem tolerantes a um amplo espectro de varia??o de diversos par?metros f?sicos e qu?micos da ?gua, as esp?cies de peixes Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio e Colossoma macropomum foram escolhidas para este estudo com a finalidade de testar a toxicidade do herbicida roundup. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a toxicidade aguda e avaliar o risco de contamina??o ambiental dessas tr?s esp?cies de peixes pelo herbicida Roundup. Os alevinos de Til?pia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), Carpa-comum (Cyprinus carpio) e Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) foram submetidos ao herbicida roundup nas seguintes concentra??es: 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, 0,0 (controle); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 e 17,78 mg.L-1 e 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, respectivamente, os tr?s por 96 horas. A CL50 96h para O. niloticus, C. carpio e C. macropomum foi de 21,63, 15,33 e 20,06 mg.L-1 do herbicida roundup, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que esse herbicida est? classificado como levemente t?xico para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de oxig?nio dissolvido, pH e temperatura registrados no aqu?rio controle e nos aqu?rios experimentais das tr?s esp?cies estudadas mantiveram-se sem varia??es significativas ao longo dos testes, o que reduz a possibilidade de mortalidade causada por varia??es bruscas desses par?metros, durante as 96 horas de experimento. Os valores das CL50 entre as diferentes esp?cies de peixes foram observadas, constatando que as esp?cie Oreochromis niloticus, Colossoma macropomum e Cyprinus carpio n?o apresentaram diferen?as expressivas. Os valores de risco ambiental do Roundup foram calculados para a obten??o de par?metros mais rigorosos na avalia??o da periculosidade desses sobre organismos n?o-alvos. O risco de contamina??o ambiental por roundup para a til?pia do Nilo, carpa-comum e tambaqui s?o baixos para a menor dose de aplica??o (1 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m). Na dilui??o de 100%, na maior dose recomendada (5 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m) o risco ? moderado para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de Quociente de Risco (QR) foram maiores que 0,1, indicando que os valores da rela??o CAE e CL50 est?o acima dos n?veis aceit?veis, havendo a necessidade de um refinamento nas an?lises ecotoxicol?gicas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JanainaGomes.pdf: 323977 bytes, checksum: 872ea1e01b711a691d7746d206ac395e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-20 / The present research was carried out at Sector of Fish of the Goiás Federal University, between December the 2006 and May the 2007, which lasted for 127 days. Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus), Supreme strain, with starter weight of 31.86 ± 1.75 g were randomly allotted in 32 tanks of 100 L of capacity each one in raceway system. The full water exchange of the tanks occurred in 30 min at the beginning. The fish were fed with extruded diet containing 36% of CP in pellets of 2-4 mm in diameter. By the average weight of 100 g, the fish were fed with extruded diet with 32% of CP in pellets of 4-6 mm in diameter until the end of the experiment. This assessment was performed to evaluate feed frequencies (2, 3, 4 and 5 times/day) and ratio (ad libitum and based on the percentage of the biomass weight - %PVBIO) on the productive performance, chemical composition, biometric indices, carcass and fillet yield and costs and profitability partial of Nile tilapia during the weight gain in the raceway system. The experimental design was composed by a completely randomized design in a factorial (4 x 2), with four repetitions, totalizing 32 experimental units. The performances body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), final biomass (FB), feed intake (FI), index of food intake (IF), apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR), feed efficiency (FE), survival (S%), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth ratio (SGR) and uniformity of the lot (U%) -; fillet weight (FW), carcass yield (CY), fillet yield(FY), biometric indices, and chemical composition fillet (total dry matter (TDM), moisture (MO), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), ash) were the main evaluated parameters. The performance data were submitted to the analysis of variance and Duncan tests (5%), and the others to Tukey test (5%). Despite the quantity of food provided in the treatments, the main variables of water quality remained within the limit recommended for fish breeding. Better AFCR, FE and PER were reached for fish fed three times a day and greater PVBIO% for those ones fed twice daily ad libitum (P <0.05). The values of FBW, FL, FWG, FB, and FI were higher for fish fed four times a day (P <0.05), with the AFCR and PER values similar to those in fish fed three times a day. S%, SGR, CF and U% suffered no influence by the feeding frequency (P> 0.05). Only in IF differences on how to supply the ration (P <0.05) were observed. Fish fed four, five and three times a day had better average of FY, differing from those fed twice a day (P<0.05). The feeding frequency of less than five times had greater CY and VFI, but it did not differ from the other regimens. Difference in form of supply was observed only for RF, and the best average was reached in fish fed ad libitum. Regarding the chemical composition fillet, no differences in ashes were observed (P>0.05). The highest level of CL was found in three times of feeding frequency, which was statistical relevant (P<0.05) in comparison to the others. Interaction was observed for the variables TDM, MO and CP. The cost incidence (CI) was lower in three times a day of feeding frequency with feed supply based on %BW. The feeding frequency of 3 times per day ad libitum presented the best result concerning performance, and suggested lower cost with labor for juveniles of Nile tilapia cultivated in raceway tanks. / A pesquisa foi realizada no Setor de Piscicultura da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás, no período de dezembro de 2006 a maio de 2007, com duração de 127 dias. Foram utilizados juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagem Supreme, com peso médio inicial de 31,86 ± 1,75 g, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 32 caixas reguladas para 100 L adaptadas ao sistema raceway. A troca total de água das caixas, no início, ocorreu em 30min. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração extrusada contendo 36% de PB e grânulos com 2 a 4 mm de diâmetro até o peso médio aproximado de 100 g; em seguida, foram alimentados com ração extrusada 32% de PB com grânulos de 4 a 6 mm de diâmetro até o final do experimento. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito das frequências (2, 3, 4 e 5 vezes/dia) e formas de fornecimento da ração (à vontade e com base na porcentagem do peso da biomassa) sobre o desempenho produtivo, a composição bromatológica do filé, os índices biométricos, os rendimentos de carcaça e filé, e custos e rentabilidade parciais da tilápia durante a fase de engorda no sistema raceway, constituindo, assim, um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4 x 2), com quatro repetições, totalizando 32 unidades experimentais. Foram assim avaliados: desempenho produtivo - peso (P), ganho de peso (GP), biomassa final (BF), consumo de ração (CR), índice de consumo alimentar (IA), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), taxa de eficiência alimentar (TEA), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), sobrevivência (S%), uniformidade do lote (U%) -; peso do filé (PF), rendimentos de carcaça (RC) e filé (RF), índice hepatosomático (IHS), índice gordura víscero-somático (IGVS) e composição bromatológica do filé (matéria seca total (MST), umidade (UM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), cinzas). Os dados de desempenho produtivo foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Duncan (5%), e os demais ao teste Tukey (5%). Apesar da quantidade de alimento fornecido por tratamento, as principais variáveis de qualidade da água permaneceram dentro do limite recomendável para os peixes. Os valores de P, GP, BF, e CR foram maiores para os peixes arraçoados quatro, três e cinco vezes ao dia, respectivamente, diferindo de duas vezes ao dia (P<0,05). Foi observada interação significativa para IA, CAA, TEA e TEP. Observou-se melhor CAA, TEA e TEP para os peixes arraçoados três vezes ao dia pela %PVBIO e duas vezes ao dia à vontade (P<0,05). S%, TCE e U% não sofreram influência quanto à frequência alimentar (P>0,05). Os peixes arraçoados três, quatro e cinco vezes ao dia apresentaram melhor média de RF diferindo dos peixes arraçoados duas vezes (P<0,05). A frequência de cinco vezes apresentou menor RC e maior IGVS, porém não diferiu das demais. Foi observada diferença para forma de fornecimento apenas para RF, sendo a melhor média para os peixes arraçoados à vontade. Quanto à composição bromatológica, só não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para Cinzas. O maior teor de EE foi encontrado na frequência de três vezes (P<0,05) diferindo das demais. Foi observada interação (P<0,05) para as variáveis MST, UM e PB. Quanto à avaliação econômica, a incidência de custo (IC) foi menor na frequência de três vezes ao dia com fornecimento de ração baseado na %PVBIO. Recomenda-se a frequência alimentar de 3 vezes/dia para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo até o abate por possibilitar menor gasto com mão de obra, melhores resultados para desempenho, com fornecimento de ração à vontade, até atingirem a saciedade aparente, quando cultivados em tanques raceways

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Raquel Priscila de Castro Oliveira.pdf: 2385507 bytes, checksum: 70f3aa3088e08bd364a210435717e331 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / This study was developed in order to analyze productive performance, economic evaluation, bromotological composition of fish fillet, body components percentage and glucose level of two of Nile tilapia strains (chitralada and supreme) in three stocking densities (90, 120 and 150 fish/m3) in the raceway system. This work was carried out at the Fish Culture Sector from Universidade Federal de Goias. A total of 1,440 Nile tilapia fingerlings were produced in 24 polyethylene water tanks, adapted to raceway system. Each experimental unit had individual pipe for water supply and flow was regulated to allow total exchange every 30 minutes, regardless of stocking density. The animals were fed three times a day with commercial extruded ration, ad libitum, seven days a week. The design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement and four replications. The results were submitted to variance analysis and, in cases of statistical variance, to the Tukey test (5%). After the all variables analysis, it was concluded that both strains presented positive characteristics for production in Goias State in raceway system. Supreme strain, in higher water density, is the one recommended by this study due to greater profitability, and to positive performance aspects. / Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a avaliação econômica, a composição bromatológica do filé, o percentual de componentes do corpo, e a glicemia de duas linhagens comerciais de tilápia-do-Nilo, a chitralada e a supreme submetidas a três densidades de estocagem 90, 120 e 150 peixes/m3 em sistema de alto fluxo de água. O estudo foi realizado no Setor de Piscicultura da Universidade Federal de Goiás. No total, 1440 alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo foram estocados em 24 caixas d água de polietileno adaptadas ao sistema raceway. Cada unidade experimental era provida de tubulação individual para abastecimento e a vazão foi regulada para troca total a cada 30 minutos, independente da densidade de estocagem. Biometrias mensais foram realizadas e coletados dados para a avaliação. Os animais foram alimentados com ração comercial extrusada, até a saciedade momentânea, sete dias por semana. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x3 e quatro repetições. As médias dos resultados encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variância e, em caso de diferença estatística, ao teste de comparação de médias Tukey (5%). Após a análise de todas as variáveis concluiu-se que ambas as linhagens apresentaram características favoráveis de produção no Estado de Goiás em sistema raceway. A linhagem supreme, na maior densidade de estocagem, foi a recomendada após esse estudo devido a maior rentabilidade e aspectos positivos no desempenho.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas J de Camargo.pdf: 424744 bytes, checksum: 7fe4275a9b6844b6fe01aa66e0a86f0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Vitamins and minerals are required in small quantities for fish growth, reproduction, health and metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin and mineral supplementation (VMS) in the diet of Nile tilapia. We used 540 fingerlings of Nile tilapia (0.91 ± 0.07 g), distributed in 18 cages of 1 m³ in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00; 2.00 and 4.00% of VMS) and three replications during 116 days. The average water temperature in this period was 23.13 ± 3.00 ° C. At the end of the study, linear effects were observed (p <0.05) for the total length, standard length, weight gain and feed conversion, with better production for the level of 4.00% inclusion of supplement. Survival rates, carcass yield and hepatosomatic index were not affected (p> 0.05) by different supplementation. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were significantly different (p <0.05) among treatments, with higher values for the 4.00% SMV level. Erythrocytes and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration did not differ (p> 0.05) among the levels of VMS. We conclude that the level of 0.5% vitamin and mineral supplementation in diets for Nile tilapia improves performance and hematological parameters of fish. / Vitaminas e minerais são exigidas em pequenas quantidades para crescimento, reprodução, saúde e metabolismo dos peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação mineral e vitamínica (SMV) sobre a dieta de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 540 alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (0,91 ± 0,07g), distribuídos em 18 tanques-rede de 1 m³ num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (0; 0,25; 0,50; 1,00; 2,00 e 4,00% de SMV) e três repetições, durante 116 dias alimentados. A temperatura média da água neste período foi de 23,13 ± 3,00 ºC. Ao final do estudo, foram observados efeitos lineares (p<0,05) para o comprimento total, comprimento padrão, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente, com melhor desempenho produtivo para o nível 4,00% de inclusão do suplemento. Os índices de sobrevivência, rendimento da carcaça e índice hepatossomático não foram influenciados (p>0,05) pelas diferentes suplementações. Os valores de hemoglobina, hematócrito, hemoglobina corpuscular média e volume corpuscular médio foram significativamente diferentes (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos, com valores maiores para o nível 4,00% de SMV. Os eritrócitos e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média não diferiram (p>0,05) entre os níveis de SMV. Conclui-se que o nível de 0,5% de suplementação mineral e vitamínica em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo melhora o desempenho produtivo e os parâmetros hematimétricos dos peixes.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dacley Hertes Neu.pdf: 357233 bytes, checksum: 7de2fd1088f9eeda80860bf4529c436b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The higher cost of production at a fish culture is related to nutrition of animals that pass of 50%, so, two experiments were conducted based on digestibility and inclusion of glycerol for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The purpose of this study was to evaluate digestibility of three sources of glycerol, crude vegetable oil (GBV), semi-purified mixture glycerol (GSM) and semi-purified plant glycerol (GSV) (experiment 1) and then determine to what level of inclusion that food can be held in diets for tilapia and whether it causes changes in blood chemistry characteristics and centesimal composition of animals (experiment 2). In experiment 1, we used 40 fish with mean weight of 343,12 ± 77,71 g distributed in four tanks with 180 liters conical bottom, in a randomized Latin square design. Four experimental diets were prepared, one reference and three tests, composed with the inclusion of 20% of the test food and 80% of the reference diet. Chromic oxideIII was used as inert indicator (0,1% of diet). We obtained the digestible energy of crude glycerol vegetable oil (GBV), semi-purified mixture glycerol (GSM) and semi-purified plant glycerol (GSV) of 3058,55; 2610,55; 1754,70 kcal.kg-1, respectively. For experiment 2, we used the glycerol that contained higher amount of digestible energy (GBV) and it was made five diets containing increasing levels of glycerol (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 and 10%) for 79 days and provided to 300 juveniles of Nile tilapia with mean weight of 29,15 ± 8,40 g and 11,55 ± 0,87 cm in length. After this period has evaluated the performance of animals by final weight (FW), length (FL), survival (S), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), specific growth rate (SGR) factor condition (FC), hepatosomatic index (IHS) and visceral fat (VF). For the evaluation of blood biochemical parameters were evaluated protein (PROT), triglycerides (TRIG), cholesterol (COLE), HDL lipoprotein, glucose (GLUC) and VLDL and LDL lipoproteins. To determine the chemical composition were evaluated moisture, lipids, protein and ash. There was no statistical difference between the different treatments on the growth performance of animals. For the biochemical parameters of HDL lipoprotein was only statistically significant difference (P<0.05), being higher in the groups fed with 0,0 and 7,5%, did not differ from animals that were fed 5,0 and 10,0%. For the centesimal composition of tilapia juvenile differences were observed in the amount lipids (P<0.05), which had the highest values in fish fed with 5,0% glycerol. Can be included 10% of the foodl that does not occur any damage to animal health. / O maior custo de produção em um cultivo de peixes está relacionado a nutrição dos animais que passa dos 50%, por isso, foram realizados dois experimentos baseados na digestibilidade e inclusão do glicerol para tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de três fontes de gliceróis, bruto óleo vegetal (GBV), glicerol semi-purificado misto (GSM) e glicerol semi-purificado vegetal (GSV) (experimento 1) e, posteriormente determinar até que nível de inclusão esse alimento pode ser utilizado em dietas para tilápias e se o mesmo provoca alterações nas características bioquímicas do sangue e na composição centesimal dos animais (experimento 2). No experimento 1, utilizou-se 40 peixes com peso médio de 343,12 ± 77,71 g, distribuídos em quatro tanques de 180 litros com fundo cônico, num delineamento experimental em quadrado latino. Foram confeccionadas quatro dietas experimentais, sendo uma referência e três testes, compostas com a inclusão de 20% do alimento teste e 80% da dieta referência. Como indicador foi utilizado o óxido de cromioIII (0,1% da dieta). Foram obtidos valores de energia digestível do glicerol bruto óleo vegetal (GBV), glicerol semi-purificado misto (GSM) e glicerol semi-purificado vegetal (GSV), de 3058,55; 2610,55; 1754,70 kcal.kg-1, respectivamente. Para o experimento 2, utilizou-se o glicerol que possuía maior quantidade de energia digestível (GBV) e confeccionou-se cinco rações, contendo níveis crescentes de glicerol (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10%), por um período de 79 dias e fornecidas a 300 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com peso médio de 29,15 ± 8,40 g e 11,55 ± 0,87 cm de comprimento. Após esse período foi avaliado o desempenho dos animais através do peso final (PF), comprimento final (CF), sobrevivência (SO), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) fator de condição (FC), índice hepatossomático (IHS) e gordura visceral (GV). Para as avaliações dos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue foram avaliados proteína (PROT), triglicerídeos (TRIG), colesterol (COLE), lipoproteína HDL, glicose (GLIC) e lipoproteínas VLDL e LDL. Para a determinação da composição centesimal foram avaliadas a umidade, lipídeos, proteínas e cinzas. Não houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes tratamentos sobre o desempenho zootécnico dos animais. Para os parâmetros bioquímicos apenas a lipoproteína HDL teve diferença estatística (P<0,05), sendo superior no grupo de peixes alimentados com 0,0 e 7,5%, não diferindo dos animais que foram alimentados com 5,0 e 10,0%. Para a composição centesimal dos juvenis de tilápia foi verificada diferença na quantidade de lipídeos (P<0,05), que tiveram os maiores valores nos peixes alimentados com 5,0% de glicerol. Pode ser incluso 10% do alimento que não ocorre prejuízos zootécnicos nem qualquer dano a saúde dos animais.

All-male fry are preferred to prevent uncontrolled reproduction before harvest in intensive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture. Males also grow faster than females. An alternative approach to direct hormonal masculinisation of tilapia fry is to produce fry that are genetically male. However, sex determination system in tilapia is fairly complex. Recent developments have resulted in a linkage map and genetic markers that can be used to analyse the sex determination system. To analyse the genetic sex determination mechanism and to develop marker-assisted selection in the Stirling Nile tilapia population, a fully inbred line of clonal females (XX) was verified using test crosses and DNA markers (mostly microsatellites) to use as a standard reference line in sex determination studies. A series of crosses were performed involving this line of females and a range of males. Three groups of crosses were selected (each group consisted of three families) from progeny sex ratio distributions, and designated as type ‘A’ (normal XY males x clonal XX females), type ‘B’ (putative YY males x clonal XX females) and type ‘C’ (unknown groups of males x clonal XX females), for sex linkage study. For type ‘A’, inheritance of DNA markers and phenotypic sex was investigated using screened markers from tilapia linkage group 1 (LG1) to confirm the LG1-associated pattern of inheritance of phenotypic sex and the structure of LG1. Screened markers from LG1, LG3 and LG23 were used to investigate the association of markers with sex in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’. In addition, a genome-wide scan of markers from the other 21 LGs was performed to investigate any association between markers and sex, in only families of cross type ‘B’. LG1 associated pattern of inheritance of phenotypic sex was confirmed by genotype and QTL analyses in families of cross type ‘A’. Analyses of genotypes in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’ showed strong association with LG1 markers but no association with LG3 and LG23 markers. Genome wide scan of markers from all other LGs did not show any significant association between any markers and the sex. The allelic inheritance of two tightly linked LG1 markers (UNH995 and UNH104) in families of type ‘B’ and ‘C’ identified polymorphism in the sex determining locus: one of the alleles was associated mostly with male offspring whereas another allele was associated with both progeny (mostly males in type ‘B’ families, and approximately equal numbers in type ‘C’ families). This knowledge was used to identify and separate supermales (‘YY’ males) that should sire higher proportions of male progeny, reared to become sexually mature for use as broodstock. Two of them were crossed with XX females (one clonal and one outbred) to observe the phenotypic expression of the strongest male-associated allele in progeny sex. The observations of 98% male (99 males out of 101 progeny) and 100% male (N=75) from these two crosses respectively, suggest that a marker-assisted selection (MAS) programme for genetically male Nile tilapia production could be practical. This study also suggests that the departures from the sex ratios predicted using a “simple” XX/XY model (i.e., YY x XX should give all-male progeny) were strongly associated with the XX/XY system, due to multiple alleles, rather than being associated with loci in other LGs (e.g., LG3, LG23). This study also tentatively names the allele(s) giving intermediate sex ratios as “ambivalent” and emphasizes that the presence and actions of such allele(s) at the same sex-determining locus could explain departures from predicted sex ratios observed in some earlier studies in Nile tilapia.

Acoustically, teleost swimbladders have been considered resonant underwater bubbles. Contrary results indicating that bladders are tuned less sharply than such a bubble have been explained by damping of surrounding fish tissue. Recent findings in toadfish and weakfish, however, suggest that the bladder is a highly damped structure and that the frequency of the fish sounds is deternlined as a forced response to sonic muscle movement rather than by resonance of the bladder. In this study I examined acoustics and material properties of swimbladders in Tilapia (an auditory generalist) and the channel catfish (an auditory specialist). The swimbladder was struck with a piezoelectric impact hammer. Amplitude and timing characteristics of bladder sound and displacement were compared for strikes of different amplitudes. Most of the first cycle of sound occurs during swimbladder compression, indicating that the bladder rapidly contracts and expands as force increases during the strike. Harder hits are shorter in duration generate a similar displacement duration with an increasing number of shorter cycles and a 12-15 dB increase in sound amplitude. The frequency spectrum is broad, and the dominant frequency is driven by the strike and not the natural frequency of the bladder. The displacement waveform varies between species catfish exhibit a greater structural stiffness and lower amplitude movement and higher sound amplitude for an equivalent hammer strike. Material properties (peak load, stress, strain, Young's modulus), fiber direction (catfish only), and structural stiffiless of bladders exhibit various patterns suggesting that the bladder walls are not uniform structures. Additionally thickness varies regionally. Notably Young's modulus in both species is similar despite large difference in stress and strain. The modulus of catfish bladder increased 1600-fold when dried. Finally the bladder of both species had a high water content averaging about 70%. These data suggest that viscous damping caused by water in the bladder wall is a major factor responsible for acoustic properties of the teleost swimbladder.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation of commercial fish feed to improve the physiological, immunological, and growth responses of stressed Nile tilapia. To investigate these objectives, tilapia were divided in two major groups: control fish (fed regular commercial feed) and stressed fish (induced by dietary cortisol supplemented to regular commercial feed). Stressed fish were further divided into three sub-groups: stressed fish fed regular feed, stressed fish fed probiotic-supplemented feed, and stressed fish fed a mixture of prebiotic and probiotic supplemented feed. Fish were maintained and tested over an eight-week long experimental period. A variety of physiological, immunological, and growth parameters were measured over the course of the experimental period. These parameters include: serum cortisol, blood glucose, plasma protein, packed cell volume, hepato-somatic index (HSI), spleen-somatic index (SSI), lysozyme activity, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), length gain, weight gain, length gain, and condition factor (K). The results of this study does not support the use of these specific prebiotic and probiotic as functional feed additives in Nile tilapia at the levels tested in this study. Further research is needed to determine which probiotic species are best suited for use in Nile tilapia and which prebiotic, when used in combination, will allow these probiotics to have maximum effect.