Objetivo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar os efeitos dos cultivos orgânico e convencional sobre as características físico-químicas, o teor de compostos antioxidantes, a atividade antioxidante e os resíduos de pesticidas de tomates cultivar Carmem. Considerando-se que o preparo doméstico de alimentos exerce efeitos expressivos sobre o nível de nutrientes em relação ao alimento in natura, particularmente no que tange ao teor de compostos antioxidantes e, conseqüentemente, na atividade antioxidante destes compostos, verificou-se também a influência de diversas formas de preparo doméstico para o consumo de tomates. Métodos: Os tomates foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: inteiro, sem pele, sem semente, molho e purê de tomate. As amostras foram avaliadas físico-quimicamente quanto à atividade de água, sólidos solúveis totais, umidade, pH, cor, teor de ácido ascórbico, de fenólicos totais e de licopeno. As amostras foram liofilizadas e, posteriormente, submetidas ao processo de extração seqüencial para frutos, dando origem aos extratos etéreo, etanólico e aquoso. Aos extratos foram aplicados o teste do 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e o sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico para avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vitro. As amostras foram ainda submetidas à análise multirresíduos de pesticidas. Para análise estatística dos resultados utilizou-se análise univariada e o teste de Tukey, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O tomate orgânico inteiro e o molho apresentaram teores médios de ácido ascórbico maiores que seus similares convencionais. O tomate orgânico apresentou teor médio de fenólicos maior que o tomate convencional, para todos os produtos e preparações. Não foi possível identificar diferença entre orgânicos e convencionais quanto ao teor de licopeno, para todas as preparações e produtos avaliados. Para o extrato etéreo pelo método DPPH, verificou-se que apenas para o tomate sem semente, o orgânico apresentou atividade antioxidante maior que o convencional. Para o extrato alcoólico pelo método DPPH, apenas para o tomate sem semente não foram observadas diferenças entre orgânico e convencional. Para as demais preparações e produtos, o tomate orgânico apresentou percentual maior de atividade antioxidante que o convencional. No caso do extrato aquoso, apenas o tomate inteiro e o molho orgânico e convencional não apresentaram diferenças, para os demais modos de preparo (sem pele, sem semente e purê) o tomate orgânico apresentou percentual médio de atividade antioxidante maior que o tomate convencional. Para o extrato etéreo pelo sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico, quando se comparou cultivo orgânico e convencional, observou-se que a atividade antioxidante do molho convencional foi maior que do molho orgânico. No entanto, para os tomates sem pele e sem semente, o orgânico apresentou valores médios significativamente maiores que aqueles obtidos para o tomate convencional. Para o extrato alcoólico pelo sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico, não foram encontradas diferenças quando se compararam as preparações e os produtos provenientes do cultivo orgânico e convencional. No caso do extrato aquoso, o tomate orgânico apresentou maior média de atividade antioxidante para todos os modos de preparo, exceto para o molho. A forma de cultivo foi um fator determinante em relação à presença de resíduos de pesticidas (permetrina, tebuconazol e ditiocarbamatos), uma vez que o tomate orgânico preparado de diversas formas não apresentou tais resíduos. Conclusões: Devido ao limitado tamanho da amostra, nenhuma generalização pode ser estabelecida em relação ao tipo de cultivo e o valor nutricional dos tomates. No entanto, a partir dos resultados dos lotes de tomate avaliados, para a maioria dos parâmetros adotados, pode-se observar superioridade para o tomate orgânico em relação ao convencional. / Objective: The main objective of this survey was to compare the cultivation effect (organic and conventional) over the physical-chemical characteristics, the content of antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of tomatoes Carmen cultivar. Considering that home preparation of the food may be a significant effect over the level of nutrients in relation to a fresh food, particularly in the content of antioxidants and, consequently, in the antioxidant activity of these compounds, the influence of many ways of home prepare of tomatoes was verified. Methods: Tomatoes underwent the following treatments: whole fresh tomatoes, fresh tomatoes without the peel, fresh tomatoes without seeds, tomato sauce and tomato puree. Samples were physical-chemically analyzed for water activity, total soluble solids, water content, pH, color, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and lycopene. Samples were freeze-dried, and then underwent the sequential extraction process for fruits, resulting in ether, alcohol and water extracts. These extracts were tested by DPPH test and the beta-carotene/linoleic acid system in order to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity. Samples were also submitted to pesticide multi residue analysis. For the statistical analyses, ANOVA and the Tukey test were used considering a significance level of 5%. Results: The whole organic tomato and the organic sauce presented higher acid ascorbic content than their conventional counterparts. The organic tomato exhibited higher phenolics content than the conventional for all products and preparations. It was not possible to detect differences between organic and conventional in relation to the lycopene content form all preparations and products. For the ether extracts by the DPPH method, it was verified that only the organic tomato without seeds showed higher antioxidant activity than the conventional one. For the alcohol extract by the DPPH method, only the tomato without seeds not reveal differences between organic and conventional. The remaining organic preparations and products were better than the conventional. In the case of the water extract, only the whole tomato and the sauce did not show differences between the organic and the conventional, whereas the other preparations of the organic tomato exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those of the conventional tomato. For the ether extract in the beta-carotene/linoleic acid system it was verified that the conventional sauce was better than the organic one. However, the organic tomatoes without peel and seeds exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the conventional ones. For the alcohol extract in the beta-carotene/linoleic acid system no difference was detected between the organic and conventional tomato preparations and products. In the case of the water extract, the organic tomato afforded higher antioxidant activity for all types of preparations, except for the sauce. The method of cultivation was a determinant factor in relation to the presence of pesticides residues, since the organic tomato prepared in different forms did not contain these residues (permethrin, tebuconazol and dithiocarbamate). Conclusions: Due the limited size of the sample, no general statement could be made in relation to the method of cultivation and the nutritive value of tomatoes. However, for most of the parameter studied, the organically grown tomatoes ranked higher than the conventional tomatoes.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that are: community support, diversity, employee support, environment, overseas operations, and product, on consumers’attitude towards purchasing of Organic food brands with Individualism as a moderator. It obtains a quantitative method by the deductive approach. Also, the probability and non-probability sampling select random Chinese and Swedish people above the age of 18. Data collection is by a survey using online questionnaires. Independent sample T-Test compare the means of two samples, factor analysis determines CSR activities and dimensions, and multiple regression employs a description of determinants of CSR dimensions on consumers attitude and purchase. Not to mention the factor analysis and regression analysis are on both samples separately to demonstrate a cross- cultural comparison.The results support previous studies that CSR activities play a crucial role in consumers’ attitude. However, not purchase. Individualism has no impact that moderates this role. Also, demographics do not impact consumers’ purchase,but income impact consumers’ attitude. Cross-cultural comparison for this role shows that it is convergent in Overseas operations and income groups among Chinese consumers. However, it is not convergent among Swedish consumers. Also, the higher the income group of Chinese consumers, the better is their attitude.The thesis gains knowledge that Organic food brands can use CSR activities to influences consumers’ attitude but not purchasing behavior, and organic food brands can tailor their CSR activities according to the target market income group.There is no prior research covering Individualism as a moderator to this influence coupled with Chinese and Swedish as a cross-cultural comparison. Therefore, this thesis is a unique, original, and valuable opportunity to cover this limitation.

A busca por alimentos provenientes de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, como por exemplo, os métodos orgânicos de produção é uma tendência que vem se fortalecendo mundialmente. Mudanças nos hábitos alimentares têm sido observadas, revelando a complexidade dos modelos de consumo e de seus fatores determinantes. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos orgânicos no Brasil. Utilizou-se como base de dados informações contidas na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008- 2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) sobre aquisições de alimentos e bebidas orgânicos. Os resultados revelam comportamentos distintos na aquisição de alimentos orgânicos entre os brasileiros, quando são discriminados de acordo com as regiões e situação do domicílio (urbano ou rural). Os valores de disponibilidade (média) domiciliar foram superiores entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais, notadamente entre as regiões Sul e Centro- Oeste. Nota-se a relação existente entre as condições socioculturais que privilegia a perspectiva ligada à renda, havendo tendência de aumento sistemático de alimentos orgânicos, conforme ocorre crescimento dos rendimentos. Os resultados revelam ainda que quanto menor o número de moradores por domicílio, independente da região, maior a disponibilidade alimentar de orgânicos. Em relação aos grupos alimentares, merece destaque a maior participação do grupo dos laticínios, principalmente entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais. Os dados relativos à disponibilidade per capita de energia e participação dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes oriunda dos alimentos orgânicos no Valor Energético Total - VET revelou reduzida contribuição para a totalidade das regiões brasileiras. Quanto às características sociodemográficas das famílias, verifica-se que com o aumento da renda registra-se crescimento na disponibilidade de orgânicos nos domicílios com chefe/responsável do sexo feminino. A maior propensão ao consumo é verificada entre pessoas mais velhas (60 anos ou mais) e com nível de escolaridade superior incompleto. Paralelamente, verificou-se a reduzida quantidade média disponível para a totalidade das famílias brasileiras. / The search for food from sustainable production systems, for example, the organic methods of production, is a trend which rises worldwide. Changes in dietary habits had been observed, showing the complexity of consumption patterns and their corresponding determinant factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to report the household availability of organic food in Brazil. This work was based on information available on Family Budget Research (POF 2008-2009), carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) about food acquisition for household consumption. The results showed distinct behavior regarding organic food acquisition between Brazilians, which are discriminated accordingly with different regions and household situation (rural or urban). The household availability values (mean) was higher between families located in rural regions, remarkably between South and Middle-West regions. It can be observed a relationship between socio-cultural conditions which allows the perspectives related to income, with systematic rising trend of organic food, when income growth occurs. Also, the results suggested that as lower the numbers of dwellers, independent of region, the household availability of organic foods are increased. Regarding the dietary groups, more emphasis was given about the major contribution of dairy group, mainly within family household in rural areas. Data related to per capita availability of energy and contribution of macronutrients and micronutrients derived from organic food on Total Energy Value showed reduced contribution for totality of the Brazilian regions. About the family socio-demographic features, it was observed an increasing income promoted by a rising availability in households which are headed by women. The major consumption propensity was verified between elderly individuals (60 years old or more) and with incomplete higher education. In addition, it was found the reduced average amount available for totality of Brazilian families.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:41:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 11 / Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos,Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os padrões de consumo de alimentos vêm sofrendo evidentes transformações nas últimas décadas, as quais são largamente atribuídas às preocupações com a sustentabilidade ambiental e com a saúde humana. Uma das conseqüências deste processo foi a rápida expansão da agricultura orgânica mundial. De acordo com a Federação Internacional de Movimentos de Agricultura Orgânica, a agricultura orgânica é um sistema de produção que preza pela salubridade do solo, dos indivíduos e dos ecossistemas, utilizando adubos e pesticidas orgânicos e evitando o uso de produtos químicos na lavoura. A área dedicada mundialmente à agricultura orgânica apresentou um crescimento aproximado de 1.9 milhões de hectares entre 2006 e 2007. No Brasil, o mercado de alimentos orgânicos demonstrou um crescimento anual de aproximadamente 25% desde o ano 2000. Motivados por este expressivo crescimento, diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados para melhor compreender o comportamento do consumidor de produtos orgânicos. Sabe-se que o comportamento do co / It is widely recognized that patterns of food consumption are currently changing as a result from concerns about environmental sustainability and human health issues. This trend has contributed to the rapid expansion of organic agriculture around the world. According to the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, people and ecosystems, using organic pesticides and avoiding e.g. the use of antibiotics and growth hormones. The area of agricultural land used worldwide for organic agriculture has increased by almost 1.9 million hectares from 2006 to 2007. In Brazil, the market for organic food has shown an annual growth rate of approximately 25% since year 2000. This expressive growth has encouraged several studies on the motivation behind consumers’ decision to purchase organic food. It is known that consumer behavior is directly linked to consumer’s culture, family, environment as well as to their economic reality.

No Rio Grande do Sul, grande parte da produção de alimentos orgânicos é realizada por famílias de agricultores ecologistas. Para estes produtores, a agroindustrialização familiar baseada em princípios agroecológicos, além de gerar renda promove a melhoria da qualidade de vida e a recuperação e preservação dos hábitos culturais e do meio ambiente, tendo forte papel no panorama produtivo gaúcho. Apesar da tendência de crescimento do setor ser evidenciada em vários estudos nestes últimos anos, alguns fatores limitantes ao seu desenvolvimento se apresentam, com poucos dados literários contemplando as restrições de natureza tecnológica e de gestão desses sistemas produtivos no RS. Diversas publicações focam em apenas um produto ou cadeia, mas produtores orgânicos geralmente apostam em diversificação de culturas. Por isso, uma abordagem que considerasse diferentes cadeias produtivas, como a aqui proposta, é necessária. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar restrições de natureza tecnológica e gerencial das agroindústrias familiares processadoras de alimentos orgânicos no RS em quatro cadeias de alimentos de interesse: Mandioca, Uva, Laticínios, Uva e Cana-de-Açúcar. Também buscou-se identificar fatores motivantes para adoção de sistemas agroecológicos de produção de alimentos. O método utilizado foi estudo de caso e o instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário semiestruturado aplicado a produtores agroecológicos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre e da Serra Gaúcha Os resultados indicam que as motivações para produção neste sistema variam, mas são todas voltadas para sustentabilidade no campo, seja no sentido ambiental, financeiro ou salutar. As motivações não mudam entre cadeias diferentes e não foi identificada correlação com o porte do empreendimento. Em todas as cadeias estudadas produtores apontam como restrição organizacional falta de tempo para se dedicar às tarefas da atividade e dificuldades na certificação. Há convergência de restrições tecnológicas apontadas, como inadequação de maquinário, pouca oferta de insumos e matérias-primas. Apenas produtores de laticínios apontaram dificuldades quanto à padronização da produção. As diferenças entre produtores cooperativados e aqueles em processo de organização de rede de produtores, sindicatos e associações foram salientes. A possibilidade de compartilhar os custos e riscos inerentes à agroindustrialização de alimentos orgânicos influi positivamente no desenvolvimento de todas as cadeias entrevistadas. Em conclusão, este trabalho deixa evidente que existem convergências quanto a motivações e restrições dentro das cadeias agroindustriais e as melhorias das condições das agroindústrias beneficiadoras de alimentos orgânicos apenas serão realidade mediante esforço conjunto entre os diversos atores das cadeias estudadas. / In Rio Grande do Sul, a considerable portion of the oganic food production is done by families dedicated to ecological agriculture. For these producers, family based agro-industrialization hinged on agroecological principles, not only generates income; it also promotes an improvement in life quality and the recuperation and preservtion of cultural habits, as well as the environment, thus its strong role in the gaucho production scenery. Despite the sector’s growth tendency demonstrated by several studies performed in recent years, some limiting factors to its development are noted, with few literary data contemplating restrictions of technological or managerial natures from those production systems in Rio Grande do Sul. Several works published in the last few years focus on only one product or chain on products. However, organic food producers genereally rely on crops diversification. Therefore, an approach considering different production chains, as the one proposed here, is necessary. This work had as its goal to identify technological and managerial restrictions faced by Rio Grande do Sul’s family based agro-industries in four concerning organic food chains: Cassava, Dairy, Grape, and Sugar Cane products. It also sought to identify motivating factors in the adoption of agroecological food production systems. The method used was case study and the instrument for data collection was a semistructured questionnaire administered to agroecological producers from Porto Alegre’s Metropolitan Region and Serra Gaucha Results indicate that motivations for producing in this system vary, but they all turned to sustainability in rural areas, may it be in the environmental, financial, or health sense. Motivations do not change amongst different chains and no correlation was identified regarding the scale of the enterprise. In all studied chains, producers point as a managerial restriction the lack of time to dedicate to their activities’ choirs and difficulties regarding certification. There is a convergence regarding technological restrictions, such as inadequate machinery, lack of suppliers for inputs and raw materials. Only dairy producers claimed to have difficulties regarding standardization of their production. Differences between cooperativated producers and those in the process of organizing producers’ networks, syndicates and associations stood out. The possibility to share costs and risks inherent to the agroindustrialization of organic food has a positive influence in the development of all chains which were interviewed. In conclusion, this work evidences that the improvement of the conditions faced by enterprises which beneficiate organic food will only be a reality by means of conjoint efforts from the parties involved in the studied chains. In conclusion, this work evidentiates that there are convergences regarding motivations and restrictions within agrindustrial chains and improvements on the current conditions for agrindustries which process organic food will be a reality only by the joint efforts of all parts in the studied chains.

Lack of accessibility to healthy foods is a factor associated with the increase in obesity, diabetes, and other negative health consequences. While programs such as WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) provide supplemental nutritional access to healthy foods, few organic food items are included in the WIC authorized food list. Government programs and policy makers that provide to the most vulnerable populations are concerned about equal availability of healthy foods. The purpose of this study was to compare variability and cost of organic food items in 24 large chain grocery stores located in high- and low-income areas. The theoretical concepts of social production of disease and political economy of health guided the study. The study used a quantitative research design to investigate the relationship between neighborhood income level and the consumer nutrition environment. Organic food scores were compared by neighborhood income level using t test and ANOVA. There were significant differences in availability and variability scores of healthy organic foods between high- and low-income neighborhood stores. Organic food items, specifically 15% fat content ground beef, peanut butter, apple juice, and eggs were priced significantly higher than conventional items (p < 0.05). Pricing of organic foods varied and no significant pricing trends were noted between neighborhood income levels. This study may contribute to social change by enhancing the conversation on organic food availability and affordability. Social change may be promoted through identification of the need to expand WIC authorization of organic food items and increasing produce voucher amount to allow WIC participants to purchase higher amounts of organic produce.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the implementation of a political aim – formulatedfrom a context of sustainable development. In 2006 both the Swedish national Parliament andthe municipality of Växjö (among others) stated that 25% of publically served food wouldstem from organic production by the end of 2010. The thesis investigates the outcome of theimplementation of this policy in a local perspective - looking at one part of the public sectorby focusing on four differently organized schools within Växjö municipality. School food in Sweden has a specific institutional setting. It holds the almost unique statusas a non-charged, legal right to all pupils in the compulsory school system. School food as apublic good is affected by the EU legislation of public procurement. The thesis studies theoverall institutional framework (i.e. legislation and regulations) fundamental to school food.With the institutional framework in mind the thesis also describes different organizationalactivities connected to school food. Thus the thesis involves four geographical levels: Theregional (EU), the national, the local and the individual level. The latter is defined in theorganized context from a number of individual professionals. Some of these individuals arefurther considered as so called street level bureaucrats – officials sandwiched between superiorsand their clients. The thesis builds a conceptual framework based on institutional, organizational and streetlevel theory together with policy analysis. Methodologically the thesis is formed around andcarried out as a local case study through a number of semi-structured qualitative interviews.The empirical and analytical part of the thesis is further structured around the three theoreticalconcepts. From the thesis´ purpose three guiding questions were outlined. The main implications of the thesis are that a number of factors were found to be involvedin the policy implementation. The most significant factors for the policy implementation arefirstly the formulation of the political goal, and secondly the individual professionals actuallybuying the food for the schools. As long as the policy of the school food is non-forcing (i.e. anaverage aim of the public sector, and not included in the legislation) the final outcome of thefood depends on the decisions made by the buyer. There is disagreement of the policy intention and of whether organic food is more sustainablethan other food. Thus I end the thesis by suggesting a change of concepts if the politicalaim is to reach sustainability. I encourage a system to control the food´s total ecological footprint.This would be achieved by formulating the policy around a suggested level of the ecologicalfootprint. The level would be calculated and set where experts say it´s in accordancewith sustainable development. From this the street level bureaucrats can sum up the componentsof the lunch they buy and serve. No matter if the individual product is labeled organic,local, conventional, or… This would – according to me – improve the chances for Växjö actually to live up to itslogo: the greenest city in Europe. At least this idea could awake a debate. / Opposition kl. 13.15

The purpose of this study was to examine how food managers of Östergötland County disucss around their possibilities of reaching the government´s orientation towards 25 per cent of the food - procured, prepared and cooked in the school meal - coming from certified organic production. The study was a cross-sectional study in wich a qualitative approach was used. The sample consisted six food managers in Östergötland. Data processing was done through a semantic content analysis.  The result showed that involvment and intrest were significant factors for the introduction of organic food in the school meal. The three municipalities with the highest percentage of organic food used the SMART - concept. All food managers experienced a higher cost to purchase organic food. Half of the food managers felt that they did not have sufficient financial resources. The remaining three had somewhat differing opinions about  the resources that were available. There were no common barriers to the procurement of organic food.

The focus of this thesis is on the behavior of Taiwanese consumers in the organic food market in Taiwan. The theory of planned behavior is used to determine what role attitudes, social influences and perceived control has on Taiwanese consumers¡¦ intention to purchase organic food. Furthermore, a fourth construct testing the role of one¡¦s attitude towards the environment on consumer behavior is tested. The importance of demographics on the organic food market is also tested to determine a target market for the marketers of organic food in Taiwan. The data for this thesis was collected through several interviews which provided detailed information on the beliefs and attitudes of Taiwanese consumers on organic food. The results from the interviews were used as the foundation of the questionnaire which was hosted online. This thesis determined that the main factors influencing consumer behavior of the organic food market in Taiwan are the attitudes of Taiwanese consumers towards organic food and social influences on Taiwanese consumers. Marketing efforts of organic food in Taiwan should therefore focus on attitudes and social influences on Taiwanese consumers. Perceived control is less influential, while the attitude of Taiwanese consumers towards the environment did not prove to have a positive significant relationship with intention to purchase organic food. This thesis proved that there is no significant difference in intention to purchase organic food between Taiwanese consumers¡¦ of different genders, areas of residence and income levels, however those aged over 50 and 30-39 years old are significantly more inclined to purchase organic food than those aged 18-29.

有機餐食配送公司之商業計畫 / The Organic Food Industry worldwide is at its growing stage, farmers already discovered the advantages of becoming certified organic producers and consumers are starting to value the importance of consuming organically produced food. In Honduras, the industry is still at its embryonic stage since few farmers are able to invest time and money to obtain certification and demand is still low due to the lack of knowledge of a large number of consumers. However, there is opportunity to introduce the organic food consumption trend in Honduras which could help fight nutrition problems, such as overweight and obesity, which affect certain segments of the population. In order to analyze the feasibility of the organic diet delivery company this document presents data of the organic food market worldwide as well as information of the organic food supply and demand in Honduras. Healthy Diet Company is introduced and a business strategy is developed in order to enhance the strengths and work on fighting possible threats in that industry. A marketing strategy is also presented to ensure the correct introduction of the organic food diets to the target market to make the business successful. Finally, the Business model of the Organic diet delivery company is presented which provides the key factors needed for its success.