En industrie chimique, on cherche continuellement des molécules biologiquement actives essentiellement pour les domaines pharmaceutique et agrochimique. De plus en plus les exigences à ces produits deviennent dures. Elles concernent, par exemple, les activités secondaires ou l'écotoxicité. En conséquence, un grand nombre de structures doit être testé pour trouver des composés actifs remplissant les propriétés imposées. En parallèle, les capacités dans l'industrie pour tester un grand nombre de composés différents en peu de temps ont considérablement augmentées. En conséquence, l'industrie cherche des nouvelles méthodes de synthèse pour accéder rapidement à une plus grande variété des structures moléculaires.Dans ce contexte, l'industrie chimique et pharmaceutique s'intéresse fortement aux réactions photochimiques appliquées en synthèse organique. Ces réactions permettent de synthétiser des composés en grande variété structurale inaccessibles par la synthèse organique conventionnelle. Les produits des réactions photochimiques sont une partie de l’espace chimique qui n’a pas encore été complètement exploré pour la recherche des structures avec de l’activité biologique.Dans les travaux de thèse presentés nous nous sommes interessés d’abord à la photocycloaddition [2+2] entre un groupement carbonyl et un alcène, la réaction de Paternò-Büchi. Nous avons utilisé cette reáction pour obtenir des oxétanes qui possèdent des groupements intéressants en agrochimie et au même temps des sites clés qui permettront d’autres transformations lors des étapes ultérieures. Par la suite nous avons exploré la réaction de Paternò-Büchi avec des alcènes fluorés. Les résultats ont été très encourageants. Nous avons découvert une nouvelle famille d’oxétanes fluorés très stables. Au vu de ses propriétés, ces produits peuvent être utilisés comme des <chassis moléculaires> pour l’obtention des composés biologiquement actifs. D’autre côté, une nouvelle reactivité photochimique a été découverte : il s’agit d’une réaction Photo-Wittig analogue. Cette reactivité chimique dépend des substituants sur le carbonyl. Nous pensons que cette réactivité chimique est directement liée à l’état excité du carbonyl. / In life sciences, there is a continuos research for new biological active molecules, this is true for both pharmaceultical industry and agrochemical industry. In the last years regulations have become more and more severe. In recent years, the technology for the test of new chemical compounds in industry has considerably evolved. Nowdays it is possible to test a vast number of compounds for the screening of biological activity in a short time. This means that industry is searching for new methodologies that allow the obtention of diverse chemical structures that can present biological activity.In this context, chemical industry, in particular, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry are interested in the use of photochemical reactions in organic synthesis. Photochemical reactions allow the obtention of a variety of complex structures that are not easily obtained by classical methods. This chemical space has not been completly explored in the search of biological active compounds.In the works presented in this PhD research we first explored the [2+2] photocycloadtion of a carbonyl compound to an olefin, the called Paternò-Büchi reaction. We succesfully applied this reaction to obtain oxetanes wich posses agro-like substituents and key sites for further functionalization, a requirement demanded in industry. We also explored the use of fluorinated olefins in this photoreaction. The results are very promising: we discovered a new family of stable fluorinated oxetanes. These compounds can be used cas molecular scaffolds for the obtention of biological active compounds. At the same time, we discovered a new photochemical reactivity: a Photo-Wittig like reaction. This new reactivity depends on the substitution pattern of the carbonyl group. We hypothesize that the new reactivity depends on the excited state of the carbonyl compound.

Nesta tese são abordadas as propriedades químicas e espectroscópicas dos clusters de Au-M, onde M = Pd ou Pt com o ligante PPh3. A nuclearidade destes compostos varia de 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2 a 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 tendo ambos 16 e- de valência, segundo a contagem de elétrons estabelecida por Mingos. Um terceiro cluster preparado a partir dos precursores [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6]2+ e Sn2+ também apresentou nuclearidade 9, com contagem de 16 e- de valência e possível fórmula molecular: [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. Foi empreendido um estudo da solubilidade e estabilidade do cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 nos detergentes CTAB ou NaLS em meio aquoso, sendo esta solubilidade monitorada utilizando um espectrofotômetro UV/vis. A caracterização dos compostos foi feita com o uso das técnicas termogravimétricas (TGAlDTG) e espectroscópicas RMN, IV, UV-vis, Raman, FABMS e difração de raios-X. A estrutura cristalina e molecular do cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2, obtida por difração de raios-X, mostra que o sistema cristalino é o triclínico com grupo espacial P1 com a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, &#946;= 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 e Rw = 0,2669 para 23 620 observações e radiação Mo K&#945;. Testes catalíticos realizados com o cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 na reação de hidrogenação, à alta pressão, do 1,5-COD foram bem sucedidos. / This work presents the chemistry and spectroscopic properties of phosphine-stabilized, M-centered Au cluster compounds where M = palladium or platinum. The nuclearity of the clusters ranges from 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3) 6](PF6)2 to 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 both having 16-electrons in terms of the electron counting model established by Mingos. A third cluster prepared from [Pd(PPh3)(AnPPh3)6]2+ and Sn2r presents nuclearity 9 too and 16-electrons and the molecular formula apparently is [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. The solubility study of the cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 was made using CTAB or NaLS and the results obtained are based on UV/vis analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fast atom bombardment mass (FABMS), UV-visible, Infrared, TGA/DTG thermogravimetric and a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of the clusters were of great utility for the characterization of these compounds. The crystal data for [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6 (PF6)2 are as follows: triclinic P1, a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, ¨&#946; = 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 and Rw = 0,2669 for 23 620 observed reflections and Mo K&#945; radiation. The catalytic application of the cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 in the hydrogenation of 1,5-COD brought promising results when the reaction is developed at high pressure.

La synthèse organique contrôlée de nanobagues de carbone est un challenge scientifique de longue date. Ces composés polycycliques aromatiques cylindriques peuvent être définis comme des sections de nanotubes de carbone plus larges qu’épaisses ; et la courbure de leur système pi pourrait leur conférer des propriétés électroniques intéressantes.Depuis quelques années, notre équipe développe une approche générale de synthèse de composés aromatiques polycycliques fonctionnalisés par des fonctions carboxyliques. Cette approche repose sur la réaction de Perkin entre des acides aryle-acétiques et des acides aryle-glyoxyliques, qui va permettre l’assemblage de ces briques élémentaires en longs précurseurs flexibles mais conjugués. Une dernière étape de cyclisation intramoléculaire, ou « graphitisation », pourra alors conjuguer complètement et donc rigidifier la molécule finale. Cette approche a permis la synthèse de plusieurs nouveaux composés aromatiques polycycliques linéaires.L’objectif de cette thèse est l’adaptation de l’approche de Perkin à la formation de nanobagues aromatiques. Un premier défi a été efficacement remporté avec l’obtention et la caractérisation complète de plusieurs macrocycles flexibles mais conjugués. Certains de ces macrocycles ont même été formés avec d’excellents rendements grâce à la mise en place d’une technique de haute dilution. Plusieurs tentatives de graphitisation ont été menées sur ces composés, impliquant différentes techniques de synthèse telles que la photochimie ou la catalyse au palladium, mais ne permirent malheureusement pas la formation des nanobagues aromatiques désirées. Néanmoins, en modifiant la structure initiale de certaines briques élémentaires nous avons pu obtenir d’autres macrocycles conjugués plus flexibles qui, après photocyclisation, ont abouti à la formation d’autres macrocycles conjugués présentant des structures rigides mais atypiques car non planes. / The controlled organic synthesis of carbon nanobelts has been scientific challenge for a long time. Such cylindrical polycyclic aromatic compounds can be defined as sections of carbon nanotubes that are larger than wide. Interesting electronic properties could result from the curvature of their pi system.These last years, our team has developed a general synthetic approach for the formation of carboxy-functionalised polycyclic aromatic compounds. This approach involves the Perkin reaction of arylacetic acids with arylglyoxylic acids, in order to form conjugated and flexible elongated precursors. The last step is an intramolecular cyclisation, or “graphitisation”, which rigidifies the precursor and yields a fully conjugated final molecule. Applying this approach, our team has synthesised several new linear polycyclic aromatic compounds.The aim of this thesis is to adapt the Perkin reaction for the formation of aromatic nanobelts. A first challenge has been solved by synthesising and fully characterising several flexible and conjugated macrocycles. Some of those macrocyclic compounds have been obtained with unexpectedly good yields using a high dilution addition technique. Graphitisations have been tried on some of those macrocycles by different synthetic methods, i.e. photochemistry and palladium catalysis, but none of them led to the formation of the desired aromatic nanobelt. However, by modifying the initial structure of some of the building blocks, we obtained more flexible conjugated macrocycles, which then reacted, by photocyclisation, to form conjugated and non-planar rigid macrocycles with atypical structures.

O glicerol, 1,2,3-propanotriol, é o principal subproduto da indústria do biodiesel, cerca de 10% em massa. Apesar das inúmeras aplicações que o glicerol tem na indústria, a oferta desse poliálcool, devido ao grande aumento da produção de biodiesel nos últimos anos, tem crescido tanto que o produto tem se acumulado nas usinas, levando a um desequilíbrio entre produção e consumo. Dessa forma, muita pesquisa vem sendo feita na tentativa de utilizar essa abundante, barata e não tóxica matéria prima como base para a obtenção de energia e outros produtos de maior valor agregado. Dentre os vários processos para a conversão do glicerol, a eletro-oxidação recebe atenção especial devido à sua versatilidade, simplicidade e baixo custo. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se a voltametria cíclica para a análise do comportamento eletroquímico do glicerol e dos possíveis produtos obtidos pela sua eletro-oxidação sobre diversos eletrodos e a influência de variáveis experimentais, tais como, solvente, eletrólito de suporte, concentrações de substrato e eletrólito de suporte, na atividade eletrocatalítica do sistema. As técnicas de eletroforese capilar, coulometria e voltametria cíclica foram utilizadas para a determinação da taxa de conversão e análise quantitativa do glicerol e dos produtos obtidos por meio de eletrólise exaustiva e como esses parâmetros são influenciados pelas variáveis experimentais. Além disso, é importante citar que o método analítico baseado na técnica de eletroforese capilar com detecção condutométrica sem contato foi desenvolvido e otimizado durante o projeto de mestrado e tem grande relevância para este trabalho / Glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is the main by-product of biodiesel industry, around 10% w/w. Despite of several glycerol applications in industry, the offer of this polyalcohol has increased so much in the last years that it has accumulated in the mills, leading to an unbalance between its production and consumption. Thus, a lot of research has been done trying to use this abundant, cheap and non-toxic raw material as the basis for energy production and synthesis of other more value-added compounds. Among the several conversion processes, the electrooxidation has drawn attention due to its versatility, simplicity and low cost. Cyclic voltammetry is used for analyzing the electrochemical behavior of glycerol and the possible electroconversion products on several electrodes, as well as the influence of experimental variables, such as, solvent, supporting electrolyte and its concentration, substrate concentration on the electrocatalytic activity of the system. Capillary electrophoresis, coulometry and cyclic voltammetry were used for determination of rate conversion and quantitative analyses of glycerol and the obtained products through bulk electrolysis and how these parameters are influenced by experimental conditions. Besides, it is noteworthy that the analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis technique with contactless conductometric detection was developed and optimized along this Master project and it has large relevance for this work.

Neste trabalho, foi proposta a preparação e redução, seguida de hidrólise oxidativa, de alguns derivados imínicos da 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsufanil-1-tetralona e da 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-indanona. A 2-metilsulfinil-O-metil-oxima da 1-tetralona foi preparada pela oxidação da 2-metilsulfanil-O-metil-oxima. O sulfóxido assim obtido pôde ser sulfanilado empregando-se terc-butil lítio e metanotiolsulfonato de metila, resultando um único diastereoisômero que se mostrou inerte na reação de redução da função imínica com NaBH4. Tentativas de preparar a N-tosil-imina da 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona, por oxidação do sulfeto correspondente, não conduziram ao produto esperado, mas sim à enamina. Buscando uma rota alternativa para a preparação de derivados imínicos de sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas, foram preparados &#946;-cetossulfóxidos derivados da 1-tetralona e da 1-indanona que, após serem sulfanilados, seriam submetidos às reações com aminas aromáticas ou alifáticas. As reações de sulfanilação da 2-metilsulfinil-1-indanona e da 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona foram efetuadas em condições de transferência de fase, na presença dos catalisadores TEBAC ou QUIBEC. Para ambos os casos, os rendimentos de produto foram cerca de 80 %. Enquanto os dois catalisadores conduziram a resultados estereoquímicos similares para a sulfanilação da 2-metilsulfinil-1-indanona, para a 2-metilsulfinil-1-tetralona, o uso do catalisador quiral QUIBEC resultou em um aumento da diastereosseletividade da reação, no sentido da formação do diastereoisômero majoritário de configuração relativa CR,SR. Foram também efetuadas as reações de sulfanilação das duas 2-metilsulfinil ciclanonas em meio homogêneo, empregando como bases o hidróxido de lítio ou o di-isopropil amideto de magnésio. Porém, as reações das sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas assim preparadas com a anilina e com a metil-amina não foram bem sucedidas. As reações de redução com boroidreto de sódio das duas sulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas conduziram aos respectivos álcoois em cerca de 70 % de rendimento e na forma de um único diastereoisômero, de configuração relativa SR,C-1R,C-2R, no caso do tetralol. As duas metilsulfinil ciclanonas sulfaniladas, opticamente ativas, foram preparadas em bons rendimentos, mas sob forma escalêmica, o que não permitiu o prosseguimento do estudo do curso estereoquímico da redução da carbonila de tais compostos. A reação de adição do enolato de lítio do acetato de etila à 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-indanona conduziu ao produto esperado em bom rendimento, mas com baixo excesso diastereoisomérico. Em condições análogas, a 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-1-tetralona mostrou-se inerte. / The original proposal of this research work was to prepare imines of 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone and 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-indanone that would be subsequently reduced and submitted to oxidative hydrolysis. By oxidation of 2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone-O-methyloxime the corresponding sulfoxide could be prepared, and submitted to the sulfanylation reaction using tert-butyllittium/methyl methanethiolsulfonate. The resulting product was obtained as a single diastereoisomer but showed to be unreactive towards reduction using sodium borohydride In attempting to convert the 2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone into the corresponding sulfoxide by oxidation, the corresponding sulfinylenamine was obtained instead of the expected sulfinylimine. Searching for an alternative synthetic route to the desired imines, the required &#946;-ketosulfoxides were prepared and sulfanylated under phase-transfer catalysis using TEBAC or QUIBEC, as catalysts. In both cases, product yield was ca. 80%. Although for the sulfanylation of 2-methylsulfinyl-1-indanone using either TEBAC or QUIBEC the same diastereoselectivity was observed, for the reaction performed with 2-methylsulfinyl-1-tetralone and QUIBEC an improved diastereoselectivity was observed, in favour of the CR,SR diastereoisomer. Analogous sulfanylation reactions were performed in homogeneous medium in the presence of lithium hydroxide or magnesium diisopropylamide acting as bases. However, the reactions of the prepared 2-metylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl ciclanones with aniline or methylamine were unsuccessful. The borohydride reduction of the 2-metylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl ciclanones afforded the corresponding diastereoisomerically pure alcohols in ca. 70% yield, bearing, in the case of the tetralol derivative, the SR,C-1R,C-2R relative configuration. The two optically active sulfanylated 2-methylsulfinyl ciclanones could be prepared in good yields but as a scalemic mixture that precluded further studies in order to determine the stereochemical course of the carbonyl reduction. As for the addition reaction of the ethyl acetate lithium enolate to 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-indanone, the expected adduct was obtained in good yield but with poor diastereoselectivity. Under the same experimental conditions, the 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanyl-1-tetralone underwent no reaction.

Neste trabalho demonstramos a preparação de fluorenos e benzo[b]fluorenos por uma nova rota sintética, baseada na reação de Diels-Alder de derivados benzo[5]radialênicos. Para a preparação destes últimos investigamos diversas estratégias, partindo de p-benzoquinona e três dienos: 1,1-dimetoxiciclopentadieno, 6,6-dimetilfulveno e 6-acetoxifulveno. A partir de cada fulveno obtivemos um benzo[5]radialeno diferente, sendo que o derivado dimetilado se mostrou inerte como dieno em cicloadições. O benzo[5]radialeno derivado do 6-acetoxifulveno, reagiu com diversos dienófilos tais como p-benzoquinona, 2,3-dicloro-p-benzoquinona, 1,4-naftoquinona, N-metilmaleimida, acetilenodicarboxilato de dimetila, acrilato de metila, etc. Notamos uma alta quimiosseletividade entre os sistemas diênicos, pois obtivemos apenas adutos trans. Com alguns dienófilos observamos a formação de compostos aromatizados (formados pela eliminação de ácido acético que, para os casos pertinentes, foi regiosseletiva). Com dienófilos como acrilato de metila ou sulfinil-naftoquinonas, alta regiosseletividade foi observada. Tentamos explorar tais seletividades para a preparação de análogos da eucapsitriona. Os adutos de Diels-Alder obtidos constituem exemplos de derivados fluorênicos e benzo[b]fluorênicos que, ultimamente, têm recebido grande atenção tanto por aspectos estruturais como por apresentarem propriedades biológicas importantes / In this work we demonstrated the preparation of fluorenes and benzo[b]fluorenes by a new synthetic route, based on the Diels-Alder reaction of benzo[5]radialenes derivatives. For the preparation of the last we investigated several strategies starting from p-benzoquinone and three dienes: 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentadiene, 6,6-dimethylfulvene and 6-acetoxyfulvene. From each fulvene we obtained a different benzo[5]radialene, but the dimethylated one showed no reactivity in cycloadditions. The benzo[5]radialene prepared from 6-acetoxyfulvene reacted with several dienophiles such as p-benzoquinone, 2,3-dichloro-p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphtoquinone, N-methylmaleimide, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, methyl acrylate, etc. We noted a high quimiosselectivity between the dienic sub units since only trans adducts were obtained. With some dienophiles we observed the formation of aromatized compounds (formed by acetic acid elimination which, for suitable cases, was regiosselective). With dienophiles such as methyl acrylate or sulfinyl-naphtoquinones high regiosselectivity was observed. We tried to explore such selectivities to prepare eucapsitrione analogues. These Diels-Alder adducts are examples of fluorenic and benzo[b]fluorenic derivatives, compounds that have gained considerable attention due to structural and biological aspects.

Les polyélectrolytes sont des polymères chargés, solubles dans l'eau, omniprésents dans les nature et capables d’interagir avec de nombreux composants cellulaires. Leur utilisation dans des essais cliniques est actuellement limitée par le manque de données fiables sur les relations entre leurs structures et leurs biopropriétés. Ce projet s'inscrit dans un programme plus vaste visant à obtenir une bibliothèque de polyélectrolytes multifonctionnalisés bien caractérisés pour le criblage de biopropriétés. Dans ce cadre, nous avons cherché à synthétiser des chaînes macromoléculaires contenant des unités maloniques C(COOH)2 situées à différentes positions le long du squelette du polymère. Ces unités peuvent être utilisées comme points de départ pour introduire plusieurs autres groupes fonctionnels en utilisant de nombreuses réactions de la chimie organique, conduisant à un grand nombre de structures à partir d'un squelette commun, y compris des copolymères. Cette thèse est schématiquement divisée en quatre parties : (a) une présentation bibliographique des relations existant entre structures et propriétés pour des polymères multifonctionnalisés, suivie d'une analyse plus spécifique de l'importance du positionnement d’esters carboxyliques le long d’une chaîne carbonée, (b) une description des efforts expérimentaux menés pour obtenir les poly(triméthylène-1,1-dicarboxylate)s, des intermédiaires clés dans la synthèse des polymères décrits dans les chapitres suivants, (c) une description de l'hydrolyse du précurseur ci-dessus, donnant l'acide poly(triméthylène-1,1-dicarboxylique), ainsi que des propriétés et de la réactivité de ce polyacide, (d) un rapport détaillé sur la synthèse de l’acide poly(triméthylène carboxylique) par décarboxylation quantitative du polyacide ci-dessus, ainsi que sur les propriétés et réactivité de ce polyacide. Dans les deux dernières sections, un accent particulier est mis sur la portée et les limites de diverses procédures de post-fonctionnalisation lorsque l'on tente d'obtenir une bibliothèque de polymères fonctionnels à partir de précurseurs polycarboxyliques / Polyelectrolytes are water-soluble charged polymers that are ubiquitous in life science and capable of interacting with many cellular constituents. Their use in clinical trials is currently limited by a lack of reliable data on the relationships linking their structures to bioproperties. This project is part of a larger program aimed at obtaining a library of well-characterized multifunctionalized polyelectrolytes for the screening of bioproperties. In this framework, we aimed at synthesizing macromolecular chains containing malonic units C(COOH)2 located at various positions alongside the polymer backbone. These units can be used as starting points to introduce several other functional groups using many reactions from organic chemistry, leading to a great number of structures from a common skeleton, including copolymers. This thesis is schematically divided into four parts: (a) a bibliographical presentation of the relationships existing between structures and properties for multifunctional polymers, followed by a more specific analysis on the importance of carboxylic esters positioning alongside a carbon chain backbone, (b) a description of experimental efforts aimed at obtaining poly(trimethylene-1,1-dicarboxylate)s, key intermediates in the synthesis of a large family of polymers described in the next chapters, (c) a depiction of the hydrolysis of the above precursor, yielding poly(trimethylene-1,1-dicarboxylic acid), as well as of the properties and reactivity of this polyacid, (d) a detailed report on the synthesis of poly(trimethylenecarboxylic acid) via the quantitative decarboxylation of the above polyacid, as well as of the properties and reactivity of this polyacid. A special focus is made in the last two sections on the scope and limitations of various post-functionalizing procedures when attempting to obtain a large library of functional polymers from polycarboxylic precursors

Foram preparadas algumas 2-sulfinil-3,6-dimetil-1,4-benzoquinonas racêmicas (contendo substituintes p-tolila, terc-butila, iso-butila e iso-propila ligados ao enxofre) e estudadas as suas reações de Diels-Alder com ciclopentadieno, sob condições térmicas e catalíticas. Com estes estudos foi constatada a habilidade destas quinonas em gerar majoritariamente certos tipos de adutos, dependendo das condições utilizadas. Na ausência de catalisadores, formaram-se principalmente os adutos resultantes da aproximação do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla C-C não sulfinilada, pela face da quinona para a qual não está voltado o par de elétrons do enxofre, quando a ligação C-S se encontra na conformação s-cis. O uso de BF3.Et2O provocou uma inversão da face atacada, mas manteve a quimiosseletividade observada na ausência deste catalisador. Já, pelo emprego de ZnBr2, houve preferência do ataque do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla C-C da quinona sulfinilada. As conclusões de tal estudo permitiram selecionar as condições a serem utilizadas para a obtenção de certos adutos com vistas a serem estes depois empregados para a síntese de um precursor enantiopuro do hirsuteno. Os trabalhos prosseguiram com ensaios para se determinar a melhor forma de obtenção de tal precursor: i) fotoisomerização a compostos gaiola seguida de dessulfurização ou ii) remoção do enxofre do aduto de Diels-Alder e fotociclização do produto dessulfurizado. A reação de fotociclização do aduto de Diels-Alder formado pela reação do dieno sobre a dupla sulfinilada da quinona gerou o compostogaiola dessulfurizado e também um novo aduto, cuja estrutura supõe-se ser a de uma enodiona hidroxilada, mas de configuração trans entre os anéis. Pela rota dessulfurizante ii), o mesmo composto foi obtido quando se empregou o hidreto de tributilestanho/AIBN, também ao lado do compostogaiola. As melhores condições para a obtenção de um precursor do hirsuteno enantiopuro foram estabelecidas como sendo aquelas que seguem a rota ii), isto é, dessulfurização do aduto de Diels-Alder resultante do ataque do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla não sulfinilada, em condições catalíticas (BF3Et2O), quando o grupo sulfinila ligado à quinona está com a configuração S e contém um substituinte isso-propila, seguida de fotociclização do aduto sem enxofre. / Some racemic 2-tolyl- or 2-alkylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinones (alkyl is terc-butyl or iso-butyl or iso-propyl) were prepared and submitted to the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene, under thermal or catalytic conditions. It was verified that the sulfinyl group is able to control the chemo- and diasterofaciaselectivity, giving rise to different adducts, depending on the reactions conditions. In the absence of catalyst, the above mentioned quinones underwent cycloaddition mainly on the non-sulfinylated quinoidic C-C double bond. The resulting adducts arised from the approach of diene from the more hindered face of the quinone, ie that one where the lone pair at sulfur is not located on, when the C-S bond is in a s-cis conformation. The use of BF3.Et2O diverted the cycloaddition to the other face, but kept the same chemoselectivity. When ZnBr2 was employed, the chemoselectivity was reversed, being the sulfinylated C-C double bond preferentially attacked by cyclopentadiene. The conclusions which arised from this study allowed the selection of the best set of conditions for obtaining the structurally more adequate sulfinyl-Diels-Alder adducts for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure hirsutene. Two pathways were assayed in order to transform the sulfinylated Diels-Alder adducts into a structurally closely related precursor of hirsutene: i) photoisomerization of the above mentioned Diels-Alder adducts followed by desulfurization of the resulting cage-compounds or ii) removal of the sulfurated moiety from the sulfinyl-Diels-Alder adducts followed by photocyclization. Irradiation of the Diels-Alder adduct containing a sulfinyl group at the ring junction led to the desired sulfur-free cage-compound in amixture with other product. The proposed structure for this new compound is based on a Diels-Alder adduct with a trans configuration, with an hydroxyl group linked to the enedionic system. This same compound was obtained, in amixture with the sulfur-free Diels-Alder adduct, when route ii) was tested using tributyltin hydride/AIBN as desulfurizating agent. In summary, the best conditions for the synthesis of an enantiomerically pure precursor of hirsutene is desulfurization of the Diels-Alder adduct resulting from the BF3.Et2O catalysed cycloaddition between the cyclopentadiene and 2-(SS)-iso-propylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, followed by photoisomerization of the sulfur-free product.

No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidas duas rotas sintéticas: uma para a preparação de uma série de seleno-carboidratos quirais, derivados da D-xilose e D-galactose, e outra aplicada à obtenção de glicoconjugados e dissacarídeos, onde as duas unidades básicas encontram-se ligadas por um átomo de selênio. Através de estratégias sintéticas simples e eficientes, obteve-se uma série de compostos heterocíclicos com elevado potencial para aplicação biológica. Para a síntese dos derivados xilofuranosídeos, a D-xilose 1 foi inicialmente convertida no diol 3, passando por um intermediário bis-acetonídeo 2. Tosilação seletiva da hidroxila primária, seguida da reação com nucleófilos de selênio resultou na síntese dos seleno-carboidratos 5a-j. Adicionalmente, o composto 5a foi convertido no derivado metilglicosilado 6, mediante desproteção do acetonídeo e reação com metanol em meio ácido. A reação do tosilato 4 com Li2Se2 e Li2Se resultou na formação do disseleneto 7 e do seleneto 8. Posteriormente, uma série de seleno-carboidratos funcionalizados foi preparada pela clivagem redutiva de 7 e reação do selenolato formado com eletrófilos selecionados. A expansão do escopo do trabalho para síntese de derivados galactopiranosídeos contendo selênio seguiu estratégia à anterior. Assim, a D-galactose 12 foi convertida ao bis-acetonídeo e em seguida, a hidroxila primária foi convertida no correspondente tosilato 13 e mesilato 14. Foi utilizado o mesilato 14 para fornecer os seleno-carboidratos 15a-e e 16. Ainda, o disseleneto 17 foi preparado a partir do tosilato 13, e quando clivado com NaBH4, o selenolato gerado reagiu com eletrófilos selecionados, levando a seleno-piranosídeos funcionalizados. Entre os compostos preparados, o disseleneto 7 reduziu significativamente a atividade in vitro da enzima &#948;-aminolevulinato desidratase, enquanto o fenilseleneto 5a levou à aumento da atividade enzimática, o que aponta para uma atividade antioxidante promissora. Na segunda parte do trabalho, a reatividade dos seleno-carboidratos foi explorada na síntese de glicoconjugados 22 a partir da abertura regiosseletiva de N-Boc aziridinas quirais 23 (A). Numa segunda estratégia utilizou-se &#946;-amino-disselenetos 24 como fonte de selenolato que reagiu com o tosilato 4 com menor eficiência (B). Adicionalmente, foi desenvolvida uma estratégia para a síntese de dissacarídeos conectados por um átomo de selênio, mediante reação de um selenolato glicosídico com outra unidade glicosídica adequadamente funcionalizada. / In the present work two different synthetic routes for the synthesis of seleno-carbohydrates were developed starting from the readily available carbohydrates D-xylose and D-galactose. Furthermore, we developed a strategy for the synthesis of glycoconjugates and disaccharides, with the two basic units linked by a selenium atom. Through simple and efficient synthetic strategies, we obtained a series of heterocyclic compounds with high potential for biological application. For the synthesis of xilofuranosides derivatives, D-xylose 1 was initially converted into diol 3, through an intermediate bis-acetonide 2. Selective tosylation of the primary hydroxyl, followed by reaction with selenium nucleophiles resulted in the synthesis of seleno-carbohydrate 5a-j. Additionally, the compound 5a was converted into methylglycosyl derivatived 6 by deprotection of the acetonide and reaction with methanol in acidic medium. The reaction of tosylate 4 with Li2Se2 and Li2Se resulted in the formation of the diselenide and selenide 7 and 8. Subsequently, a series of functionalized seleno-carbohydrates were prepared by reductive cleavage of 7 and reaction of the resulting selenide anion with selected electrophiles. In order to expand the scope of the work, the synthesis of galacto-pyranosides containing selenium was pursued, according to the previous strategy. Thus, D-galactose 12 was converted to bis-acetonide and then the primary hydroxyl was converted into the corresponding tosylate and mesylate 13 and 14. Mesylate 14 was used to provide the seleno-carbohydrate 15a-e and 16. Moreover, the diselenide 17 was prepared from tosylate 13, and when cleaved with NaBH4, the resulting selenide anion was trapped with selected electrophiles, leading to functionalized seleno-pyranosides. Among the compounds prepared, the diselenide 7 significantly reduced the in vitro activity of the enzyme &#948;-aminolevulinate dehydratase, while the phenylselenide 5a increased enzyme activity, which points to a promising antioxidant activity. In the second part of the work, the reactivity of seleno-carbohydrates has been exploited in the synthesis of glycoconjugates 22 from the regioselective opening of chiral N-Boc aziridines 23 (A). In a second strategy &#946;-amino-diselenides 24 were used as a source of the selenium nucleophile, reacting with tosylate 4 with lower efficiency (B). Additionally, we developed a strategy for the synthesis of disaccharides linked by a selenium atom by a reaction glycosylselenolate with another functionalized glycosyl unit.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na síntese de novos catalisadores quirais de transferência de fase, utilizando como matéria prima sais de piridínio derivados de &#945;-aminoálcoois ou de &#945;-aminoácidos quirais. Inicialmente, foram estudadas as reações de redução de tetrafluorboratos de 2,4,6-trimetil- e 2,4,6-trifenilpiridínio N-substituídos, que se mostraram viáveis para a obtenção de 1,2-di-hidropiridinas trifenílicas, mas conduziram a misturas de tetra-hidropiridinas no caso dos sais trimetílicos. As 1,2-di-hidropiridinas derivadas dos sais trifenílicos, em que o substituinte no átomo de nitrogênio era o grupo metila, benzila, 2-carbometoxictila ou 2-(t-butil-dimetilsilanóxi)-propila, foram submetidas a reações de Diels-Alder com anidrido maléico e / ou N-fenilmaleimida. Para as duas últimas l,2-di-hidropiridinas mencionadas, N-substituídas por grupos quirais, foram obtidos, em cada caso, dois adutos diastereoméricos, na proporção 1:1. A reação de N-alquilação dos adutos obtidos não produziu os produtos esperados, mas sim produtos de decomposição que foram atribuídos à ocorrência de reação de retro aza Diels-Alder, facilitada pela presença de uma dupla endocíclica residual. Para contornar este problema, efetuou-se a hidrogenação catalítica da referida dupla ligação, que mostrou ser estereosseletiva. No entanto, tentativas de N-alquilação dos adutos hidrogenados levaram à decomposição das isoquinuclidinas preparadas, como resultado de eliminação de Hofmann dos derivados quaternizados. / In order to synthesize a new chiral phase transfer catalyst we envisaged a synthetic route starting from pyridinium salts bearing a chiral N-substituted derived from &#945;- aminoacids or &#945;-aminoalcohols. As a first step 2,4,6-trimethyl and 2,4,6-triphenyl substituted pyridinium salts were submitted to the reduction with NaBH4. In the first case 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines were obtained as main products. For the 2,4,6-triphenyl devivatives the reduction produts were 1,2-dihydropyridines. The latter compounds were reacted with two different dienophiles yielding, in each case, two diasteromeric adducts in equal proportions. Under N-alkylation conditions, these isoquinuclidenes were decomposed into the retro aza Diels-Alder produts. In order to circunvent such drawback, the Diels-Alder adducts were catalytically hydrogenated. These saturated adducts could not be N-alkylated due to the occurance of Hofmann elimination on the resulting salts.