Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur mycket läraren respektive eleverna använder målspråket i ämnet spanska, steg 1 på gymnasiet, samt undersöka om och i så fall hur lärarens målspråksanvändning påverkar eleverna på en nybörjarnivå i språket. Studien har utförts på två gymnasieskolor med hjälp av observationer och intervjuer av de observerade lärarna samt av elever ur varje klass. Resultaten visar att lärarna använde en väldigt liten del av sin taltid på målspråket, endast 6 %. Eleverna däremot talade mer av sin taltid på målspråket, 54 %. Men det språk som talades på målspråket var ingalunda fritt producerat, utan eleverna använde endast målspråket till att besvara lärarens faktabaserade frågor eller vid styrda kommunikativa övningar. I denna studie fann jag inga direkta kopplingar mellan lärarens och elevernas målspråksanvändning mer än att endast faktabaserat tal på målspråket förekom, från såväl lärare som elever. Även om mina resultat inte visade på några samband mellan lärarens och elevernas målspråksanvändning, står jag fast vid min övertygelse om att ett ökat användande av målspråket från läraren kommer öka elevernas användning av målspråket, vilket även styrks av flertalet språkforskare.

In this thesis the models of Si-LDMOS transistors have been investigated with Agilent EEsof ADS version 2002a for operation in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. The first one is the Motorola’s (MRF21010) model based on a 30 mm prototype of a Si-LDMOS transistor. The second one is a model based on a 1 mm prototype of Si-LDMOS transistor developed at Chalmers University. Large-signal simulations of Chalmers’ model have demonstrated results, which lead to the conclusion that,this model cannot be efficiently utilised for design for a PA in the 2-6 GHz frequency range. However, additional simulations with reduced Rd (drain losses) show the deep impact of this parameter on the main properties of the designed PA. Hence, it is important to take it into account during new processes of Si-LDMOS as well as to improve the CAD model. The final conclusion regarding Si-LDMOS cannot be made just based on these simulation results, since they are not in accordance with the published ones. The next step should be aimed at improving the model and further investigation of Si-LDMOS to prove their ability to operate in the 2-6 GHz frequency range.

A new path of DSP processor design is described in this thesis with an example, to design a FFT processor. It is an innovative concept for DSP processor design developed by the Electronic Systems Division in the department of Electrical Engineer department in Linköping University. The project described in this thesis is to design a Sande-Tukey FFT processor step by step. It will go through all steps from the simplest MATLAB specification to the final synthesizable VHDL specification. The steps should be as small as possible in order to avoid error and MATLAB should be used as for as possible.

This report presents work done in the field of output error identification, with application to spark ignition (SI) engine identification for the purpose of air to fuel ratio control. The generic parts of the project consist mainly in setting out the basis for the design of output error identification software. Efficiency issues related to linear state space models have also been explored, and although the software design is not made explicit in this report, many of the important concepts have been implemented in order to provide powerful abstractions for the application to SI engine identification. The SI engine identification data was obtained under normal operating conditions. The goal is to re- estimate models without utilizing a virtual measurement which has been used successfully to estimate models in the past. This turns out to be a difficult problem much related to the lack of excitation in the system input, shortcomings of the fuel dynamics model and the unknown and hard to estimate exhaust sensor characteristics. Indeed, the larger of the previously estimated models are found not to be identifiable in the present situation. However, trivial restrictions of the models (not meaning restriction to trivial models) avoid that problem.

This paper presents a statistical framework for estimating output-specific efficiencies for the 2-output case based upon a DEA frontier estimate. The key to the approach is the concept of target output-mix. Being usually unobserved, target output-mixes of firms are modelled as missing data. Using this concept the relevant data generating process can be formulated. The resulting likelihood function is analytically intractable, so a data augmented Bayesian approach is proposed for estimation purposes. This technique is adapted to the present purpose. Some implementation issues are discussed leading to an empirical Bayes setup with data informed priors. A prove of scale invariance is provided. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of two existing pulse contour analysis (PCA) models for estimating cardiac stroke volume from the arterial pressure waveform during kicking ergometer exercise and head-up tilt manoeuvres. Secondly, one of the existing models was modified in an attempt to enhance its performance. In part I, seven healthy young adults repeated two submaximal exercise sessions on a kicking ergometer, each with three different sets of steady-state cardiac output comparisons (pulsed Doppler vs. pulse contour). Across all exercise trials regression results were found to be PCA = 1. 23 x Doppler-1. 38 with an r2 = 0. 51. In part II, eight young and eight older male healthy subjects participated in a head-up tilt experiment. Cardiac output comparisons were again performed during the supine and tilt conditions using pulsed Doppler and pulse contour cardiac output. Regression results revealed that PCA performed best during supine conditions and preferentially on the older subjects. In all instances, impedance-calibrated pulse contour analysis will provide reasonable beat-by-beat cardiac output within very narrow confines and will result in a progressively more significant bias as cardiovascular dynamics change. In addition, it appears that heart rate variability negatively influences beat-by-beat pulse contour cardiac output results, further limiting application of existing models.

Bakgrund: Unilateral benträning är ett relativt outforskat område inom träningsvetenskapen. Traditionellt genomförs fysträning för intermittenta idrotter bilateralt, trots att idrottens rörelser sker unilateralt. Det finns många studier som behandlar samband mellan agility och effektutveckling, men få som har undersökt skillnaden mellan unilateral och bilateral effektutveckling sett till agility. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om unilateral effektutveckling har en starkare korrelation med agility än vad bilateral effektutveckling och agility har hos kvinnliga fotbollsspelare i division 2. Metod: Kvinnliga fotbollsspelare (n=13, ålder 23 ± 4 år) utförde vertikalhopp med tilläggsbelastning på båda benen, vänster ben och höger ben på 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg samt för båda benen på 50 kg och T-test och Pro agility test. Effektutveckling i förhållande till kroppsvikten på båda benen (PBbw), vänster ben (PVbw) och höger ben (PHbw) analyserades och korrelerades sedan mot T-test (Ttest) och Pro agility test (Proagility). Resultat: Signifikanta korrelationer hittades mellan agility och både vänster unilateral (PVbw-Ttest, r = -0,578) och bilateral (PBbw-Ttest, r = -0,741; PBbw-Proagility, r = -0,555) effektutveckling, där korrelationen bilateralt var starkast. Ingen signifikant korrelation hittades mellan höger ben och agility. Konklusion: Bilateral effektutveckling hade en starkare korrelation med agility än vad unilateral effektutveckling och agility hade hos kvinnliga fotbollsspelare i division 2. / Background: Unilateral training is considered to be a new field of interest within the science of sports. Traditionally most of the strength and conditioning training is performed bilaterally even though the majority of motions in sports are carried out unilaterally. Previous studies have examined the correlations between agility and power output but few of them investigated the difference between unilateral and bilateral power output and agility. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether the correlation between unilateral power output and agility is stronger than the correlation between bilateral power output and agility in female division 2 soccer players. Method: Female soccer players (n=13, age 23 ± 4 years) performed loaded counter movement jumps with 20 kg, 30 kg and 40 kg for both legs, left leg and right leg and with 50 kg for both legs and T-test and Pro agility test. Power output, in relation to body weight for both legs (PBbw), left leg (PVbw) and right leg (PHbw) was analyzed and correlated against T-test (Ttest) and Pro agility test (Proagility). Results: Significant correlations were found between agility and both left unilateral (PVbw-Ttest, r = -0,578) and bilateral (PBbw-Ttest, r = -0,741; PBbw-Proagility, r = -0,555) power output, where the bilateral correlation was the strongest. No significant correlation was found between the right leg and agility. Conclusion: Bilateral power output had a stronger correlation with agility than unilateral power output and agility in female division 2 soccer players.

A simulation study consists of several steps such as data collection, coding and model verification, model validation, experimental design, output data analysis, and implementation. Our research concentrates on output data analysis. In this field, many researchers have studied how to construct confidence intervals for the mean u of a stationary stochastic process. However, the estimation of the value of a nonlinear function f(u) has not received a lot of attention in the simulation literature. Towards this goal, a batch-means-based methodology was proposed by Munoz and Glynn (1997). Their approach did not consider consistent estimators for the variance of the point estimator for f(u). This thesis, however, will consider consistent variance estimation techniques to construct confidence intervals for f(u). Specifically, we propose methods based on the combination of the delta method and nonoverlapping batch means (NBM), standardized time series (STS), or a combination of both. Our approaches are tested on moving average, autoregressive, and M/M/1 queueing processes. The results show that the resulting confidence intervals (CIs) perform often better than the CIs based on the method of Munoz and Glynn in terms of coverage, the mean of their CI half-width, and the variance of their CI half-width.

In this thesis, we first present a variance estimation technique based on the standardized time series methodology for steady-state simulations. The proposed variance estimator has competitive bias and variance compared to the existing estimators in the literature. We also present the technique of rebatching to further reduce the bias and variance of our variance estimator. Second, we present two fully sequential indifference-zone procedures to select the best system from a number of competing simulated systems when best is defined by the maximum or minimum expected performance. These two procedures have parabola shaped continuation regions rather than the triangular continuation regions employed in several papers. The rocedures we present accommodate unequal and unknown ariances across systems and the use of common random numbers. However, we assume that basic observations are independent and identically normally distributed. Finally, we present procedures for finding a set of feasible or near-feasible systems among a finite number of simulated systems in the presence of multiple stochastic constraints, especially when the number of systems or constraints is large.

This thesis is composed of two parts : a 3¡ÑVDD bidirectional mixed-voltage-tolerant I/O buffer, and a 2¡ÑVDD output buffer with process and temperature compensation. In the first topic, a 3¡ÑVDD bidirectional mixed-voltage-tolerant I/O buffer, which is able to tolerate 3¡ÑVDD using stacking transistors in the output stage, is proposed. These transistors are biased by corresponding voltage levels which are generated by a dynamic gate bias generator and a floating N-well circuit when transmitting or receiving signals. In order to prevent the input stage transistors from gate-oxide overstress, an NMOS clamping technique is used to block high input voltages. This design can receive and transmit 0.9 V to 5.0 V (0.9/1.2/1.8/2.5/3.3/5.0 V) signals, which has been implemented using TSMC 1P6M 0.18 £gm CMOS process. The second topic shows a 2¡ÑVDD output buffer with process and temperature compensation using 1P6M 0.18 £gm CMOS process. In this design, a novel process and temperature variation detector is proposed to detect the corners of NMOS and PMOS, respectively. The driving capability of the output stage is enhanced at those corners with low output currents. By contrast, the driving currents is reduced at those corners with high output currents to reduce the variation of output slew rate.