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The small Chinese community in South Africa has played an important part in the economic and political life of South Africa. From 1660 to 1912, it reflected the experiences of migrant Chinese who left the mainland during and after centuries of isolation. This thesis therefore examines the Chinese in South Africa in the context of a growing historiography of the overseas Chinese, noting particularly the comparisons with other colonial societies, such as the United States of America and Australia. It is also concerned with tracing the history of the free Chinese at the Cape in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, before engaging in a more detailed discussion of the period of indentured Chinese labour on the Witwatersrand gold mines in the early twentieth century. Although the political economy of indenture has been copiously dealt with in recent historical research, the focus here is more on the social and cultural dimensions of Chinese labour, including aspects such as privacy, sexuality and living conditions in the compound system. This cultural history is interpreted against the background of political and legislative developments in South Africa leading to the formation of the Union in 1910. One of the main arguments of the thesis is that the indentured labour scheme had profound repercussions for the racial status of the free Chinese in the late colonial period. The different experiences of the Chinese in the Cape and the Transvaal are given special attention to illustrate regional patterns of social stratification, and explain the vicissitudes of race relations in South Africa up to 1912. In the Cape it led to subjection under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1904, while in the Transvaal it resulted in political involvement in the initial phases of Mahatma Gandhi's "satyagraha". Cultural exclusivity and minority status are at the heart of this· analysis and are indices of how the Chinese were brought under the yoke of segregation, which anticipated the oppression of apartheid after 1948. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)

This study examines the coalescence of American expatriate communities in Britain between 1815 and 1914. Blending transnational and post-colonial approaches to US history, this dissertation explores the nuanced roles of Americans in Britain as intermediaries in the consolidation of US independence, the formation of American nationalism, and the emergence of American empire. Transatlantic economic and cultural connections converged in American communities in Britain. The American communities of London and Liverpool evolved and dissolved around these rapidly transforming interconnections. These communities are recaptured in this study from scattered archives on both side of the Atlantic. The Antebellum American community acted as a conduit between British capital and American nation-building projects and promoted transatlantic rapprochement as the route to effective US independence. The importation of American innovation and manufactured goods into Britain and the Empire, however, followed late nineteenth-century expatriates. As US power surged, Americans in London created a self-identifying American “colony,” which acted as the interface between US economic and cultural expansion and British imperialism. Throughout the century, Britain’s American communities acted as crucibles in which sectional, national, and racial identifications were contested and reconstructed. Expatriate newspapers, celebrations, and social institutions, provided the venues for Americans in Britain to articulate and reformulate American nationalism. In the context of British power, the contestations and reformulations of these identities were bled through with post- and anti-colonial anxieties. Expatriates therefore acted as avatars for sharpening distinctions between the US and Britain in debates over the form of American national character, culture, and empire – and Britain’s role in all three. This study reframes these themes around the previously overlooked communities of Americans in Britain. From these communities, which stand at the intersection of US and British Imperial history, a new perspective emerges on the reciprocal dynamics of nationhood and empire in nineteenth century Anglo-American relations.

行政契約在行政法及公共行政領域往昔均兩遭忽略，稽其緣故應與過往國內相關實體法規不明及法律救濟途徑結構欠完整所致。行政訴訟法修訂及行政程序法實施後，行政契約之實施與爭訟處理產生正式法源，然因歷程短淺，各行政機關尚屬陌生，故仍極為少見，亦無法形成是類契約形式之範例，致行政契約在公共行政實務上仍有廣闊之探討空間。教育部於行政程序法2001年施行後，即首創以「行政契約書」為名，與公費留學生間建立更為公平對等之給付行政權利義務關係，惟其間在法制面及實務面運作情形如何，殊值探討。針對行政法制與留學實務，本文以文獻探討法與參與觀察法為主要研究方法，復因探討過程中必定涉及法制與行政實務應用之關係，故以法律解釋學為涵攝，另就適用本契約書已返國服務之五位公費留學生佐以質性之問卷法，以瞭解契約相對人對於本契約書執行之意見與態度。本研究結論認為，在法制基礎方面，教育部公費留學行政契約書係本於給付行政理念，基於公權力行政性質，無論就契約形式、形式效力及內容效力，均應具備相關之法制基礎要求，以符合依法行政原則；在實務運作之主要層面，則涉及政策組織、行政管體及爭議處理，行政契約雖具公權力行政之約制性，但在實務之認定，依據有關法理原則，仍可為較開闊的運作，非不得無調整之空間。 / With regards to administrative law and public administration, administrative agreements were once neglected. A probing study shows that this was supposed to be related to ambiguities of relevant substantial laws and the lack of integrity for the structure of legal rescues. With the enactment of the administrative procedure act law and the administrative adjudication law, legal sources were brought forth for the enforcement of administrative agreements and solutions to their disputes. Nevertheless, due to brief effect and unacquaintedness, this has seldom been applied and cannot form a paradigm. Therefore, there still exits wide space for study on administrative agreements, with regards to the practicing of public administration. Following the administrative procedure law carrying into effect in 2001, the Ministry of Education initiated the “Administrative Agreement” and established in this name, a fairer reciprocal relationship with students who were studying abroad with funding support from the Government, regarding rights and obligation of “pay the administration.” Aimed at the administrative legal system and the study-abroad actual situations, this text applies literature review and participant observation as main research approaches. With the involvement of the relationship between legal system and the application of administrative actual cases, the Juristische Hermeneutik is also applied to all the text. Besides, as a qualitative supporting approach, questionnaire is adopted to five government-funded students who were involved in the “Administrative Agreement” and have returned, from their overseas study to Taiwan for mandatory service. Through this approach, the relative people of the agreement may share their opinions and views of its enforcement for study. This research concludes that with regards to legal foundation, the “Administrative Agreement” for overseas study on Ministry of Education funds, originates from “pay the administration.” In terms of the attribution of the public power administration, all the contractual forms, effect of forms, and effect of contents should possess legal foundation, so as to meet the principal of “administration by law.” On the main level of operation in the actual situations, it involves the organization of policy, administrative management system, and dispute solutions. From a pragmatic perspective, a more flexible management can be adopted for administrative agreements when relevant legal theories are applicable, in spite of the enforcement of the public power administration. Accordingly, there still exits space for adjustment within.

Les questions de genre, de santé et droits sexuels et reproductifs et de développement ont depuis plus de deux décennies pris une place grandissante à la fois chez les théoriciens et les praticiens du développement, chercheurs, institutions nationales et internationales, organisations non gouvernementales et experts des agences de développement. La Suède a joué un rôle déterminant dans l'évolution de cet agenda global. Parmi les plus grands contributeurs d'Aide Publique au Développement, la Suède est le pays qui a le plus intégré les perspectives de genre et de droits au coeur de son dispositif d'aide internationale. Le cycle des grandes conférences onusiennes des années 1990, qui font de l'égalité femmes- hommes à la fois une condition et un moyen pour atteindre un développement humain durable a été l'occasion pour la Suède de s'affirmer comme une puissance d'influence de premier ordre. L'examen des facteurs déterminants dans l'histoire suédoise (références culturelles, politiques, sociales) ainsi qu'une lecture critique des textes fondateurs depuis 1994 (déclarations politiques, lois, documents stratégiques et de communication, évaluations programmatiques) mettent en valeur l'apport original de l'aide publique suédoise qui, au-delà de la dimension massive de son volume, révèle le caractère fondamentalement anthropologique et politique du développement et rappelle que la mondialisation ne saurait ignorer le questionnement croissant autour des inégalités, en particulier genrées. / For the last twenty years, Gender, Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights and Development issues have been at the heart of a growing trend of interest from both development thinkers and practitioners, researchers, international and national institutions, non governmental organisations, and experts from development agencies. Sweden has played a key role in the evolution of this global agenda. Among the major Overseas Development Assistance contributors, Sweden has proven to be one of the "like-minded" countries, which has integrated the gender perspective and the rights perspective at the very heart of its ODA mechanisms. The cycle of 1990's UN conferences, which has promoted gender equality as both a condition and a mean to achieve a sustainable human development was the occasion for Sweden to take a clear leadership as an influential "soft power". The analysis of decisive factors in the Swedish history (cultural, political and social references) as well as a critical reading of founding documents since 1994 (political statements, bills and laws, strategic/planning and communication papers, program evaluations) shows the original contribution of Swedish ODA, which beyond its remarkable amount, reveals the anthropological and political fundamentals of development and recalls that globalisation should not ignore the growing demands around inequalities, in particular gender inequalities.

Abstract: A CASE STUDY: U.S. LABOUR RELATIONS WITH THE TRADE UNION COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA 1960-1973 The aim of this study is to examine US policies towards the South African labour movement through the American Federation of Labour - Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and US official institutions, such as the State Department and the Labour Department of the United States, US universities etc. with particular focus on the period between the 1960s and mid-1970s. The study is shaped as a case study. In the study, the labour relations between the US and South Africa in the beginning of the 1960s and the middle of 1970s are examined by specifically focusing on TUCSA. The study is composed to six chapters. Following the first two chapters devoted for introduction and literature review, the developments of the post-Second World War era, such as the internationalization process of capital accumulation around the world, the cold war and the formation process of new international organizations are dealt with. The re-structuring process of the international labour movement under the cold war conditions and the development of overseas labour policies of the ICFTU and the AFL-CIO are also handled in this chapter. In the fourth chapter, the capitalist development process of South Africa in the post Second World War Era is discussed. The capital accumulation process under the apartheid and the developments within the labour movement are the main issues dealt with in this chapter. In the fifth chapter, US investments in South Africa between the beginning of the sixties and the mid seventies and the effects of these investments in the capital accumulation process of South Africa are evaluated. In the last chapter, the main focal point of the study, US labour relations with South Africa between the 1960s and the middle of the 1970s is focused on with particular reference to the relations between TUCSA and the US labour institutions including the AFL-CIO and other official organizations of the US. In the study, a historical framework is developed by focusing on developments in international scale and South African scale. In the third, fourth and fifth chapters, extensive literature on international labour, capitalist development of South Africa, labour history of South Africa and US investments in South Africa is given to elaborate the issue. The sixth chapter, which is the main chapter of the study, is relied principally upon archive materials of TUCSA.

Inspiriert vom kognitiven, affektiven und behavioralen Modell Andersons, untersucht diese Forschungsarbeit die akademische Anpassung von chinesischen Studierenden anhand von vier Phasen, der Vor-Abreisephase, der Initial-, der Entwicklungs- und der Abschlussphase, und umfasst dabei drei Einzelstudien: (1) Eine interdisziplinär orientierte Untersuchung auf der Basis von Interviews mit 18 chinesischen Studierenden aus verschiedenen Fächern und mit unterschiedlichen Studienabschlüssen, (2) eine Fallstudie an einer sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, bei der Beobachtungen deutscher Lehrender und Meinungen chinesischer Studierender erhoben wurden und (3) eine longitudinale Untersuchung zur Verfolgung der Sprachentwicklung und Lernerfahrungen von chinesischen Studierenden an deutschen Universitäten. Diese Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die unzureichende Vorbereitung der chinesischen Studierenden (Sprache und allgemeine Kenntnisse über Deutschland) in der Vor-Ausreisephase zu Problemen in der Anfangsphase ihres Aufenthaltes führen. In der Entwicklungsphase berichteten die chinesischen Studierenden von Fortschritten in der deutschen Sprache und im Wissen über die deutschen Hochschulen, die größte Herausforderung stellte jedoch das individuelle Abgleichen der unterschiedlichen akademischen Erwartungen, wie sie im Heimatland ursprünglich vermittelt und in Deutschland gegensätzlich erwartet werden. In der Abschlussphase zeigen chinesische Studenten Verständnis und Wertschätzung für die Erwartungen an deutschen Hochschulen. Insgesamt verlangt der Prozess der akademischen Anpassung von chinesischen Studenten, die Differenzen (im Wissenschaftssystem) zu identifizieren, zu verstehen und später diese Differenzen auch schätzen zu können. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, dass die deutsche Sprachkompetenz, die wissenschaftliche Begleitung und Unterstützung sowie die persönliche Anstrengung zentrale Faktoren der akademischen Anpassung chinesischer Studierender darstellen. / Inspired by Anderson’s cognitive, affective, and behavioral model, this research explores Chinese students’ academic adjustment in the four phases: pre-departure, initial, developing, and final phase, and is composed of three studies: (1) a cross-sectional study which interviews 18 Chinese students from different subjects and pursuing different academic degree; (2) a case study conducted in a social science faculty, both German lecturers’ observation and Chinese students’ opinions are investigated; and (3) a longitudinal research follows Chinese students’ language development and learning experience at German universities. This research found that Chinese students’ insufficient preparation (language and knowledge about German universities) in the pre-departure phase leads to the difficulty in the initial phase. Chinese students often describe the initial experience as a “catastrophe”, as they were not familiar with the academic-oriented information in Germany at all. In the developing phase, Chinese students reported progress in German language and knowledge about German universities, which facilitate their further development. One big challenge in the developing phase is to negotiate the difference of academic expectation between home and host universities. In the final phase, Chinese students show understanding and appreciation to the expectation at German universities. The whole process of academic adjustment expects Chinese students to identify the difference, understand the difference, and later appreciate the difference. This research further finds that German language competence, academic support, and personal effort together exert influence on the Chinese students’ academic adjustment at German universities. In order to improve the academic adjustment, suggestions are made to the prospective Chinese students and German institutions to better facilitate Chinese students’ academic adjustment in Germany

Este trabalho visa discutir as inflexões na atuação da Secretaria de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos entre o reinado de D. João V e os primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I, com ênfase no ministério de Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, de 1750 a 1756. Neste período, o Secretário do Ultramar, ao lado de Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretário dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Guerra, se tornou o principal assistente do monarca no trato dos negócios coloniais. Diogo de Mendonça remeteu diversos ofícios para orientar as atividades mineradoras e a cultura de alguns novos gêneros na América. Também contribuiu para a reforma do método de tributação das minas, entre 1750 e 1751, e amparou a criação de uma Companhia de Comércio Asiática, em 1753. A Secretaria do Ultramar dava, afinal, importantes demonstrações de que ajudaria a articular diferentes projetos, políticas e reformas para o espaço colonial. É preciso observar que a historiografia, no que toca à história econômica e administrativa do reinado de D. José, se concentrou nas características e resultados das chamadas políticas pombalinas, enquanto outros ministros e instituições coevos do Marquês de Pombal foram deixados à sombra. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, não obstante, desempenhou um importante papel na administração do império e não deveria ser considerado um ministro decorativo. Propomos, portanto, um estudo que procure conjugar as possibilidades da ação individual de Diogo de Mendonça com a análise das prerrogativas institucionais da Secretaria de Estado do Ultramar. Procuramos analisar, sobretudo, as relações travadas entre a secretaria, os governadores coloniais e o Conselho Ultramarino, de modo a destacar as principais transformações ocorridas nestes diferentes espaços institucionais nos primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I. / This work aims to discuss the changes in the Secretary of State for the Navy and Overseas Domains between the reign of D. João V and the early years of D. José I, with special emphasis on the ministry of Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, from 1750 to 1756. In this period, the Secretary for the Navy and Overseas Domains, alongside Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretary for Foreign Affairs and War, became the principal assistant of the monarch in the treatment of the colonial affairs. Diogo de Mendonça sent several orders and instructions to guide the mining activities and to promote some new agricultural cultures in America. He also contributed to reorganize the taxation of the gold mining in Brazil, between 1750 and 1751, and supported the creation of an Asian Trade Company, in 1753. The Overseas Secretary gave, after all, important signs that it would help to articulate different kinds of projects and reforms for the colonial space. It is necessary to observe that the historiography regarding the economic and administrative history of the reign of D. José focused in the characteristics and results of the so-called Pombaline politics, while others ministers and institutions coeval to the Marquis of Pombal were left in the shadows. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, nevertheless, played an important role in the administration of the empire and should not be considered a decorative minister. We propose, therefore, a study that seeks to combine the possibilities of Mendonças individual actions with the analysis of the institutional prerogatives of the Overseas Secretary of State. We seek to approach, above all, the relations maintained between this secretariat, the colonial governors and the Overseas Council, in order to characterize the main transformations that occurred in these institutional spaces in the early years of the reign of D. José I.

[Truncated abstract] It is essential to attract, recruit and retain quality teachers in rural and remote schools for provision of quality education to rural and remote students. A robust body of research confirms that teacher quality contributes to quality of education (Darling-Hammond, 2000; Hay McBer, 2000; Kaplan & Owings, 2002; OECD, 2002; Ramsay, 2000). Staffing histories of rural and remote schools identify persistent difficulties in recruiting and retaining teachers, but previous research has failed to address the experiences and perspectives of rural and remote teachers from the earliest phases of appointment, tracking their experiences over time. In times and places of persistent teacher shortages, teacher quality of worklife issues are paramount. Factors impacting on teacher quality of worklife may impact on teacher retention, staffing levels and ultimately the quality of education for children. For these reasons, this study aimed to develop substantive theory about the experiences of teachers commencing appointments in rural and remote schools by investigating the perspectives of novice, interstate and overseas-qualified teachers. The study sought to develop understandings of rural and remote teachers quality of worklife. In order to achieve this aime, the experiences of 29 teachers were examined, in four categories of teachers likely to be appointed to rural and remote locations: young novices; mature-aged novices; interstate; and overseas-qualified teachers in a qualitative collective case study. ... Awareness of the variety of factors in multiple environments, and the complex interplay between them, helps to account for the diversity of perspectives and quality of worklife outcomes for rural and remote teachers. Two theories were generated from ten propositions. The first theory, Quality of Worklife for Rural and Remote Teachers: Person-Environment Fit to Multiple Environments, identified protective and risk factors associated with workrole, workplace, organisation, geographic and socio-cultural community environments. The theory recognises spillover between work and non-work life experiences, impacting on quality of teacher worklife; however, factors directly associated with worklife impacted most significantly on quality of worklife. The second theory, Processes of Adaptation to Multiple Rural and Remote Environments, identified processes (teacher expectations, evaluations of environments, responses to environments) and coping strategies (direct-action, palliative and avoidant) as leading to one of four outcomes: integration; resilient integration; disequilibrium; and withdrawal. The case study findings offer original understandings of experiences of teachers newly appointed to rural and remote schools, through the development of theory about multiple environments teachers encounter and processes of adaptation associated with their relocation to rural and remote areas. The findings have implications for theory, policy and practice, and contribute new dimensions to the general quality of worklife literature.

In this study of intercultural communication, I investigate the multi-faceted meaning of the expression " cultural fit " in the sense that it is used by recruiters when shortlisting Indian information technologists to fill skills shortages for the Y2K project in Australia. The data is in the form of ten videotaped interviews in Bangalore and the recruiter commentary on those tapes in Melbourne. A crucial decision to be made by recruiters in any shortlisting process is " How will the candidate fit into the workplace?" This question becomes more problematical when applied to overseas-trained professionals. I take a critical approach, drawing principally on the research traditions of linguistics where studies of intercultural communication and workplace interaction intersect, employing chiefly the tools of Critical Discourse Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics and the more abstract notions of Bourdieu. A bridge between these different discourse approaches is provided by Sarangi & Roberts < 1999 < who show the connection between the larger institutional order and interactional routines, through an elaboration of frontstage talk and backstage talk following Goffman < 1959 < . An analysis of the interviews < frontstage talk < reveals "cultural fit" to involve a knowledge of institutional talk, in particular, directness. The recruiter commentary < backstage talk < draws attention to issues of intelligibility, body language, technical expertise and workplace values. the study shows that Indian Information Technologists have "partial fit" in that they possess technical fit but do not demonstrate, or lack the opportunity to demonstrate in the interview, Australian workplace values such as small talk, humour and informality. The recruiter judgments were fleeting and apart from checking for intelligibility, were made on the basis of candidates' body language thus highlighting its importance and its relative absence from the discourse approaches mentioned above. This study shows clearly that there is room for more communicative flexibility on the part of all the stakeholders.