Bakgrund: Barnövervikt och fetma är problematiskt på både individ- och folkhälsonivå vilket  skolsköterskor i ett tidigt skede ska arbeta förebyggande mot. Att ha en god relation och kommunikation med föräldrar är avgörande för det arbetet. Både skolsköterskor och föräldrar upplever att det kan råda en komplexitet i att samtala om detta ämne. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa hur skolsköterskor kan främja föräldrasamtal om övervikt och fetma. Metod: För att uppnå syftet användes en kvalitativ metod med inspiration av Kritisk incident teknik (CIT). Datamaterialet är uppbyggt av sju telefonintervjuer och en personlig intervju med skolsköterskor. Resultat: Analysen av materialet mynnade i tre huvudområden som är betydande för främjandet av skolsköterskors samtal med föräldrar; Relationsfrämjande förhållningssätt, Samtalsfrämjande strategier och Skolsköterskors egenskaper och förmågor. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att relationsskapandet mellan skolsköterska och förälder är en stor samtalsfrämjande faktor för det ofta känsliga föräldrasamtalet. Skolsköterskor använder sig av olika strategier för att främja kommunikationen i samtalen. I resultatet framträder samtalsfrämjande faktorer som kan användas av skolsköterskor för att förbättra kommunikationen med föräldrar. I förlängningen kan barn med övervikt och fetma få den hjälp de behöver. / Background: Children overweight and obesity are problematic on an individual and public health level which the school nurse is supposed to prevently work against at an early stage. Having a good relation and communication with parents is crucial for that work. Both school nurses and parents experience a complexity in having a dialogue about this subject. Aim: The aim of the study is to illuminate how school nurses can promote parental discussions about overweight and obesity. Method: To achieve the purpose a qualitative method with inspiration of the Critical incident technique (CIT) was used. The data is based on seven telephone interviews and one personal interview with school nurses. Results: Analyze of the material resulted in three main areas which are of great importance in promoting school nurses dialogue with parents; Relationship promoting approach, Dialogue promoting strategies and The school nurses personal characteristics and abilities. Conclusion: The result showed that creating a relationship between school nurse and parent  is an important dialogue promoting factor for the often difficult parental dialogue. School nurses use different strategies in order to promote communication in these discussions. The result clarifies factors that promote dialogue which are usable for school nurses in order to create a better parent communication. By extension, overweight and obese children can get the help they need.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor bör arbeta efter ICN:s etiska kod för att främja god vård, de ska uppvisa egenskaper så som trovärdighet och integritet. Vårdandet ska bygga på respekt och ömsesidighet samt främja patienters hälsoprocess. Om patienter känner sig diskriminerade uppstår ett lidande och det blir svårt att skapa en vårdande relation. Attityder och värderingar kan vara både positiva och negativa, fördomar är en del av negativa attityder. Sjuksköterskor möter överviktiga patienter på alla vårdinrättningar. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sjuksköterskors attityder och värderingar kan påverka vårdandet av överviktiga patienter. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med 10 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet sammanställs i fyra teman: Fördomar gentemot överviktiga patienter, Bristande omvårdnad, Risk för lidande och Synen på övervikt och fetma. Diskussion: Överviktiga patienter ses som annorlunda och krävande, sjuksköterskor har förutfattade meningar om patienter. Överviktiga patienter känner sig diskriminerade och utsatta. Det finns inte utrustning för att vårda överviktiga patienter på ett värdigt sätt. Sjuksköterskor är medvetna om stigmatiseringen överviktiga patienter får utstå, men saknar kunskap om hur ämnet bör tas upp. / Background: Nurses should work by ICN’s code of ethics to promote good health and must demonstrate qualities such as credibility and integrity. Caring must encourage patient’s health process, and should be based on respect and reciprocity. If patients feel discriminated, a suffering arises and it becomes difficult to create a caring relationship. Attitudes and values can be both positive and negative, prejudice is a part of the negative attitudes. Nurses encounter obese patients in all health care facilities. Aim: The aim is to describe how nurses’ attitudes and values can affect the care of obese patients. Method: Literature review based on 10 qualitative articles. Results: The results are compiled in four themes: Prejudice against obese patients, Lack of care, Risk of suffering and Views on overweight and obesity. Discussion: Obese patients are seen as different and challenging, nurses have preconceptions about the patients. Obese patients feel vulnerable and discriminated. There is no equipment to care for obese patients in a dignified manner. Nurses are aware of the stigma obese patients suffer, but lack the knowledge of how the subject should be addressed.

The transition to college has been identified as a critical period for weight gain; however, only a limited number of studies have examined this phenomenon. The college setting may promote weight gain, thus the purpose of the present study was to quantify changes in BMI in first year students during their first semester of college and to understand factors associated with weight gain, such as eating behaviors, physical activity, and body shape ideals. Significant changes in weight were detected between Time 1 and 2 with a mean weight gain of 1.24 kg. The majority of participants (73.1 %) gained weight and the percentage of participants categorized as overweight increased from 23.1 % to 3 1.4%. Regression models did not reveal significant predictors of weight gain. Paired t-tests revealed significant decreases in disinhibition, binge eating, and number of days of physical activity over the semester. Participants who gained weight had greater body image dissatisfaction than those who did not gain weight. These findings underscore the need for more studies on factors related to weight gain and prevention efforts in the college population.

Background/Objective: Overweight and obesity has been steadily on the rise in the United States for all groups. The prevalence of obesity for adolescents has tripled since 1980. The purpose of this study is to determine an association between the frequency of physical education classes and the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents in the United States.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that used the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) of the Center for Disease Control. The outcome variable for the study was Body Mass Index (BMI). A BMI of 25 or greater was considered overweight or obese. The main independent variable was frequency of attending physical education classes. Other independent variables were included such as demographics, nutrition, physical activity, and drug use. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to calculate the odds ratios for frequency of physical education classes and other risk factors for overweight and obesity. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using a multivariate logistic regression model. SPSS 11.0 and Epinfo 6.04 were the statistical software used for the statistical analysis. Results: The study indicates that about 26% of adolescents in the United States are either overweight or obese. It was found that about 50% of adolescents do not attend PE class at all during the week. No statistically significant relationship was found between enrollment in physical education classes and overweight/obesity in adolescents, adjusting for confounders (OR=0.95 CI=0.81-1.11). There was no statistically significant relationship between the frequency of physical education classes and the overweight/obesity of adolescents, adjusting for confounders (OR=1.01 CI=0.95-1.08).Conclusion: The data shows that there is no direct relationship between the frequency of physical education classes and the prevalence of overweight/obesity, although there is a direct correlation between physical activity and the prevalence of overweight/obesity, which is found in the literature. The content of physical education classes needs to be assessed as well as providing more classes that incorporate physical activity.

The 2009 Virginia General Assembly Session unanimously voted to change the legislation governing the Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation to create the Virginia Foundation for Healthy Youth (VFHY) and incorporate childhood overweight and obesity prevention and reduction in its mission. In order to successfully meet the requirements of this legislation, VFHY needed assistance developing a strategic plan for the obesity initiative and a knowledge base to draw from. A comprehensive assessment of the status of Virginia’s childhood obesity problem was conducted, including the prevalence of the illness, the barriers existing to and the benefits to obesity prevention programs, the need for obesity prevention programs, and the desired route to developing a plan for action. Prior to this assessment, no clear picture of the complexity of Virginia’s childhood obesity problem existed outside of the facts: Virginia ranks 25th in the country for percentage of overweight or obese children; one-third of new obesity diagnoses in Virginia each year occur in children; Virginia’s African American population (19%) is significantly higher than the national average (12%); and research shows that African American children and adolescents have a higher rate and risk of overweight or obesity and a need for exposure to obesity-prevention programs. Research from respected and peer-reviewed sources on childhood overweight and obesity was conducted and the data compiled. This information was utilized to develop a new website for VFHY, provide education to the staff, and to develop a survey for the Board of Directors to guide strategic plan development. An assessment of the state of Virginia’s problem with childhood overweight and obesity was conducted from this research and a closer look was taken at the needs of Virginia’s public schools. Education on the benefits of implementing childhood obesity prevention and reduction programs was conducted via presentations at Board meetings and obesity workgroup meetings, as well as one-on-one to the VFHY staff. Finally, materials were developed to promote VYOP and its mission to consumers. The assessment of Virginia’s childhood overweight and obesity problem resulted in: increased VFHY staff competence regarding the issue and confidence in combating it; location of potential funding streams; a centralization of childhood overweight and obesity reduction and prevention efforts for Virginia; and the utilization of supplemental programs and street marketing to implement change in Virginia’s children and youth regarding factors surrounding overweight and obesity. VYOP is examining marketing approaches that would be successful for obesity reduction and prevention and is actively determining partners for their efforts who can impact economic development initiatives that will positively change behaviors. The combination of the ecological perspective and the social marketing theory to develop communication strategies and a strategic plan will help Virginia to decrease childhood overweight and obesity due to the multi-factorial nature of the problem. The strategies will take time to implement, and will be constantly evaluated and revised to best fit the needs of Virginia’s children and youth, but with patience and perseverance, VFHY will be as successful with its obesity prevention and reduction efforts as it has been with those targeting youth tobacco use.

The population of the United States is increasingly gaining weight each year.Americans are heavier than they have ever been. African American women are at the forefront of this pandemic. This study addresses the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among African American women in comparison to White women. Behavioral, psychological, and social known contributors to overweight and obesity using the National Health Interview Survey, 2001 dataset were examined in this study. The research concluded that even when controlling for vigorous exercise, education, income, depression, emotional support, smoking, health coverage, and age, race is the most important predictor of body mass index. Consistent with previous studies, strong race effects still remained.

Obesity ascending rates are still a public health priority. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of tailored text messages on body weight change in overweight and obese adults in a community based weight management program. A secondary aim was to detect behavioral changes in the same population. The study design was quasi-experimental with pre and posttest analysis, conducted over 12 weeks. A total of 28 participants were included in the analysis. Body weight, eating behaviors, exercise and nutrition self-efficacy, attitude toward mobile technology, social support and physical activity were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Text messages were sent biweekly to the intervention but not to the control group. At 12 weeks, the intervention group had lost significant weight as compared to the control group. There was a trend toward an improvement in eating behaviors, exercise and nutrition self-efficacy in the intervention group, with no significant difference between groups. A total of 79% of participants stated that text messages helped in adopting healthy behaviors. Tailored text messages appear to enhance weight loss in a weight management program at a community setting. Large scale and long term intervention studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Bakgrund: Minskade testosteronnivåer hos äldre överviktiga män är ett fenomen som varit omtalat i många år. Allvarliga sjukdomar som kan leda till för tidig bortgång kan förekomma vid för låga testosteronnivåer hos män. I många år har äldre överviktiga män använt sig av medicinska ingrepp för att öka sina hormonnivåer med syftet att återfå sin ungdomliga hälsa och undvika sjukdomar. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en sammanfattning av sökt och hittad litteratur om träningseffekter på testosteronnivåer hos äldre överviktiga män med 29+ i BMI. Metoden som författaren valt är en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat utgår från hittade studier från databaserna PubMed och Discovery. Med hjälp av sökord och andra begränsningar hittades relevanta vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades, evidensvärderades och diskuterades av författaren. Resultaten framfördes från sju hittade artiklar där fyra av de visade att testosteronnivåerna kan ökas genom träning för äldre överviktiga män. Träningsformen som visade bäst resultat var aerob träning och denna träningsform användes i fem av samtliga artiklar. Testosteronnivåökning och andra förbättrade hälsotillstånd resulterades av aerob träning i olika former och tidsperioder. Slutsats: Vid utövandet av aerob träning av olika former under olika tidsperioder kan testosteronnivåer öka hos äldre överviktiga män med 29+ i BMI. Kostmodifiering i kombination med aerob träning visar sig öka chansen för att öka testosteronnivåerna hos drabbade.

TITLE: Obesity of Older School Age Children Based on Physical Activity and Eating Habits AUTHOR: Bc. Eva Lamačová DEPARTMENT: Department of Education SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Eva Marádová, CSc. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the obesity of older school age children and their dependence on eating and exercising habits. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge regarding overweight and obesity, disease diagnosis, epidemiological trends and complications related to obesity. Emphasis is put on the evaluation of reasons to why this problem occurs, such as disease prevention, dietary and exercise recommendations, its therapy and inclusion of the issue with the secondary school curriculum. The practical part contains research focused on the nutritional status, eating and exercise habits of pupils in secondary school. The survey results are designed for use in pedagogical practice. Usage is targeted for obesity prevention in this age group during Physical Education and Health Education subjects. KEYWORDS: Obesity, overweight, eating habits, exercising habits

Titel: I det känsliga rummet - Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevda utmaningar i mötet med överviktiga barn och deras föräldrar. Bakgrund: Barns övervikt och fetma är idag ett globalt och ökande problem. Att utveckla en övervikt som barn innebär en mängd olika riskfaktorer, som kan följa med även i vuxen ålder. Sjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården når i princip alla barn och spelar därför en betydande roll i arbetet med detta folkhälsoproblem. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevda utmaningar i mötet med överviktiga barn och deras föräldrar. Metod: En litteraturstudie uppbyggd på tio stycken kvalitativa, vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudkategorier: “Betydelsen av kommunikation”, “Samhälleliga aspekter”, “Sjuksköterskans roll” och “Familjens betydelse”. Konklusion: Övervikt och fetma upplevs vara ett svårt ämne att tala om och sjuksköterskor kämpar med hur de ska förmedla budskapet på rätt sätt. Sjuksköterskor uttrycker ett stort behov av mer tid och fler resurser och ifrågasätter sina egna kunskaper om ämnet. Kulturella olikheter och samhällets förändring av normer utgör hinder för sjuksköterskor och påverkar deras arbete. En god relation med familjen ligger till grund för att kunna motivera och påverka familjen till en hälsosammare livsstil. / Title: In the vulnerable room: Nurses’ experiences and challenges in the meeting with overweight children and their parents.   Background: Children’s overweight and obesity is a global and increasing problem. The development of an overweight as a child comes with a number of risk factors that can persist into adulthood. Nurses within the child health care reaches almost all children and therefore play an important role in the work with this public health problem.   Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses’ experiences and challenges in the meeting with overweight children and their parents.   Method: A literature study based on ten qualitative, scientific articles.   Result: The result is presented in four main categories: “The importance of communication”, “Societal aspects”, “The nurse’s role” and “The importance of the family”.   Conclusion: Overweight and obesity are perceived as difficult subjects to approach and nurses are struggling with how to convey the message in an appropriate way. Nurses are expressing a big need for more time and more resources and are questioning their own skills about the subject. Cultural differences and the society’s change of norms are seen as barriers and affect the nurses work. A good relationship with the family is described as one of the most important aspects in order to get the family motivated to a healthier lifestyle