對大多數台灣高科技廠商而言，產品創新已是公司生存及精進之必要。根據研究文獻的探討，我們發現影響產品創新的因素有三個，它們分別是：技術相關性、市場能力、及公司在吸收新知以轉換、內化並應用到新產品開發的能力。每一個因素我們皆根據文獻探討以給予定義的解釋，接著再將三因素皆分為”高” 及“低”兩方向來看。在行成一個三維的矩陣後，我們將其簡化成三個二維矩陣並一一解釋。每一矩陣皆有四個象限，皆有舉例說明探討。 接著，我們在產品創新中考慮路徑相依的特性並以實際個案分析之。首先，我們配合個案公司在過去曾經歷過的變革挑戰依時間點畫出”雙技術樹狀圖”(DTT)，接著我們分析出研究個案公司的產品發展路徑。所得出的研究資料告訴我們，在公司產品創新的路徑相依歷程中，產品及客戶能力兩者是彼此互相影響的。 接著，我們討論本研究個案中產品銷售的路徑順序。我們以每五年為一分斷點再各別作出一矩陣並一一分析之。我們發現，個案大多數產品線在不同客戶屬性間銷售路徑幾乎一致。即產品銷售皆由具有技術背景的系統整合商開始，接著銷售及於區域性或連鎖性之代理商，最後在一段時間後當公司產品達到穩定且做出公司名聲後，一些潛在全美國性質或泛歐洲的大通路商、甚至或具有大量銷售能力的競爭對手，雙方便開始以ODM或OEM方式合作。 最後，我們再以策略技術領域(STA)矩陣來分析一公司技術領域之強點與弱點。以公司的技術能力及各個產品線組成此一二維矩陣。研究發現所研究的個案公司其核心能力是在資訊產品元件中的硬體及韌體，而軟體為其弱點。本研究的個案公司以其對區域網路所擁有的專業知識、韌體能力，公司適當的切入策略(以能讓資訊週邊產品具有網附分享功能的周邊加值廠商)及其對PC週邊設備的瞭解，將持續增加個案公司在其網路領域的相對競爭優勢。 / For most Taiwanese high-tech companies, their product innovations have been recognized as a primary means of corporate renewal. Based on the literature review, we concluded that three factors affect the product innovations. They are: technology-relevance, marketing-capability and assimilation-capability. Each factor is divided into “high” and “low” conditions. We gave the definition to each factor and depicted their inter-relationships by three 2-dimension matrices accordingly. Each 2-diemsion matrix has four patterns. We explain each of these patterns by examples. Take into account of path dependence in product innovations, we analysis the real situation from our study case (TDK Corp.). We draw out the DTT (Dual Technology Tree) matching with the firm’s technological challenges in time sequence. We also analysis the TDK product developing paths, this figure offers insight into the resource dynamics through product innovation over time. The present data from TDK suggest that the reciprocal interplay between product and customer competence accounts for these path dependencies. Following, we also discuss the selling paths and sequence to TDK LAN products by a customers and products segmentation matrix in time sequence (with three different stages and each last 5 years). It shows that almost every of TDK’s product selling sequence is beginning from system integrators or small retail (with tech. background) first then accepted by national distributors. After achieving a good level in product quality and company reputation, some key customers or even competitors will do ODM/OEM business with the firm. Finally, we analysis a firm’s core abilities by STA(Strategic Technical Area) matrix. This matrix consists of technological abilities and product lines. Our research result shows that the TDK Corp. core competences are both LAN and firmware fields. However, the software area is its weakness. With its LAN knowledge, firmware competence, an appropriate strategy (as an embedded IT company to penetrate into niche markets around PC peripherals with network sharing functions), and the knowledge in different PC peripherals are continuously increasing the firm’s core abilities with higher comparative competition advantages than other firms in LAN field.

本論文擬探討中國大陸金融全球化戰略的形成，以及中國大陸金融全球化過程所產生的問題與現象。本論文擬以新制度主義論作為理論的切入點，探討中國大陸金融全球化戰略形成過程中所產生的現象。 本論文的理論發現在於下列諸項：（1）中國大陸在金融全球化的戰略形成有明顯的「路徑依賴」現象。這表現在中國歷史中的儒家文化及共產主義思想影響中國大陸政府及官僚和經理人在執行金融制度改革中的行為模式。儒家文化對中國大陸金融全球化的影響在於政府控制經濟體的交易模式及金融運作、注重經濟體內民眾的福祉及提供一個和諧發展的全球經濟新願景。共產主義對中國大陸金融全球化的影響在於經濟改革過程中政府及官僚及經理人仍以集體經濟的行為模式在金融制度改革過程中影響制度的運行。（2）中國大陸的金融全球化過程中有明顯的制度內捲化現象（institutional involution），造成金融制度在變革過程中受到原有非正式制度諸如行為模式及文化的影響，致使制度變革無法達到預期的結果，而形成一種發展遲滯的現象。

The present thesis evaluates the responses of the contemporary Greek foreign policy structures and processes, conceptualised as the Greek foreign policy system, in the face of the transformation of world politics. This transformation, precipitated by the concurrent complex processes of globalisation and regionalisation, pose empirical and analytical challenges to the national management of foreign policy. Consequently, government departments and agencies assigned with responsibility for the conduct of what has been traditionally termed foreign policy, namely the national foreign policy machinery with the foreign ministry and the diplomatic network at its core, find themselves challenged as roles and responsibilities are relocated. Such change underpins the machinery s institutional responses and the need to rethink its role and structure. The thesis synthesises several literatures, primarily those identified with international relations, transformational foreign policy analysis, and new approaches to diplomatic studies informed by insights from institutionalist approaches. This is combined with extensive fieldwork within the Greek bureaucracy and the diplomatic network, and seeks to cast light on a relatively understudied area: namely the organisation and nature of the Greek foreign policy system in an era of considerable change. The thesis draws a dual image of the contemporary Greek foreign policy system which displays elements of both continuity and change. According to the first image, the Greek foreign policy machinery embraces contemporary foreign policy developments, and is enmeshed in a process of change and adaptation as a response to its changing operational environment. The second image depicts the foreign policy system as traditionalist conforming to geopolitical approaches, which are linked to compartmentalisation in the organisation of foreign policy. This image is supported by evidence which suggests that the Greek foreign policy machinery is infused with elements of hierarchy, centralisation and verticality in its organisation, which prevent the adoption of integrated and horizontal models prescribed by globalist approaches to the management of foreign policy.

A fundamental research question in regional economic development, is why some regions are able to diversify into new products and industries, while others continue to face challenges in diversification? This doctorate research explores the different pathways to diversification. It follows the three-stage modular structure of DBA for Cranfield School of Management. This thesis consists of a systematic literature review, a single qualitative case study on UAE, and a research synthesis of published cases on Singapore, Norway and UAE. The linking document provides a summary of the three projects and consolidates findings and contributions into a path creation model that provides new understanding on the pathways to regional diversifications. This research integrates existing theoretical foundations of evolutionary economic geography, institutional economic geography, path dependence, industry relatedness, economic complexity, and path creation into a unified conceptual path creation model. It generates propositions, builds a framework and develops a matrix for path creation that integrate context, actors, factors, mechanisms and outcomes shaping regional diversification. It finds that in the context of path dependence and existing conditions of a region, economic actors undertake strategic measures to influence the institutional capabilities to accumulate knowledge and trigger indigenous creation, anchoring, branching, and clustering diversification mechanisms to create complex varieties of related and unrelated diversification outcomes. The institutional collaboration capabilities are found to be instrumental in accumulating knowledge and determining the relatedness and complexity of diversification outcomes. This research further provides a set of integrated platform strategies to guide policy-makers on setting up the pathways to regional diversification.

A travers cette thèse nous apportons un éclairage sociologique au débat engagé depuis des décennies sur la problématique de la mise en vente des bois publics. A ce titre, nous étudions, dans la première partie de la thèse, le système d’enchères qui reste encore le principal mode de vente utilisé par l’Office National des Forêts. Nous identifions les conditions d’encastrement de ces ventes, considérant que les comportements des participants sont déterminés par l’interaction complexe de facteurs économiques, socio-structuraux, politiques, cognitifs, institutionnels formels et informels. Nous montrons à cette occasion que l’intérêt accordé à l’enchère réside dans sa capacité à trouver collectivement un consensus sur la valeur et l’allocation des lots de bois. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous analysons l’évolution récente du cadre institutionnel appliqué aux ventes de bois publics en nous appuyant sur les notions de construction sociale des institutions et de dépendance au chemin. Nous y démontrons que, malgré le verrouillage institutionnel organisé autour de l’enchère pendant plusieurs siècles, le développement des contrats d’approvisionnement, à la suite des tempêtes de 1999 et de l’action concertée d’une partie de la filière bois, marque l’émergence d’un embranchement institutionnel en matière de vente de bois publics. La présentation des facteurs économiques et non économiques mis en avant par les partisans de chacun des deux modes de vente nous amène à conclure que la double trajectoire institutionnelle (enchères/contrats d’approvisionnement) devrait dans l’avenir permettre de répondre aux différentes problématiques d’approvisionnement propres à la filière bois. / This thesis gives a sociological perspective on a debate that started more than thirty years ago, concerning the choice of methods for selling public timber. For this reason, the first part of the thesis focuses on the study of the auction system − the main selling method still used by the French National Forest Service. We have identified the conditions of the embeddedness of auctions, considering that during the exchanges actors are influenced by the complex interaction of economic, socio-structural, politic, cognitive, formal and informal institutional factors. We have shown that the point in using auctions has to do with its capacity to collectively find a consensus about the value and the distribution of timber lots. In the second part of the thesis, we have analyzed the recent evolution of the institutional framework applied to the public timber sales by leaning on the concepts of “the social construction of institutions” and “path dependence”. We have demonstrated that, despite the institutional lock-in that has been organized around the auction (since) for many centuries, the raise of supply contracts − due to the storms of 1999 and the planned action of a part of the timber industry − has indicated the outbreak of an institutional junction regarding the selling methods of public timber. After the presentation of the economic and non-economic factors underlined by the supporters of both selling methods we have concluded that in the future the double trajectory (auction/supply contracts) should be kept, since it should make it easier to find solutions to the various supply-related problems of the timber industry.

O trabalho concentra-se sobre o critério do valor adicionado fiscal na repartição do ICMS, com o objetivo de verificar sua adequação como mecanismo de provisão de recursos financeiros a Municípios, no contexto do federalismo fiscal brasileiro. Mediante análise teórica, de dados de distribuição e legislação referente à repartição e ao ICMS, identificamos que o valor adicionado fiscal é gerador de enormes desigualdades de tratamento entre Municípios de porte equivalente e de oscilações brutais de valores de transferência de um para outro ano, mas, sobretudo, que é juridicamente inadequado à multiplicidade de locais de ocorrência de fatos geradores e a heterogeneidade do imposto que pretende repartir. Não atinge, assim, o propósito de medir a adição de valor em um território, nem o de conferir aos Municípios receitas em montante similar ao potencial de arrecadação de um imposto sobre valor adicionado municipal depurado dos efeitos de imunidades, isenções, diferimentos e substituições tributárias, que justificou sua criação. A permanência da utilização do critério do valor adicionado por décadas é apontada no trabalho como resultante de acomodações e ajustes institucionais, característicos de dependência de trajetória (path dependence), que, desrespeitando os limites jurídicos de regulamentação, disfarçam a inadequação do critério e perpetuam as desigualdades e instabilidades dele advindas. Justifica-se, assim, que atenções sejam voltadas à análise de alternativas à repartição do ICMS por outros meios que não o VAF e o aperfeiçoamento de seus mecanismos de regulação, caso permaneça sendo utilizado. / The Added Value Criteria (VAF) is used in Brazil for purposes of ICMS (A State tax on circulation of goods, communication and interstate and intercity transportation services) revenue sharing to cities. The data on how the VAT based tax sharing occurs shows that VAT is a source of inequalities in resource distribution to cities of equivalent population and oscillations in the amounts received by a given city along the years. Moreover and as the central hypothesis of this thesis, VAF, as defined in Brazilian legislation, is not suitable to the complexity of situations and places of occurrence of ICMS taxable events nor to the effects of ICMS on prices, being, thus, unable to measure the value added in each city territory and to protect the revenue sharing from the effects of ICMS exemptions, constitutional immunities, deferrals and tax substitutions. Being so, the VAT regulations, do not recreate the potential of a municipal VAT, falling short in accomplishing the purposes it was created for. In spite of its defects, VAT remains in use decades after its creation as a result of accommodations and institutional adjustments that can be explained by a path dependence trajectory that was, and still, is able to disguise its chronic inadequacies and to perpetuate the inequalities and instabilities arising out of such distribution criteria. Our conclusions on VAF justify the study of other alternatives for the ICMS revenue sharing, as well as attempts to improve the quality of VAT regulations.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-06T13:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Raquel de Oliveira.pdf: 620682 bytes, checksum: 0741bd806408a24616d66577c7e8a535 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-06T13:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Raquel de Oliveira.pdf: 620682 bytes, checksum: 0741bd806408a24616d66577c7e8a535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e analisar, com base na Dependência de Trajetória e Criação de Trajetória, os eventos críticos ocorridos e as perspectivas futuras que influenciam nas escolhas estratégicas na organização não governamental Parceiros Voluntários. Como principais referências teóricas relativas à Dependência de Trajetória foram resgatados trabalhos de Barney (1991; 1995) e outros autores da VBR, como Teece; Pisano e Shuen (1997), Becker e Ruas (2005), Mahoney (2000) e Balestro et al. (2004), David (2000), Licha (2004), Pierson (2004), Sydow; Schreyogg e Koch (2009). E para a Criação de Trajetória os principais foram Arthur (1989) e Schienstock (2011), Garud e Karnoe (2001), Pham (2007), Henfridsson; Yoo e Svahn (2009) e Garud; Kumaraswamy e Karnoe (2010). A pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso, realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas com os principais atores da organização e utilizou a Análise de Conteúdo por meio do software Nvivo10. Observou-se que as escolhas estratégicas realmente são influenciadas pela trajetória da organização, porém há uma variação de intensidade em cada projeto e parceria analisada, pois não ficaram necessariamente restritas ao que já tinha sido realizado no passado. Neste contexto, as estratégias emergentes ilustram muito bem esta questão, pois a organização recebe muitas solicitações referentes à Responsabilidade Social e todas são avaliadas, de forma que a inovação não fica prejudicada. Observou-se que a organização cria suas próprias metodologias, projetos e parcerias e introduz novos elementos na estrutura existente, confirmando a existência da complementaridade entre os constructos de Dependência e Criação de Trajetória através de eventos críticos como o Projeto Tribos nas Trilhas da Cidadania, Projeto Transparência, a área de "Formação", o auxílio às OSCs na área de gestão e legislação. E entre suas perspectivas futuras estão a expansão de atuação para outros estados brasileiros e países, o atendimento a Micro e Pequenas Empresas e a abertura para estudantes pesquisarem a organização. / The purpose of this study was, based on Path Dependence and Path Creation, to identify and analyze the critical events that have occurred and future prospects that influence the strategic choices for the non-governmental organization, Parceiros Voluntários (Voluntary Partners). As main theoretical references regarding Path Dependence, works by Barney (1991; 1995) and other authors of the VBR, such as Teece; Pisano and Shuen (1997), Becker and Ruas (2005), Mahoney (2000) and Balestro et al. (2004), David (2000), Licha (2004), Pierson (2004), Sydow; Schreyogg and Koch (2009) were used. The main references for Path Creation were . Arthur (1989) e Schienstock (2011), Garud and Karnoe (2001), Pham (2007), Henfridsson; Yoo and Svahn (2009) and Garud; Kumaraswamy and Karnoe (2010). The work was done using a case study, semistructured interview with the principal actors of the organization, and Analysis of Content which was done using Nvivo10 software. It was noted that the strategic choices were really influenced by the trajectory of the organization, but there was a variation of intensity in each project and partnership analyzed, since they were not necessarily restricted to what had already been done in the past. In this context, the emerging strategies clearly illustrate this issue, since the organization receives many requests concerning Social Responsibility, and they are all assessed so that innovation is not hindered. It was observed that the organization creates its own methodologies, projects and partnerships, and introduces new elements into the existing structure, confirming that there is complementarity between the constructs of Dependence and Path Creation through critical events such as Project Tribes on the Trails of Citizenship, Project Transparency, the field of “Training”, the help to CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) in the field of management and legislation. And among its future perspectives are extending action to other Brazilian states and other countries, working with Micro and Small Businesses, and an opening for students to do research on the organization.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-23T13:15:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josué Hoff da Costa_.pdf: 2762650 bytes, checksum: ceaef71f405ba91604a461f2d733a7dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T13:15:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josué Hoff da Costa_.pdf: 2762650 bytes, checksum: ceaef71f405ba91604a461f2d733a7dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Nenhuma / Pretendeu-se elucidar se a garantia do Juízo da execução, promovida por meios alternativos como fundos mobiliários, para o caso específico de investidor qualificado, em detrimento do meio preferencialmente admitido pelo Judiciário, notadamente o depósito pecuniário em conta vinculada ao processo, enseja alocação Pareto-eficiente, sopesando a concorrência de custo de oportunidade. Procurou-se atingir o objeto visado, a partir de estudo de caso, analisando a receptividade do Judiciário à nomeação de fundo de investimento mobiliário destinado à garantia do Juízo da execução, considerando amostragem dos processos judiciais envolvidos. Também foram consideradas todas as decisões proferidas pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul, cuidando sobre a admissibilidade de fundo mobiliário para o escopo escolhido (jurimetria). Verificou-se que o ativo adotado como paradigma foi admitido na maioria dos casos confrontados, especialmente quando não houve insurgência do Credor, diferentemente do que ocorreu quando o tema foi levado a julgamento em segundo grau de jurisdição. O fundo mobiliário utilizado por investidor institucional para garantia do Juízo se demonstrou Pareto-eficiente em relação ao depósito pecuniário (que gerou alocação subótima), tanto para o Devedor, como para o Credor, mormente considerando a segurança e liquidez do ativo. A despeito disso, nos casos em que o Judiciário foi efetivamente provocado (quando houve contrariedade do Credor), preferiu a adoção do meio pecuniário tradicional, malgrado o custo de oportunidade envolvido, o que se demonstrou ter se ocasionado por path dependence, ao invés de problema de agência, não evidenciado de modo categórico. Nos casos em que o Judiciário foi confrontando, não houve pronunciamento sobre a eficiência alocativa. Tanto o precedente oriundo do Tema n° 913 do STJ, como a sistematicidade do ordenamento jurídico pátrio admitem a adoção do meio alternativo mais eficiente, sobretudo em se tratando de investidor institucional. / It was intended to elucidate whether the execution court's guarantee, promoted by alternative means such as securities funds, in the specific case of a qualified investor, to the detriment of the means preferably admitted by the Judiciary, not shared or pecuniary deposit in account linked to the process, Pareto-efficient and inconsiderate the existence of opportunity cost. The object sought was analyzed, based on a case study, analyzing a receptivity of the judiciary about of the security investment fund intended to guarantee execution court, considering a sample of the judicial processes involved. All decisions rendered by the Superior Court of Justice and the Court of Justice of Rio Grande do Sul were considered too, taking into account the admissibility of the furniture fund for the chosen scope (jurimetrics). It was found that the asset adopted as a paradigm was admitted in most of the cases confronted, especially when it is not a creditor insurgency, unlike what occurred when the subject was tried in the second degree of jurisdiction. The security fund used by institutional investors for the guarantee of the execution court proved Pareto-efficient in relation to the pecuniary deposit, for both the Debtor and the Creditor, considering the safety and liquidity of the asset. In spite of this, in cases where the Judiciary was effectively provoked (when there was an objection from the creditor), it preferred the adoption of the traditional pecuniary means, despite the opportunity cost involved, which has been shown to be caused by path dependence, rather than agent problem, not categorically evidenced. In cases where the judiciary was confronting, there was no pronouncement on allocative efficiency. Both the precedent coming from Topic number 913 of the STJ and the systematicity of the legal order of the country admit the adoption of the most efficient alternative means, especially in the case of institutional investors.

This thesis is an inquiry into the challenges to the role of civic organisations in political reform during and after political transitions. The major question this research addresses is: How do institutions and institutional dynamics constrain political reform during a transition? The thesis examines how demands for reform by non-governmental organisations in Lebanon and Libya were not translated into concrete political decisions taken by regimes during a transition period. The thesis suggests that the combination of weak states and power-sharing agreements marginalizes civic organisations, and poses institutional constraints on the likelihood of reform. The thesis is based on contemporary research on events and reform trajectories in Lebanon and Libya, with a focus on the demands and strategies employed by activists during periods of transition. Lebanon between 2005 and 2010 and Libya between 2011 and 2013 underwent critical political events but subsequently did not adopt political reforms despite demands by civic organisations in two main areas: the electoral system in Lebanon and the constitutional process in Libya. A study of these two reform campaigns reveals deeply entrenched historical patterns and elements of continuity that led to path dependent outcomes during transition. By utilising theory and concepts from the perspective of historical institutionalism, the thesis identifies the factors behind path dependent outcomes in Lebanon and Libya. I argue that the transitions in Lebanon and Libya were a result of only ‘partially' critical junctures. The thesis builds on the approach of path dependence by offering insights as to how historically inherited institutional dynamics from the previous regime can cause junctures to be only ‘partially' critical for the broader political order. The main source of data comes from participant observations, interviews and focus groups with two organisations that tried to advance electoral reform and constitutional development.

Les organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) suscitent en Europe une intense controverse depuis le milieu des années nonante, qui s'est cristallisée sur les risques pour la santé et l'environnement. Cette thèse postule que les OGM nous posent des questions plus larges sur l'innovation. Est-il par exemple possible d'évaluer la pertinence d'innovations, comme celle des OGM, pour tendre vers une meilleure politique et gestion de l'innovation ? Une approche systémique a été développée pour progresser sur cette question. Elle poursuit trois axes: la compréhension de problèmes agronomiques, des stratégies actuelles pour les gérer et des possibilités d'innovations pour les résoudre à l'horizon 2015-2020. La partie empirique est basée sur des études de cas de couples problème/innovations dans deux filières agroalimentaires. Il s'agit de maladies problématiques en arboriculture fruitière (pommier) et en grandes cultures (froment d'hiver). Les données de quatre composantes sont intégrées : entretiens semi-dirigés, observation participante, revue de la littérature scientifique et analyse de la littérature grise des filières. La gestion de l'innovation dans les filières est caractérisée par une vision de l'innovation à géométrie variable et par des situations de verrouillage technologique (lock-in). Sur un plan conceptuel, on peut distinguer dans la recherche agronomique plusieurs voies d'innovations (trajectoires technologiques) qui poursuivent des logiques distinctes et sont influencées par les déterminants d'innovation. Sur le plan méthodologique, des améliorations des méthodes d'évaluation des innovations sont avancées. Enfin, plusieurs politiques d'innovation adaptées sont proposées (comparaison des choix technologiques, prospective par scénarios). Cette recherche aboutit à une réflexion sur les sciences agronomiques et à la mise en débat d'un nouveau champ disciplinaire : l'agronomie politique. Les propositions visent à ré-encastrer l'innovation dans les enjeux écologiques contemporains et dans les projets politiques et aspirations citoyennes.