Digitizing printed circuit boards (PCB) from images with computer science techniques is efficient in analyzing the PCB circuit. This automatic optic processing could help electronic engineers have a faster and more in-depth insight into complex multilayer PCB. This automatic optic processing could help electronic engineers have a faster and more in-depth insight of complex multi- layer PCB. In this thesis, multiple machine learning and computer vision methods for extracting PCB circuits are investigated, designed, and tested with real- world PCB data. PCB image dataset is collected by professional delayer engineers, that consist of every layer of PCB and Xray 3D models of the whole PCB. Region of interest (RoI) cropping and image alignment are applied firstly as in the pre- process stage. Detection and localization of electronic components are implemented with deep learning networks (Faster RCNN), unsupervised machine learning clustering (XOR-based K- means), and multiple template matching, their accuracy results are 71.2%, 82.3% and 96.5%, respectively. For the multilayer circuit extraction, the metallic print circuit is segmented in YCbCr color space, then the connection of every circuit net is obtained. / Digitalisering av tryckta kretskort (PCB) från bilder med datavetenskapstekniker är effektivt för att analysera PCB: s kretsar. Denna automatiska optiska bearbetning kan hjälpa elektroniska ingenjörer att få en snabbare och mer djupgående inblick i komplexa flerlagers PCB. I denna avhandling undersöks, designas och testas flera maskininlärnings- och datorvisionsmetoder för att extrahera PCB- kretsar med verkliga PCB- data. PCB- bilddataset samlas av professionella de-layer-ingenjörer, som består av varje lager av PCB och röntgen 3Dmodeller av hela PCB. Beskärning av region av intresse (RoI) och bildjustering tillämpas först som i förprocessstadiet. Upptäckt och lokalisering av elektroniska komponenter implementeras med djupinlärningsnätverk (Faster RCNN), utan tillsyn av maskininlärningskluster (XOR- based K- means) och flera mallmatchningar. För extraktion med flera lager kretsar är den metalliska utskriftskretsen segmenterad i YCbCr- färgutrymme, då erhålls anslutningen av varje kretsnät.

In this study, optimization of a new multimethod for the analysis of PAH, PCB, aliphatics and aromatics in water have been done at Eurofins in Lidköping. Since the method is intended for routine analysis during a high sample flow, great focus was placed on the efficiency of the sample preparation. The company’s main goal was to replace the extraction solvent n-hexane that has been used in one of the methods that this multimethod has the intention to replace. This is because n-hexane is CMR-classified, and the company prioritizes phasing out the substance from all analyses. The original idea was to use n-pentane as the extraction solvent, but as it is very fluid and highly volatile, this study aimed to choose a solvent other than n-pentane if possible. At the same time, aim was also set on shortening the shaking time during the extraction from 45 minutes. The solvents tested and compared were n-pentane, diethyl ether/n-pentane (15/85 v/v%), cyclohexane, diethyl ether/cyclohexane (15/85 v/v%), n-heptane and diethyl ether/n-heptane (15/85 v/v%). During the project, different types of addition trials were carried out to evaluate which solvent extracted the substances to the highest degree and which solvent was the most practical to work with. Both positive and negative results were obtained, with diethyl ether/n-heptane proving to be the best solvent both from a practical point of view and in terms of extraction rate. However, the n-heptane was not shown to have the expected purity, which meant that the method had to use n-pentane as the extraction solvent despite the advantages demonstrated with diethyl ether/n-heptane. On the other hand, the phasing out of n-hexane was successful, and tests carried out at different extraction times showed that the method was robust, and that the extraction time could be shortened to 30 minutes while still obtaining desirable results. / I detta arbete har optimering av provberedningen hos en ny multimetod för analys av PAH, PCB, alifater och aromater i vatten utförts hos Eurofins i Lidköping. Eftersom metoden är avsedd för rutinanalys vid högt provflöde från kundprov lades stort fokus på provberedningens effektivitet. Företagets huvudmål var att byta ut extraktionslösningsmedlet n-hexan som har använts i en av de metoder som multimetoden ska ersätta. Detta för att n-hexan är CMR-klassat och företaget prioriterar att fasa ut ämnet från samtliga analyser. Ursprungstanken var att använda n-pentan som extraktionslösningsmedel, men då det är väldigt lättflytande och lättflyktigt syftade detta projekt till att välja något annat lösningsmedel än n-pentan om möjligt. Samtidigt lades fokus på att försöka korta ner skaktiden under extraktionen från 45 minuter. De lösningsmedel som testades och jämfördes var n-pentan, dietyleter/n-pentan (15/85 v/v%), cyklohexan, dietyleter/cyklohexan (15/85 v/v%), n-heptan och dietyleter/n-heptan (15/85 v/v%). Under projektet utfördes olika typer av tillsatsförsök för att utvärdera vilket lösningsmedel som extraherade ämnena i högst grad och vilket lösningsmedel som var mest praktiskt att arbeta med. Det erhölls både positiva och negativa resultat, där dietyleter/n-heptan visades vara det bästa lösningsmedlet ur både praktisk synpunkt och i extraktionsgrad. Däremot visades n-heptanen inte ha den renheten som förväntats, vilket gjorde att metoden fick använda sig av n-pentan som extraktionslösningsmedel trots fördelarna som påvisats med dietyleter/n-heptan. Däremot lyckades därmed utfasningen av n-hexan, samt att tester gjorda vid olika extraktionstider visade att metoden var robust och att extraktionstiden kunde kortas ner till 30 minuter och fortfarande ge önskvärda resultat.

台灣在邁向工業化時期的產業成就，一直被譽為經濟奇蹟；其中，許多製造業者扮演了舉足輕重的角色。然而，隨著近年來的金融風暴以及長期的經濟不景氣，我國製造業面臨的市場環境日趨艱難；當人力成本、土地廠房支出日益高漲時，企業原先的生產銷售網絡遭到破壞，迫使著許多企業面臨到轉型的問題， 另一方面，隨著日本、韓國以及中國大陸等鄰近國家，藉由強勢的品牌或是低廉的成本，逐漸侵蝕台灣過去作為全球製造業中心的龐大市場，使得全球投資者的重心因此而轉移。此一情況，更讓長期仰賴資通訊與消費性電子產品的製造代工作為經濟命脈的台灣，受到前所未有的衝擊。 對於傳統製造業者來說，如何在這樣艱難的環境中，繼續維持長期的獲利能力，是相當嚴峻的考驗。因此，為了改善經營效率進而提升獲利能力，業者勢必得從企業內部進行組織重整與轉型，藉以創造企業未來永續發展的機會。 因此，本研究經由觀察個案公司推動企業轉型的實務經驗為出發點，提出建立『當責式管理』制度以及企業『執行力』的強化，作為台灣當前製造業轉型成長的重要元素。本研究內容將聚焦在以下三個問題，並以個案研究的方式，分析與歸納台灣製造業者在面臨企業轉型過程中的成功關鍵： 1.個案公司的轉型策略為何？ 2.如何落實當責管理的觀念於組織各層級之中？ 3.提昇企業執行力的關鍵為何？ / It was an economic miracle for Taiwan when it became an industrialized country. At that time, manufacturing industry played a very important role in the economic growth of Taiwan. However, financial crisis and depression at recent years make industrial much more hard. When cost of employment and factory keep rising, original networks of production and sale have been destroyed, and many enterprise facing the challenge of transformation. On the other hand, Japan, Korea and China start using their brand or lower cost to erode former market of Taiwan, and global investments also keep moving to these countries. As the main producers of ICT products and consumer electronics in the world, Taiwanese manufacturing enterprises face the serious strike. For traditional manufacturing enterprises, it's really severe to hold on the profitability in the pass. In order to improve the operation and profitability, Taiwanese manufacturing enterprises have no choice but to carry out enterprise transformation and corporation reorganization. Because of these situations, this paper will start from experience of enterprise transformation in case company. It will focus on how to build a management regime of “accountability”, and strengthening of enterprise’s “execution”. These two points above-mentioned are the essential factor for successful transformation of manufacturing enterprises in case company. Therefore, this paper will try to induce and verify the key factor of successful transformation for manufacturing enterprises through answering the three questions below: 1. What is the favorable strategy of enterprise transformation for case companies? 2. How to practice management regime of accountability in all levels of organization? 3. What are the key factors for enterprises to strengthen its execution?

Les Polluants Organiques Persistants (POPs), largement présents dans l'environnement via les stations d'épuration des eaux usées (STEP) et l'activité anthropique de l'Homme constituent une source de contamination du milieu aquatique. L'évaluation du risque environnemental de ces composés implique leur analyse chimique quantitative et spécifique et l'estimation de leur origine vis-à-vis des zones contaminées. Cette étude consiste en une analyse qualitative et quantitative, à l'échelle internationale, pour une trentaine de composés organiques représentatifs en termes d'utilisation et pertinents en termes d'impact environnemental. L'approche mise en œuvre intègre une étape de détection et une étape d'évaluation de la toxicité des composés ciblés afin d'estimer leur niveau de risque écotoxicologique. La détection de ces composés dans les matrices sédiments a nécessité la mise au point d'une méthode d'extraction Soxhlet et le développement d'une méthode de détection par GC-MS. La validation de cette méthode a permis de mener à bien une campagne d'échantillonnage de 54 stations répartis sur 4 bassins versants (l'Arc, l'Huveaune, la Durance, l'étang de Berre et le Oued Medjerda), afin d'évaluer le niveau de contamination par les POPs. Ce travail se propose d'effectuer un échantillonnage orienté (avant et après des ouvrages majeurs tels que STEP, Industries …) de sédiments des différents cours d'eaux de la zone Méditerranée et d'étudier à la fois les taux de contamination ainsi que l'origine des POPs. Sur le plan régional et international, ce sujet répond à une demande sociétale forte. / Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), largely present in the environment via sewage wastewater (WWTP) and anthropogenic activities are a source of contamination of the aquatic environment. The environmental risk assessment of these compounds involves their specific and quantitative chemical analysis and estimation of their origin next to the contaminated areas. This study was a qualitative and quantitative analysis, internationally, for about thirty organic compounds representative in terms of use and relevant in terms of environmental impact. The approach used incorporates a detection step and a step for evaluating the toxicity of the compounds targeted to estimate their level of ecological risk. The detection of these compounds in the sediment matrix required the development of a Soxhlet extraction method and the development of a method of detection by GC-MS. Validation of this method allowed to carry out a sampling campaign of 54 stations spread over four watersheds (Arc, Huveaune, the Durance, the Etang de Berre and Oued Medjerda), to assess the level of contamination by POPs. This work intends to carry out a guided sampling (before and after major works such as STEP, industries ...) sediments of different rivers in the Mediterranean area and study both infection rates and the origin of POPs. At the regional and international levels, the subject responds to a strong societal demand. Indeed, it is essential to characterize the quality of streams and to estimate their contamination. This work has allowed a consistent inventory level of contamination. The PAH analysis is done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS).

Este trabalho propõe uma interpretação da obra Memórias do cárcere (1953), de Graciliano Ramos, tendo como eixo de análise a configuração do narrador no relato. Por meio dela, o estudo busca desentranhar, do texto que propõe a confissão do sujeito à beira da cova, os materiais trabalhados pelo escritor. Desse modo, pode-se apreender a estruturação interna desse material como sedimentação de uma realidade historicamente pautada. A hipótese é a de que a reconstrução da experiência de cadeia por parte do narrador situado entre os anos 1940 e 1950 permite-lhe, a partir da fusão de vozes e temporalidades e da reflexão contundente sobre uma situação-limite, pôr em questão aspectos da sociabilidade brasileira, impasses situados no âmbito da política partidária e dilemas que caracterizam a complexa situação, na modernidade, do intelectual dependente e empenhado. / This study intends to offer an interpretation of the work Memórias do cárcere (1953), by Graciliano Ramos, having as its axis of analysis the configuration of the narrator throughout the account. By means of this configuration, the study aims at extracting, from the text that offers the confession of a subject who has one foot in the grave, the materials that were addressed by the writer. In this way, its possible to apprehend the internal structuration of this material as the sedimentation of a historically determined reality. The hypothesis is that, between the 1940s and 1950s, the narrators reconstruction of his experience in jail enables him, through the fusion of voices and temporalities and by means of an incisive reflection on a limit-situation, to question aspects of the Brazilian sociability, vicissitudes pertaining to the realm of party politics and dilemmas that characterize the complex situation of the dependent and engaged intellectual in modernity.

Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK), Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) und Schwermetalle (SM) sind zusammen mit anderen Elementen und Verbindungen u.a. auch mit Nährstoffen als gemischte gewachsene Kontamination in ballungsraumtypischen Belastungsflächen (z.B. Rieselfelder) vorhanden und stellen bei einem Transfer in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen eine besondere Gefährdung für den Menschen dar. Bei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich ökosystemarer Konsequenzen dieser Substanzen wurden bisher vor allem Einzelstoffbetrachtungen angestellt bzw. mehrere Vertreter einer Stoffgruppe untersucht. Ursache für Ertragsdepressionen und Minderungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität auf hochbelasteten Flächen ist aber immer eine Komplexwirkung der verschiedenen Bodeninhaltsstoffe, so daß sich synergistische Effekte einstellen können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die kombinierte Wirkung ausgewählter PAK-, PCB- und SM-Vertreter (Benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? Tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , Cadmium [ Cd] und Kupfer [ Cu] ) auf bodenmikrobiologische Parameter, Biomasseproduktion und Schadstoffaufnahme von Pflanzen im Gefäßversuch untersucht. Veränderungen von CO2-Freisetzung, Cellulosezersetzung, N-Mineralisierung und SM-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit in einem schwachbelasteten Rieselfeldboden (RefB) nach dessen Einzelstoff- bzw. Mischanreicherung mit den genannten Schadstoffen in Konzentrationen, wie sie in hochbelasteten Rieselfeldern vorliegen, werden dargestellt. Desweiteren erfolgt eine Auswertung der Daten zu Erträgen und Schadstoffgehalten der auf den Versuchsvarianten geprüften Pflanzen (Roggen, Mais und Kartoffeln). Wechselbeziehungen der Schadstoffe untereinander im Pfad ² Boden-Pflanze² werden diskutiert. Auf allen Cu-Anreicherungsvarianten von RefB reagierten die drei Versuchspflanzen mit Ertragsdepressionen. Als Ursache hierfür und für die Störungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Boden konnte Cu als Einzelstoff erkannt werden. Die Ertragsdepressionen gingen mit erhöhten Cu-Gehalten aber auch mit erhöhten Cd-Gehalten der Pflanzen einher. Zugeführtes Cu bewirkte eine Erhöhung der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit von Cd im Boden. PCB 52 bzw. (und) BaP verursachten bei ihrer gleichzeitigen Zufuhr mit Cu dessen Mobilisierung im Boden und erhöhten damit die Cu-Pflanzenaufnahme. Neben PCB 52 dem Boden gegebenes Cd führte zu höheren PCB 52-Gehalten im Pflanzensproß. Die kombinierte Anreicherung von RefB mit Cd, PCB 52 und BaP bewirkte noch höhere PCB 52- und auch höhere BaP-Pflanzengehalte. / Together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and heavy metals (HM) other elements and compounds as well as nutrients are present in typical contaminated areas like sewage fields. They are found as mixed undisturbed contamination and the transfer of these pollutants into food or forage plants is dangerous for people. So far investigations of ecological effects of these substances are focused mainly on single agents or on some agents of the same chemical group. But in most cases the mixture of different chemical compounds in extremely contaminated fields cause synergistic effects resulting in yield reductions and decreases of microbiological activity. Therefore the aim of the present work is to study combined effects of selected PAH-, PCB- and HM- (benzo-a-pyren [ BaP] , 2,2?,5,5? tetrachlorbiphenyl [ PCB 52] , cadmium [ Cd] und copper [ Cu] ) on parameters of soil biology, biomass production and pollutant uptake by plants in pot experiments. Resulting changes of cellulose decomposition, CO2-release from soil, N-mineralization and availability for plants of heavy metals after separated and combined enrichment of weackly polluted sewage field soil (RefB) with said pollutants up to concentrations of extremely polluted sewage field soils are presented. Data of yields and pollutant contents of plants (rye, maize and potatoes) cultivated on experimental soils are summarised. Interactions of pollutants ² soil-plant² are discussed. Cultivated plants showed yield reductions on all treatments enriched with copper. In this context copper only produced the impairments of microbial activity in the soil and caused its phytotoxicity. The yield reductions were connected with higher copper contents and also higher cadmium contents of plants. Added copper led to increasing availability for plants of cadmium in the soil. PCB 52 or (and) BaP together enriched with copper produced a mobilization of copper in the soil and a higher copper uptake by plants. Added cadmium caused in addition to PCB 52 higher PCB 52 contents of plants. The combined enrichment of RefB with Cd, PCB 52 and BaP led to higher contents of PCB 52 and BaP in plants.

Este trabalho propõe uma interpretação da obra Memórias do cárcere (1953), de Graciliano Ramos, tendo como eixo de análise a configuração do narrador no relato. Por meio dela, o estudo busca desentranhar, do texto que propõe a confissão do sujeito à beira da cova, os materiais trabalhados pelo escritor. Desse modo, pode-se apreender a estruturação interna desse material como sedimentação de uma realidade historicamente pautada. A hipótese é a de que a reconstrução da experiência de cadeia por parte do narrador situado entre os anos 1940 e 1950 permite-lhe, a partir da fusão de vozes e temporalidades e da reflexão contundente sobre uma situação-limite, pôr em questão aspectos da sociabilidade brasileira, impasses situados no âmbito da política partidária e dilemas que caracterizam a complexa situação, na modernidade, do intelectual dependente e empenhado. / This study intends to offer an interpretation of the work Memórias do cárcere (1953), by Graciliano Ramos, having as its axis of analysis the configuration of the narrator throughout the account. By means of this configuration, the study aims at extracting, from the text that offers the confession of a subject who has one foot in the grave, the materials that were addressed by the writer. In this way, its possible to apprehend the internal structuration of this material as the sedimentation of a historically determined reality. The hypothesis is that, between the 1940s and 1950s, the narrators reconstruction of his experience in jail enables him, through the fusion of voices and temporalities and by means of an incisive reflection on a limit-situation, to question aspects of the Brazilian sociability, vicissitudes pertaining to the realm of party politics and dilemmas that characterize the complex situation of the dependent and engaged intellectual in modernity.

Les milieux aquatiques constituent des réservoirs ultimes pour de nombreux polluants organiques persistants,notamment les polychlorobiphényles (PCB, composés bioaccumulables) et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP, composés accumulés dans le sédiment et métabolisés par les vertébrés). Les poissons peuvent être exposés à ces polluants à plusieurs stades de vie, ce qui peut altérer leur intégrité fonctionnelle. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'évaluer les altérations physiologiques entrainées par des expositions représentatives de situations environnementales. Ainsi, d’une part, des juvéniles et adultes de poissons zèbres ont été exposés par voie trophique à des mélanges de PCB représentatifs des estuaires européens. Les résultats montrent que la bioaccumulation varie en fonction des congénères de même que le transfert vers les oeufs, et pour ce dernier, le niveau de substitution par des chlores est déterminant. Une altération de la reproduction caractérisée par une réduction du taux de fécondation et l'apparition d'une atrésie folliculaire massive ont été montrées. Ces travaux pourraient être complétés 1) au niveau moléculaire pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents et notamment l'activité perturbateur endocrinien et 2) par l'évaluation des effets au niveau des populations par une approche de modélisation. D’autre part, des embryons ont été exposés pendant 96h à des sédiments enrobés par des HAP individuels. Les phénotypes obtenus sont conformes aux effets décrits pour ces HAP et ont permis de valider la procédure d'exposition. Cette procédure pourrait être utilisée pour évaluer la toxicité de sédiments naturels après extraction de la fraction aromatique, ainsi que pour évaluer la toxicité de molécules hydrophobes. Pour être fiable dans le cadre de tests, il reste indispensable d'identifier des marqueurs précoces d'effets tardifs pour éviter de sous-estimer la toxicité d'un composé. / Aquatic environments are ultimate reservoir for many persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs, bioaccumulative compounds) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, compoundsaccumulated in the sediment and metabolized by vertebrates). Fish can be exposed to these pollutants at different life stages which can alter their functional integrity. The objectives of this PhD were to assess physiological alterations following exposure to mixtures representative of environmental situations. Thus, on the one hand,juvenile and adult zebrafish were exposed through the trophic pathway to PCB mixture representative of European Estuaries. The results showed that bioaccumulation varied with the congeners as well as transfer to eggs and for the latter, the level of chlorination is decisive. Impaired reproduction characterized by a reduction in the rate of fertilization and the appearance of a massive follicular atresia were shown. This work could be completed 1) at the molecular level to better understand the underlying mechanisms including endocrine disruptive activity and 2) by the evaluation of effects at the population level by a modelling approach. On the other hand, embryos were exposed for 96 h to sediment spiked with individual PAHs. The obtained phenotypes were consistent with the effects described for these PAHs and thus validated the exposure process. This procedure could be used to assess the toxicity of natural sediment after extraction of the aromatic fraction as well as to assess the toxicity of hydrophobic molecules. To be reliable tests, it remains essential to identify early markers of late effects to avoid under estimating the toxicity of a compound.

En Lorraine, environ 7000 ha d’étangs sont exploités pour la production piscicole. Le présent travail a été consacré à la compréhension des mécanismes de transfert des micropolluants dans les étangs en mettant l'accent sur trois questions : (1) évaluer l'ampleur de la contamination métallique des étangs (n=45) ; (2) évaluer l'influence des étangs (n=3) sur les concentrations, le risque de toxicité et les flux de pesticides; (3) évaluer l'importance relative des voies de transfert des PCB vers le poisson. (1) Les enrichissements calculés soulignent des contaminations généralement faibles à modérés à l’exception des étangs localisés dans la Vôge et de deux étangs localisés dans la Woëvre. Cet enrichissement est plus prononcé pour le Cd et semble être lié à la richesse du sédiment en matière organique et carbonates (perte au feu). (2) Dans les cours d’eau de tête de bassin versant sur lesquels s’inscrivent ces trois étangs de barrage, les concentrations les plus élevées étaient généralement réduites de plus de 90% entre l'amont et l'aval de l'étang. Le risque de toxicité, évalué par la méthode de l'unité toxique, était atténué en aval des étangs. Lorsqu’on considère les flux de pesticides, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que, selon les substances considérées, les charges en pesticides sont réduites de 10 à 100% entre l'amont et l'aval de l'étang. (3) Les résultats montrent que le sédiment contaminé n’a pas d’impact sur la biodisponibilité orale des trois congénères de PCB chez la carpe commune. L’effet géosorbant du sédiment, qui explique son rôle de réservoir environnemental de PCB, paraît insuffisant dans les conditions du tractus digestif de la carpe commune, pour éviter un transfert vers le poisson / In the Lorraine Region, about 7,000 ha of ponds are exploited for fish production. The present work was dedicated to the understanding of micropollutants transfer mechanisms in freshwater fishponds focusing on three issues: (1) evaluate the extent of fishpond (n=45) exposure to trace metals (2) evaluate the influence of fishponds (n=3) on concentrations, potential toxicity and mass flows of pesticides; (3) evaluate the relative importance of transfer pathways of PCBs to fish. (1) The enrichments measured were generally low to moderate with the exception of the sites located in the Vôge and two sites located in the Woëvre. Enrichment was particularly high for Cd and seemed related to the loss of ignition. No relationship between enrichment and land use could however be observed. (2) High pesticide concentrations were generally reduced by more than 90% between upstream and downstream location. The risk of toxicity, evaluated under the toxic unit approach was attenuated downstream of the ponds. When considering the flow of pesticides, the results suggest that, depending on the substances in question, 10 to 100% of the loads of pesticides are retained in fishponds. (3) The oral transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 138, 153, and 180) from a contaminated sediment to a benthic fish (carp) was studied by the in vivo relative bioavailability method. The results show that the contaminated sediment has no effect on the oral bioavailability of the three PCB congeners in common carp. The geosorbing effect of sediment, which explains its role as an environmental reservoir of PCBs, seems insufficient under the conditions of the digestive tract of the common carp, to prevent transfer to fish

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit traitent de l’enfouissement dans un circuit imprimé de convertisseurs de puissance, paradigme visant l’insertion de composants électroniques au sein du circuit imprimé.Une structure simple et économique de composant inductif enfoui, pouvant être employé comme inductance, coupleur, ou résonateur monolithique, est tout d’abord décrite. Un modèle analytique complet est développé. Des prototypes sont réalisés, validant le modèle et démontrant l’intérêt de la topologie.L’agencement des composants de puissance constituant une cellule de commutation est ensuite étudié. En particulier, un modèle analytique permettant une compréhension intuitive des mécanismes oscillatoires dans le cadre de l’emploi de transistors rapides est décrit.Une technique de reprise de contact de face avant pour puce enfouie, basée sur un morceau de mousse pressée, est proposée. Une étude préliminaire, à forte composante expérimentale, est présentée. Elle démontre que certains prototypes enfouis présentent des caractéristiques électriques et une fiabilité similaires à celles obtenus avec des fils de bonding.Enfin, les résultats de l’étude sur l’agencement des composants d’une cellule de commutation sont appliqués pour concevoir et réaliser un hacheur basé sur des transistors SiC connectés par mousse pressée. La structure délivre 3 kW sous 600 V en continu, démontrant la viabilité du procédé de reprise de contact proposé. / This thesis deals with Printed-Circuit Board (PCB) embedding of power converters, paradigm according to which electronic components are placed within the substrate itself.First, a simple and economical structure of inductive component, which can be used either as an inductor, a coupler, or a monolithic resonator, is described. A comprehensive analytical model is developed. Prototypes are manufactured, validating the analytical model and highlighting the value of the topology.The arrangement of the power components of a switching cell is then studied. In particular, an analytical model offering an intuitive understanding of the oscillation mechanisms in cells using fast transistors is proposed.A simple and economical top-side connection technic for PCB-embedded power dies using a pressed piece of metal foam is described. A preliminary study, with strong experimental component, is proposed. It shows that the embedded prototypes have electrical performances and a reliability close to that of wire-bonded dies.Finally, the results from the study on the arrangement of the components of a switching cell are used to design and manufacture a chopper based on SiC transistors connected using a piece of pressed metal foam. This chopper proved to be able to continuously deliver 3 kW under 600 V to a load, thereby validating the proposed top-side connection technic.