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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Die Bedeutung der CO2-Fixierung von Leguminosenknöllchen für ihre Aktivität und Effizienz / The importance of nodule CO2 fixation for their activity and efficiency

Fischinger, Stephanie A. 28 May 2009 (has links)
No description available.
242

Pilzkrankheiten in Körnerfuttererbsen (Pisum sativum L.) – Diagnose, Epidemiologie, Ertragsrelevanz und Bekämpfung / Pea Diseases (Pisum sativum L.) - Diagnostic, Epidemiology, Yield-Relevance and Control

Pflughöft, Oliver 17 July 2008 (has links)
No description available.
243

Phosphorus benefits of white lupin, field pea and faba bean to wheat production in Western Australian soils

Nuruzzaman, Mohammad January 2005 (has links)
[Truncated abstract] Soils of Western Australian cropping regions are very low in phosphorous. White lupin, chickpea, and faba bean are being increasingly used in rotations with wheat on these soils. Yield of wheat after a legume crop is frequently higher than its yield after wheat. It has been reported that in addition to nitrogen, legumes can also contribute to improve the availability of phosphorous for the subsequent crops. This PhD research project aimed at optimising the economic returns of wheat-legume rotations through more efficient use of P fertiliser in the legume phase as well as enhanced availability of soil P in the subsequent wheat phase
244

A physiological study of weed competition in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Munakamwe, Z. January 2008 (has links)
Peas dominate New Zealand grain legume production and they are a major export crop. However, weeds are a major problem particularly under organic production, where the use of synthetic chemicals is prohibited. To address this limitation, a research program to study weed control in peas was done to provide both conventional and organic farmers a sustainable weed management package. This was done through three field experiments over two growing seasons, 2006/07 and 2007/08. Experiment 1, (2006/07) evaluated the effect of 50, 100 and 400 plants m² on crop yield, and weed growth of Aragon, Midichi or Pro 7035 with and without cyanazine. Experiment two explored the physiology of two pea genotypes, the leafed (Pro 7035) and the semi leafless (Midichi) sown at three dates. A herbicide treatment was included as a control. In the third experiment Midichi, was used to investigate the effect of different pea and weed population combinations and their interaction on crop yield and weed growth. All crops were grown at Lincoln University on a Templeton silt loam soil. In Experiment one, herbicide had no effect on total dry matter (TDM) and seed yield (overall mean seed yield 673 g m²). There was also no significant difference in mean seed yield among the pea genotypes, Aragorn, Pro 7035 and Midichi, (overall mean, 674 g m²). The lowest average seed yield, 606 g m² was from 400 plants m² and the highest, 733 g m², from 50 plants m², a 21% yield increase. A significant herbicide by population interaction showed that herbicide had no effect on seed yields at 100 and 400 plants m². However, cyanazine treated plots at 50 plants m² gave 829 g m² of seed. This was 30% more than the 637 g m², from plots without herbicide. In Experiment 1 pea cultivar and herbicide had no significant effect on weed counts. In Experiment 2 the August sowing gave the highest seed yield at 572 g m². This was 62% more than the lowest yield, in October. Cyanazine treatment gave a mean seed yield of 508 g m², 19% more than from unsprayed plots. There was a significant (p < 0.05) sowing date x genotype interaction which showed that in the August sowing genotype had no effect on seed yield. However, in September the Pro 7035 seed yield at 559 g m² was 40% more that of Midichi and in October it gave 87% more. Weed spectrum varied over time. Prevalent weeds in spring were Stachys spp, Achillea millefolium L., and Spergular arvensis L. In summer they were Chenopodium album L., Rumex spp, Trifolium spp and Solanum nigrum L. Coronopus didymus L., Stellaria media and Lolium spp were present in relatively large numbers throughout the season. In Experiment 3 seed yield increased significantly (p < 0.001) with pea population. Two hundred plants m² gave the highest mean seed yield at 409 g m² and 50 plants m² gave the lowest (197 g m²). The no-sown-weed treatment gave the highest mean seed yield of 390 g m². This was due to less competition for solar radiation. There was no difference in seed yield between the normal rate sown weed and the 2 x normal sown weed treatments (mean 255 g m²). It can be concluded that fully leafed and semi-leafless peas can be sown at similar populations to achieve similar yields under weed free conditions. Increased pea sowing rate can increase yield particularly in weedy environments. Early sowing can also increase yield and possibly control problem weeds of peas (particularly Solanum spp), which are usually late season weeds. Herbicide can enhance pea yield but can be replaced by effective cultural methods such as early sowing, appropriate pea genotype and high sowing rates. Additional key words: Pisum sativum L., semi-leafless, fully leafed, cyanazine, pea population, weed population, sustainable, TDM, seed yield, weed, weed counts, sowing date, weed spectrum, seed rates.
245

Consórcio de milho com adubos verdes e manejo da adubação nitrogenada no cultivo de feijão em sucessão no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária no cerrado / Nitrogen fertilization management in bean cultivated after maize-legumes intercropping in the Crop-Livestock Integration system in Brazilian Savannah

Priscila de Oliveira 29 June 2010 (has links)
Foram realizados dez experimentos envolvendo as culturas de feijão e milho consorciado com leguminosas e/ou Brachiaria brizantha, nas safras de verão de 2008/2009, inverno de 2009 e verão de 2009/2010, em dois municípios de estado de Goiás (GO). Em Ipameri-GO, a área foi cultivada com soja por vários anos e milho consorciado com B. brizantha na safra que precedeu a implantação dos experimentos. Em Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, a área é mantida com a rotação de milho e soja com a forrageira B. brizantha, em esquema trienal. Os principais objetivos desses estudos foram avaliar: (i) a viabilidade do consórcio de milho com leguminosas, (ii) a resposta do feijoeiro cultivado em sucessão e (iii) o manejo do N nessas culturas. Foi constatado que em solos com média a alta fertilidade química, como os utilizados na experimentação, os consórcios de milho com B. brizantha ou com guandu-anão (Canajus cajan) ou crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis) não interferiram na produtividade de grãos de milho na presença de N em cobertura, exceto no experimento conduzido em Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, no qual a crotalária reduziu significativamente a produtividade do milho. Também, em ambos os locais, no consórcio simultâneo ou defasado de milho com crotalária ou guandu-anão não ocorreu liberação de nitrogênio (N) das leguminosas para o milho, medido pela produtividade de grãos, durante o ciclo das espécies. Já nos consórcios em que a B. brizantha foi mantida sem dessecação nas entrelinhas do milho, denominado de dessecação parcial, ocorreu decréscimo significativo na produtividade do milho, em relação ao cultivo em área totalmente dessecada. A análise de crescimento revelou maiores índice de área foliar (IAF) e acúmulo de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) para o guandu em monocultivo, sendo que para a crotalária cultivada na linha do milho, tanto o IAF quanto a MSPA aproximaram-se dos valores referentes ao monocultivo. As curvas de crescimento do milho revelaram a superioridade do cultivo com 90.kg.ha-1 de N tanto no IAF quanto na MSPA, quando comparado ao cultivo consorciado com leguminosas. No caso de Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, na rotação trienal envolvendo espécies graníferas e forrageiras, registrou-se um acentuado aporte de N no solo, sendo obtidas altas produtividades de feijão cultivado em sucessão à pastagem, sem a aplicação de N mineral, ocorrendo, porém, aumento significativo na produtividade do feijoeiro nos tratamentos de palhadas que continham leguminosas. A aplicação de N mineral imediatamente antes da semeadura ou no estádio de plântulas do feijão e do milho teve efeito semelhante nas suas produtividades em relação à aplicação tradicional, ou seja, algumas semanas após a emergência dessas espécies. A aplicação de N mineral foi mais eficiente no aumento da produtividade de feijão irrigado quando feita próximo às fileiras de plantas ou quando o N foi incorporado mecanicamente no solo, comparados à aplicação a lanço. / Ten experiments were performed involving common beans and maize intercropped with legumes and/or Brachiaria brizantha, in the summer crops of 2008/2009, 2009 winter and summer of 2009/2010 in two municipalities in the Goiás (GO) state, Brazil. In Ipameri- GO, the area was planted with soybeans for several years and corn associated with B. brizantha in crop preceding the experiments. In Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, the area is maintained with corn or soybean rotation with B. brizantha, in a three-year scheme. The main objectives of these studies were to evaluate the feasibility of intercropping maize with legumes and the response of common bean after it, in no-tillage system, on the mulching straws provided by the cultivation of maize intercropped with forage legumes and grasses and to study the management of nitrogen (N) in these two crops. It was found that in soils with medium to high chemical fertility, such as those used in the experiments, the intercropping of corn and B. brizantha or pigeonpea (Canajus cajan) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria spectabilis) had any influence on grain yield of maize in the presence of mineral N, except in the experiment conducted in Santo Antonio de Goiás-GO, where the sunn hemp significantly reduced corn productivity. Also, in both locations, simultaneous or lagged consortium of pigeonpea or sunn hemp with maize, there was no release of N from legumes to maize, as measured by grain productivity, during the cycle of the species. However, in the consortia in which B. brizantha is maintained without drying between the maize lines, called partial desiccation, there was a significant decrease in the yield of corn in relation to the totally desiccated area. The growth analysis showed higher leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter accumulation (TDM) for pigeonpea grown in single system, but for sunn hemp cultivated in the corn rows, both LAI and TDM approached to its single cropping, confirming its competitiveness with corn in the intercropping system. Growth curves also showed the superiority of the corn crop with 90 kg N ha-1 in both LAI and TDM, compared to intercropping with legumes. In the case of Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO the three-year rotation involving grain species and grass forages caused an intake of N in the soil, and high yields of beans grown in rotation with pasture were obtained, without the application of mineral N, occurring, though, significant increase in grain yield in the treatments of straws containing legumes. The application of mineral N immediately before sowing or at the seedling stage of beans and corn had a similar effect on their productivity compared to traditional application, a few weeks after the emergence of these species. The application of mineral N was more efficient in increasing the productivity of beans when applied on the soil surface near the plants rows and in cases where the fertilizer was mechanically incorporated into the soil, comparing to surface-broadcasting.
246

Influence de l'état protéique sur la dynamique de séparation de phase et de gélification dans un système ternaire aqueux à base de protéines de pois et d'alginate / Influence of protein state on the phase separation and gelation within an aqueous system made of pea proteins and alginate

Mession, Jean-Luc 14 September 2012 (has links)
Deux systèmes aqueux à 20°C constitués de protéines globulaires de pois et d’alginate de sodium ont été considérés au cours de cette étude, dans des conditions de solvant fixées à pH 7,2 et 0,1 M NaCl. Dans un premier temps, le comportement de phase de globulines faiblement dénaturées (i) ou pré-agrégées thermiquement (ii) en mélange avec de l’alginate a été comparé à différentes échelles d’observation, en termes de diagrammes de phase et de microstructure analysée par microscopie confocale. Attribuée à un phénomène général d’incompatibilité thermodynamique, la séparation de phase a été décrite tout particulièrement sous des aspects morphologiques et cinétiques à l’échelle microscopique, selon la composition de départ en biopolymères et le mode de préparation des globulines. Par la suite, une gélification de chacun des deux systèmes a été opérée à froid, par libération de calcium ionique in situ à partir d’un sel de calcium de carbonate peu soluble au-dessus de pH 7, sous l’effet acidifiant d’une hydrolyse lente de la glucono-δ-lactone (GDL). L’intérêt d’un tel procédé reposait sur l’obtention de gels remplis à mixtes lorsque l’alginate seul ou l’alginate et la phase protéique pouvaient gélifier en présence de calcium. Des corrélations entre propriétés rhéologiques mesurées en régime dynamique (modules G’ et G’’) et données de microstructure ont été effectuées, par l’intermédiaire de l’analyse de texture d’image selon la méthode de cooccurrence. Chaque mélange témoignait d’une séparation de phase bloquée cinétiquement par sa gélification. Par rapport aux gels d’alginate seul ou gels remplis où l’alginate seul pouvait gélifier via le calcium, les gels mixtes témoignaient d’un effet de synergie remarquable d’un point de vue élasticité finale des gels. Dans le même temps, les globulines pré-agrégées ne montraient pas d’aptitude à la gélification selon le procédé appliqué ici. En outre, des effets ségrégatifs induisaient un enrichissement des protéines et du polyoside dans deux phases coexistantes, renforçant de ce fait des interactions entre biopolymères du même type. Les gels mixtes les plus élastiques présentaient une structure enchevêtrée avec un réseau protéique prédominant. Les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission effectuées par un marquage différentiel des deux biopolymères suggèreraient qu’il puisse se former localement des interactions attractives inter-biopolymères, probablement via le calcium, à l’interface des deux phases initialement immiscibles. Ce pontage consoliderait globalement la cohésion entre les deux réseaux protéique et polyosidique / Two aqueous systems at 20°C in 0.1 M NaCl and pH 7.2 containing globular pea proteins and sodium alginate were investigated in this study. First, phase behavior of (i) either low-denatured mixed globulins or (ii) their thermally pre-aggregated counterparts - alginate mixtures was compared using a multi-scale approach, by means of phase diagram and microstructure analysis by confocal microscopy. Thermodynamic incompatibility was the main driving force leading to phase separation within the mixtures, which presented according to their initial biopolymer composition both different morphological and time-evolution features of coexisting phases. Thereafter, a cold-set gelation for each system was performed, as the slow hydrolysis of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) acidified the media and mediated the release in situ of calcium ions from calcium carbonate, practically insoluble at pH higher than 7. Such procedure would allow gelation via calcium of alginate only or both alginate and the protein phase, giving rise to filled and mixed gels, respectively. An attempt to correlate rheological measurements (G’, G’’ dynamic moduli) with microstructural data was carried out according to image texture analysis by the cooccurrence method. Phase separation was kinetically entrapped by gelation. Compared to single-alginate gels or native globulins-alginate filled gels where alginate was the only gelling agent via calcium, mixed gels reflected in fact great synergism effect regarding final gel elasticity. Meanwhile, pre-aggregated pea globulins could not form a gel with the gelation procedure of choice here. Besides, stronger segregative effects were evidenced by increasing initial biopolymer composition thus enhancing self-biopolymer interaction in their respective enriched-coexisting phases. The strongest mixed gels displayed entangled structure. According to a differential labelling of each incompatible biopolymer, observations with transmission electron microscopy suggested inter-biopolymer attractive interaction at the interface of coexisting phases, probably via calcium cations. Salt-bridging would reinforce cohesiveness between both protein and alginate networks
247

MiRNA and co : methodologically exploring the world of small RNAs / MiARN et compagnie : une exploration méthodologique du monde des petits ARNs

Higashi, Susan 26 November 2014 (has links)
La principale contribution de cette thèse est le développement d'une méthode fiable, robuste, et rapide pour la prédiction des pré-miARNs. Deux objectifs avaient été assignés : efficacité et flexibilité. L'efficacité a été rendue possible au moyen d'un algorithme quadratique. La flexibilité repose sur deux aspects, la nature des données expérimentales et la position taxonomique de l'organisme (en particulier plantes ou animaux). Mirinho accepte en entrée des séquences de génomes complets mais aussi les très nombreuses séquences résultant d'un séquençage massif de type NGS de “RNAseq”. “L'universalité” taxonomique est obtenu par la possibilité de modifier les contraintes sur les tailles de la tige (double hélice) et de la boule terminale. Dans le cas de la prédiction des miARN de plantes la plus grande longueur de leur pré-miARN conduit à des méthodes d'extraction de la structure secondaire en tige-boule moins précises. Mirinho prend en compte ce problème lui permettant de fournir des structures secondaires de pré-miARN plus semblables à celles de miRBase que les autres méthodes disponibles. Mirinho a été utilisé dans le cadre de deux questions biologiques précises l'une concernant des RNAseq l'autre de l'ADN génomique. La première question a conduit au traitement et l'analyse des données RNAseq de Acyrthosiphon pisum, le puceron du pois. L'objectif était d'identifier les miARN qui sont différentiellement exprimés au cours des quatre stades de développement de cette espèce et sont donc des candidats à la régulation des gènes au cours du développement. Pour cette analyse, nous avons développé un pipeline, appelé MirinhoPipe. La deuxieme question a permis d'aborder les problèmes liés à la prévision et l'analyse des ARN non-codants (ARNnc) dans la bactérie Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Alvinho a été développé pour la prédiction de cibles des miRNA autour d'une segmentation d'une séquence numérique et de la détection de la conservation des séquences entre ncRNA utilisant un graphe k-partite. Nous avons finalement abordé un problème lié à la recherche de motifs conservés dans un ensemble de séquences et pouvant ainsi correspondre à des éléments fonctionnels / The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a reliable, robust, and much faster method for the prediction of pre-miRNAs. With this method, we aimed mainly at two goals: efficiency and flexibility. Efficiency was made possible by means of a quadratic algorithm. Flexibility relies on two aspects, the input type and the organism clade. Mirinho can receive as input both a genome sequence and small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) data of both animal and plant species. To change from one clade to another, it suffices to change the lengths of the stem-arms and of the terminal loop. Concerning the prediction of plant miRNAs, because their pre-miRNAs are longer, the methods for extracting the hairpin secondary structure are not as accurate as for shorter sequences. With Mirinho, we also addressed this problem, which enabled to provide pre-miRNA secondary structures more similar to the ones in miRBase than the other available methods. Mirinho served as the basis to two other issues we addressed. The first issue led to the treatment and analysis of sRNA-seq data of Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea aphid. The goal was to identify the miRNAs that are expressed during the four developmental stages of this species, allowing further biological conclusions concerning the regulatory system of such an organism. For this analysis, we developed a whole pipeline, called MirinhoPipe, at the end of which Mirinho was aggregated. We then moved on to the second issue, that involved problems related to the prediction and analysis of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A method, called Alvinho, was thus developed for the prediction of targets in this bacterium, together with a pipeline for the segmentation of a numerical sequence and detection of conservation among ncRNA sequences using a kpartite graph. We finally addressed a problem related to motifs, that is to patterns, that may be composed of one or more parts, that appear conserved in a set of sequences and may correspond to functional elements.
248

Ett doft- och smakbibliotek avseende hampfrö-presskaka, gula mjölmasklarver, texturerad veteprotein, ärtproteinisolat och ärtprotein koncentrat : En sensorisk undersökning av alternativa proteinkällor / A fragrance- and flavour library for hempseed press cake, yellow mealworm, textured wheat protein, pea protein isolate and pea protein concentrate : A sensory study of alternative protein sources

Vu, Michael, Holmberg, Sofie January 2021 (has links)
Syftet med studien är att genom sensoriska analyser sammanställa ett doft- och smakbibliotek för hampfrö-presskaka, gula mjölmasklarver, texturerad veteprotein, ärtproteinisolat och ärtprotein koncentrat. Metoderna pilotstudie, konsensustest och in-house intensitetstest används i studieprocessen. Pilotstudiens syfte är att få en ökad förståelse för produkternas doft och smak. Konsensustestet är en central punkt för uppbyggnaden av doft- och smakbiblioteket, eftersom övervägande attribut som genererats under testet används till produktbeskrivningen i doft- och smakbiblioteket. Inhouse intensitetstestet avsikt är verifiera attributgenereringens validitet från konsensustestet. Resultatet från pilotstudien bidrar med referenser till konsensustestet. Det finns även gemensamma egenskapsord för produkternas doft- och smak i pilotstudien och i konsensustestet. Resultatet från konsensustestet visar att det är svårt att särskilja smak från munkänsla, där till exempel olja kan fastställas som en smak från hampfrö-presskaka. Resultatet från inhouse intensitetstestet har ett större bortfall, vilket gör det svårt att fastställa attributen på grund av differentialen i minimum- och maximum värdet. Attribut som gav en beskrivande text till biblioteket visar att hampfrö-presskaka har en doft av gräs och tång där smak påminner om doft. Ärtproteinisolat doftar framför allt spannmål och smaken påminner om frön och majs. Gula mjölmasklarver doftar cerealier och valnötter, där smaken utgår från grundsmaken umami. Texturerad veteprotein har en doft som kan härledas till rostade vetepuffar och havregryn, där smak påminner om doft. Sista produkten ärtprotein koncentrat, har en doft av ärtskott och en besk smak. / The purpose of the study is to construct a fragrance- and flavour library for sensory analyses for hemp seed press cake, yellow mealworms, textured wheat protein, pea protein isolate and pea protein concentrate. The methods pilot study, consensus test and inhouse intensity test are used to be able to execute the study. The purpose of the pilot study is to gain an increased understanding of the fragrance- and flavour of the pre-products. The consensus test is a central point for the structure of the fragrance- and flavour library, since predominant attributes generated during the test are used for the product description in the fragrance- and flavour library. The purpose of the inhouse intensity test is to verify the validity of the attribute generation from the consensus test. The results from the pilot study contribute with references to the consensus test. There are also common attributes for the products' fragrance- and flavour in the pilot study and in the consensus test. The results from the consensus test show that it is difficult to distinguish between taste and mouthfeel. For example, can oil from hemp seed press cake be determined as a flavour. The result from the inhouse intensity test has a large statistical error, which makes it difficult to determine the attributes due to the differential in the minimum- and maximum value. Attributes that gave a descriptive text to the library show that hemp seed press cake has a scent of grass and seaweed where the taste is reminiscent of the scent. Pea protein isolate mainly smells of grain, the taste is reminiscent of seeds and corn. Yellow mealworms smell like cereals and walnuts where the taste is based on the basic taste umami. Textured wheat protein has a scent that can remind of roasted wheat puffs and oatmeal, where the taste is reminiscent of the scent. The last product is pea protein concentrate, which has a scent of pea shoots, and the taste is bitter.
249

Beitrag alternativer Bewirtschaftungsverfahren im ökologischen Landbau zum Boden- und Gewässerschutz

Stieber, Jette 10 October 2016 (has links)
Die im ökologischen Pflanzenbau oftmals durchgeführte Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug wird genutzt, um Unkräuter und Krankheitserreger möglichst wirksam zu regulieren, zusätzlich soll die Mineralisierung von Stickstoff im Boden angeregt werden. Eine intensive Bodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug birgt jedoch ein erhöhtes Risiko der Bodenerosion durch Wind sowie Wasser, zudem wird die Bildung von Bodenverdichtungen im Wurzelbereich der angebauten Kulturpflanze gefördert. Der Einsatz des Pfluges führt zu einem erhöhten Kraftstoffverbrauch bei den einge-setzten Zugfahrzeugen, zusätzlich steigt der Arbeitszeitbedarf. Der vorliegende Versuch im ökologischen Landbau beschäftige sich mit den Effekten einer reduzierten Bodenbearbeitung mit dem Grubber und Direktsaat im Vergleich zu einer wendenden Bearbeitung mit Pflug auf Ertragsbildung, Unkrautwachstum und Stickstoffflüsse im Fruchtfolgeglied Erbse und Winterweizen. Hierzu erfolgte die Anlage eines Feldversuches am Standort Pinkowitz bei Dresden (Parabraunerde aus Löss, 55 Bodenpunkte) in einer 2- (Erbse) bzw. 3-faktoriellen (Weizen) Spaltanlage in den Jahren 2009 und 2010. Die Körnererbse wurde am 19.04.09 bzw. 08.04.10 nach einer Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug bzw. Grubber oder in Direktsaat eingesät. Eine Woche später erfolgte die Einsaat einer Untersaat mit Erdklee zur Gründüngung in der Hälfte der Parzellen. Am 26.10.09 bzw. 23.10.10 wurde Winterweizen analog zu den Saatsystemen zur Körnererbse (Pflug/Grubber/Direktsaat), jedoch im 90 Grad Winkel versetzt zur Einsaat der Erbse, eingesät. In einem Teilversuch wurde mittels 15N-Isotopenanreicherung von Erdklee-sprossmasse die Verfügbarkeit des Stickstoffes aus der Sprossmasse des Erdklees im Winterweizen quantifiziert. Ziel der Versuche war es die Effekte des Anbaus von Erbsen und Weizen bei konservierender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Pflanzenbau im Vergleich zu einer intensiven Bodenbearbeitung zu identifizieren und daraus Strategien für einen verstärkten Einsatz von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Direktsaat abzuleiten.   Es erfolgte die Erhebung der Sprosstrockenmasse von Erbse, Erdklee und Unkraut zu BBCH 20, 65 und 89, sowie vor der Saat des Weizens. Die Sprossmasse des Weizens und des Unkrautes erfolgte zu den BBCH-Stadien 39, 59 und 89 des Weizens. Zusätzlich wurden in beiden Kulturen zur Druschreife eine Beerntung per Hand und ein Kernparzellendrusch durchgeführt. Zeitnah zur Entnahme von Pflanzenproben fand eine Entnahme von Bodenproben zur Bestimmung des Nmin-Vorrates im Boden statt. Zudem erfolgten Erhebungen zur Bodentemperatur, der Lagerungsdichte des Bodens im Saathorizont und der Bodenfeuchte. Aus den gewonnenen Daten konnten mehrere Indizes und Kennzahlen zur Ertragsbildung und Stickstoffversorgung der angebauten Kulturpflanzen errechnet werden. Die Ertragsleistung der Körnererbse war nach einer reduzierten Bodenbearbeitung leicht, jedoch nicht signifikant vermindert. Auch eine Einsaat der Erbse in Direktsaat hatte lediglich in einem Versuchsjahr eine signifikante Minderung des Kornertrages zu Folge. Die Keimung des Erbsensaatgutes war nach Einsaat in Direktsaat beeinträchtigt und die Erbse konnte diesen verminderten Feldaufgang nicht kompensieren. Die verringerte Fähigkeit der Erbse zur Kompensation geringer Feldaufgänge wurde durch eine hohe Unkrautsprossmasse, einen geringen Stickstoffversorgungsindex der Erbse zur Blüte sowie einer hohen Lagerungsdichte des Bodens außerhalb des Säschlitzes verursacht. Um auch unter Direktsaat-bedingungen höhere Kornerträge zu erzielen müssen die genauen Ursachen für den geringen Feldaufgang ermittelt werden, da sich im vorliegenden lediglich Anhaltspunkte wie eine ungenaue Saatgutablege und ein verstärktes Auftreten von Pflanzenkrankheiten dafür ergeben haben. Die Folgekultur Winterweizen war nach einer Saat in Direktsaat im Vergleich zu Pflug und Grubber in der Ertragsbildung massiv beeinträchtigt. Wurde die Vorfrucht Erbse in Direktsaat gesät, zeigte sich ein leicht negativer Effekt auf den Kornertrag des Weizens unabhängig davon, ob die Folgefrucht Weizen nach einer Bodenbearbeitung mit Pflug und Grubber oder in Direktsaat gesät wurde. Eine einmalige Anwendung von Direktsaat bei Erbse war im vorliegenden Versuch auch unter den Bedingungen des ökologischen Landbaus gut möglich, die Ertragsrückgang betrug 13,3 % in 2009 bzw. 26,2 % in 2010. Die Untersaat Erdklee reduzierte das Wachstum des Unkrautes in allen Varianten der Bodenbearbeitung und konkurrenzierte die Deckfrucht lediglich schwach, so dass in 2009 eine Minderung des Kornertrages um 1,1 dt ha-1 in 2010 um 4,6 dt ha-1 verzeichnet wurde. Die Beurteilung der Umsetzungsprozesse des Stickstoffes aus der Erdkleesprossmasse mittels 15N-Spurenanreicherung von Winterweizen über das Aufbringen von angereichertem Erdkleesprossmaterial war in jeder Variante der Bodenbearbeitung sicher möglich. Die Aufnahme von Stickstoff aus der Erdklee-sprossmasse durch den Winterweizen ging mit Rücknahme der Bodenbearbeitungs-intensität zurück, so stammten zur Abreife des Weizens nach einer Pflugsaat 13,0 % des Stickstoffes im Spross des Weizens aus der Sprossmasse des Erdklees, nach Grubber bzw. Direktsaat betrug dieser Anteil 8,6 % bzw. 8,5 %. Die Mineralisierung des Stickstoffes aus der Erdkleesprossmasse hielt jedoch nach konservierender Bodenbearbeitung insgesamt nicht lange an, so dass keine Steigerung der Korn-proteingehalte über eine zusätzliche Bereitstellung von Stickstoff während der Kornfüllungsphase erzielt werden konnte.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Stand des Wissens 2.1 Effekte verschiedener Intensitäten der Bodenbearbeitung 2.2 Direktsaatversuche im ökologischen Landbau 2.3 Untersaat 2.4 N-Transfer aus der Untersaat in die Folgefrucht 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Standorteigenschaften und Witterung 3.2 Versuchsaufbau 3.3 Probennahme und Probenaufarbeitung 3.4 Statistische Analysen 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Zwischenfrucht 4.2 Erbse 4.2.1 Auflaufen der Erbse 4.2.2 Bestandsentwicklung und Kornertrag der Erbse 4.2.3 Harvest-Indizes und Stickstoffakkumulation 4.2.4 N-Aufnahme der Sommergerste 4.3 Winterweizen 4.3.1 Etablierung des Winterweizens 4.3.2 Bestandsentwicklung und Kornertrag des Winterweizens 4.3.3 Harvest-Indizes und Kornproteingehalt des Winterweizens 4.3.4 Nmin unter Winterweizen 4.4 Stickstoffaufnahme des Weizens aus 15N-markiertem Erdklee 5 Diskussion 5.1 Ertragsleistung Erbse 5.2 Ertragsleistung Winterweizen 5.3 Legume Untersaat Erdklee 5.4 15N-Anreicherung 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8. Anhang Versicherung
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Effektivitet och säkerhet av palmitoyletanolamid (PEA) för behandling av smärta. / Efficacy and safety of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) for the treatment of pain

Sharipova, Petimat January 2023 (has links)
Bakgrund: Palmitoyletanolamid (PEA) är endogen fettsyraamid som produceras naturligt i kroppen. PEA fungerar som en lipidmediator med liknande effekter som endocannabinoider och har olika positiva effekter på kroppen, såsom antiinflammatorisk, smärtlindrande, antikonvulsiv, immunmodulerande och neuroprotektiv verkan. PEA fungerar huvudsakligen genom att aktivera peroxisomproliferatoraktiverade receptor-alfa (PPAR-α) och även cannabinoidreceptorerna CB1, CB2 och GPR55, samt transienta receptorpotential vanilloida receptor 1 (TRPV1). Även om PEA naturligt produceras naturligt av kroppen, kan det finnas en brist vid kroniska inflammatoriska sjukdomar, vilket gör det till en användbar terapeutisk strategi att ta PEA som kosttillskott eller livsmedel för medicinska ändamål.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att genomföra en litteraturöversikt för att undersöka den analgetiska effektiviteten av PEA och dess potentiella oönskade effekter.  Resultat: Fyra studier har undersökt effekterna av PEA-behandling på smärta och olika smärtrelaterade tillstånd. Studie 1 visade en signifikant minskning av smärta och ökad smärttålighet utan rapporterade biverkningar efter PEA-behandling. Studie 2 visade positiva effekter av PEA-behandling på neuropatisk smärta, sömn och depressionssymtom. Dessutom visade studien samband mellan glukosmetabolism, sömn, humör och smärta, vilket tyder på att smärtbehandlingen måste vara mer komplex och ta hänsyn till personens totala hälsotillstånd. Studie 3 undersökte effekten av två doser av PEA på symtom associerade med artros och visade att PEA-behandlingen ledde till signifikant förbättring i smärtintensitet, stelhet och fysisk funktion jämfört med placebo utan rapporterade allvarliga biverkningar. Slutligen, studie 4 visade att smärtlindringen var högre i PEA-gruppen jämfört med ibuprofen-gruppen vid slutet av behandlingen för temporomandibulär dysfunktion (TMD) och inga negativa effekter rapporterades i PEA-gruppen. Resultaten av dessa studier indikerar att PEA kan vara en effektiv och säker behandlingsmetod för smärta och smärtrelaterade tillstånd. / Background: Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring endogenous fatty acid amide that acts as a lipid mediator with effects similar to endocannabinoids. It has been shown to have various positive effects on the body, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. PEA primarily works by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, and GPR55, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) channels. Although the body produces PEA naturally, people with chronic inflammatory diseases may have a deficiency, making it a useful therapeutic strategy to take PEA as a supplement or food for medical purposes  Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the analgesic effectiveness of PEA and its potential adverse effects based on a literature overview.  Results: Four studies that have investigated the effects of PEA treatment on pain and various pain-related conditions have been considered. Study 1 showed a significant reduction in pain and increased pain tolerance without reported side effects after PEA treatment. Study 2 showed positive effects of PEA treatment on neuropathic pain, sleep, and depressive symptoms. Additionally, that study showed a relationship between glucose metabolism, sleep, mood, and pain, suggesting that pain treatment needs to be more complex and consider the person's overall health status. Study 3 examined the effect of two dosage regimens of PEA on symptoms associated with osteoarthritis and showed that PEA treatment resulted in significant improvement in pain intensity, stiffness, and physical function compared to placebo without reported serious adverse effects. Finally, study 4 showed that pain relief was higher in the PEA group compared to the ibuprofen group at the end of treatment for temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and no negative effects were reported in the PEA group. The results of these studies indicate that PEA may be an effective and safe treatment method for pain and pain-related conditions.

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