Charles University First Medical Faculty Study programme: History of Medicine Summary of dissertation The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations Dr. med. univ. Harald Salfellner Prague, 2017 Summary Towards the end of the First World War, in 1918 and 1919, humanity faced a previously unparalleled flu pandemic; within a few months, more people had been killed than in all the battles of the 1914-18 war put together. The precise number of victims is unknown but is today generally reckoned at between 20 and 50 million. The whole world was affected by the Spanish flu, with the exception of a few remote islands, and Europe, already bled to death by industrialised warfare, was particularly hard hit. In summer 1918, the pandemic reached Bohemia in an early, relatively benign wave. A few weeks later, thousands were struck down in Prague in a second and far more deadly phase of the illness. In October 1918, as the First Czechoslovakian Republic arose from the ashes of the multiethnic Austrian state, and the masses celebrated in the cities, thousands of feverish patients were coughing behind drawn curtains, and facing an uncertain fate. In the USA, the flu pandemic - the greatest health disaster of the 20th century - has been the subject of many...

Introdução: O diagnóstico microbiológico da infecção por Legionella é complexo, pois a bactéria não é visualizada à coloração de Gram no escarro, e sua cultura não é realizada na maioria dos laboratórios clínicos. A imunofluorescência direta nas secreções respiratórias tem baixa sensibilidade, em torno de 40% e a técnica da “PCR” não é ainda recomendada para o diagnóstico clínico (CDC, 1997). A detecção de anticorpos no soro é a técnica mais utilizada, e o critério definitivo é a soroconversão para no mínimo 1:128, cuja sensibilidade é de 70 a 80% (Edelstein, 1993). Como critérios diagnósticos de possível pneumonia por Legionella, eram utilizados: título único de anticorpos a L pneumophila positivo na diluição 1:256, em paciente com quadro clínico compatível (CDC, 1990) e o achado de antígeno a Legionella na urina (WHO, 1990). Nos últimos anos, porém, com o uso crescente do teste de antigenúria, foram detectados casos de pneumonia por Legionella, que não eram diagnosticados por cultura ou sorologia, tornando-o método diagnóstico de certeza para o diagnóstico de pneumonia por Legionella (CDC, 1997). Por sua fácil execução, resultado imediato, e alta sensibilidade - de 86% a 98% (Kashuba & Ballow, 1986; Harrison & Doshi, 2001), tem sido recomendado para o diagnóstico das PAC que necessitam internação hospitalar (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al., 2001; Marrie, 2001), especialmente em UTI (ATS, 2001). Vários estudos documentaram baixo valor preditivo positivo do título único positivo de 1:256, tornando-o sem valor para o diagnóstico da pneumonia por Legionella, exceto, talvez, em surtos (Plouffe et al., 1995). Outros detectaram alta prevalência de anticorpos positivos na diluição 1:256 na população, em pessoas normais (Wilkinson et al., 1983; Nichol et al., 1991). A partir de 1996, o CDC de Atlanta recomendou que não seja mais utilizado o critério de caso provável de infecção por Legionella pneumophila por título único de fase convalescente ≥1:256, por falta de especificidade(CDC, 1997). A pneumonia por Legionella é raramente diagnosticada, e sua incidência é subestimada. Em estudos de PAC, a incidência da pneumonia por Legionella nos EUA, Europa, Israel e Austrália, foi estimada entre 1% a 16% (Muder & Yu, 2000). Nos EUA, foi estimado que cerca de 8 000 a 23 000 casos de PAC por Legionella ocorrem anualmente, em pacientes que requerem hospitalização (Marston et al., 1994 e 1977). No Brasil, a incidência de PAC causadas por Legionella em pacientes hospitalizados é tema de investigação pertinente, ainda não relatado na literatura. Objetivo: detectar a incidência de pneumonias causadas por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, em pacientes que internaram no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre por PAC, por um ano. Material e Métodos: o delineamento escolhido foi um estudo de coorte (de incidência), constituída por casos consecutivos de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade que internaram no HCPA de 19 de julho de 2000 a 18 de julho de 2001. Para a identificação dos casos, foram examinados diariamente o registro computadorizado das internações hospitalares, exceto as internações da pediatria e da obstetrícia, sendo selecionados todos os pacientes internados com o diagnóstico de pneumonia e de insuficiência respiratória aguda. Foram excluídos aqueles com menos de 18 anos ou mais de 80 anos; os procedentes de instituições, HIV-positivos, gestantes, pacientes restritos ao leito; e portadores de doença estrutural pulmonar ou traqueostomias. Foram excluídos os pacientes que tivessem tido alta hospitalar nos últimos 15 dias, e aqueles já incluídos no decorrer do estudo. Os pacientes selecionados foram examinados por um pesquisador, e incluídos para estudo se apresentassem infiltrado ao RX de tórax compatível com pneumonia, associado a pelo menos um dos sintomas respiratórios maiores (temperatura axilar > 37,8ºC, tosse ou escarro; ou dois sintomas menores (pleurisia, dispnéia, alteração do estado mental, sinais de consolidação à ausculta pulmonar, mais de 12 000 leucócitos/mm3). O estudo foi previamente aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa do HCPA. Os pacientes eram entrevistados por um pesquisador, dando seu consentimento por escrito, e então seus dados clínicos e laboratoriais eram registrados em protocolo individual. Não houve interferência do pesquisador, durante a internação, exceto pela coleta de urina e de sangue para exame laboratoriais específicos da pesquisa. Os pacientes eram agendados, no ambulatório de pesquisa, num prazo de 4 a 12 semanas após sua inclusão no estudo, quando realizavam nova coleta de sangue, RX de tórax de controle, e outros exames que se fizessem necessários para esclarecimento diagnóstico.Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1 ano, após sua inclusão no estudo.Foram utilizadas a técnica de imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de anticorpos das classes IgG, IgM e IgA a Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6 no soro, em duas amostras, colhidas, respectivamente, na 1ª semana de internação e depois de 4 a 12 semanas; e a técnica imunológica por teste ELISA para a detecção do antígeno de Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na urina, colhida na primeira semana de internação. As urinas eram armazenadas, imediatamente após sua coleta, em freezer a –70ºC, e depois descongeladas e processadas em grupos de cerca de 20 amostras. A imunofluorescência foi feita no laboratório de doenças Infecciosas da Universidade de Louisville (KY, EUA), em amostras de soro da fase aguda e convalescente, a partir da diluição 1:8; e a detecção do antígeno de Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1, nas amostras de urina, foi realizada no laboratório de pesquisa do HCPA, pelos investigadores, utilizando um kit comercial de teste ELISA fabricado por Binax (Binax Legionella Urinary Enzyme Assay, Raritan, EUA). As urinas positivas eram recongeladas novamente, para serem enviadas para confirmação no mesmo laboratório americano, ao fim do estudo. Foram adotados como critérios definitivos de infecção por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, a soroconversão (elevação de 4 vezes no título de anticorpos séricos entre o soro da fase aguda e da fase convalescente para no mínimo 1:128); ou o achado de antígeno de L pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na urina não concentrada, numa razão superior a 3, conforme instruções do fabricante e da literatura.Os pacientes foram classificados, de acordo com suas características clínicas, em 1º) portadores de doenças crônicas (doenças pulmonares, cardíacas, diabete mellitus, hepatopatias e insuficiência renal); 2º) portadores de doenças subjacentes com imunossupressão; 3º) pacientes hígidos ou com outras doenças que não determinassem insuficiência orgânica. Imunossupressão foi definida como esplenectomia, ser portador de neoplasia hematológica, portador de doença auto-imune, ou de transplante; ou uso de medicação imunossupressora nas 4 semanas anteriores ao diagnóstico (Yu et al., 2002b); ou uso de prednisolona 10 mg/dia ou equivalente nos últimos 3 meses (Lim et al., 2001). As características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes que evoluíram ao óbito por pneumonia foram comparados àquelas dos pacientes que obtiveram cura. Para a análise das variáveis categóricas, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. Para as variáveis numéricas contínuas, utilizou-se o teste “t“ de Student. Um valor de p< 0,05 foi considerado como resultado estatisticamente significativo (programas SPSS, versão 10). Foi calculada a freqüência de mortes por pneumonia na população estudada, adotando-se a alta hospitalar como critério de cura. Foi calculada a incidência cumulativa para pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, em um hospital geral, no período de 1 ano. Resultados: durante um ano de estudo foram examinados 645 registros de internação, nos quais constavam, como motivo de baixa hospitalar, o diagnóstico de pneumonia ou de insuficiência respiratória aguda; a maioria desses diagnósticos iniciais não foram confirmados. Desses 645 pacientes, foram incluídos no estudo 82 pacientes, nos quais os critérios clínicos ou radiológicos de pneumonia foram confirmados pelos pesquisadores. Durante o acompanhamento desses pacientes, porém, foram excluídos 23 pacientes por apresentarem outras patologias que mimetizavam pneumonia: DPOC agudizado (5), insuficiência cardíaca (3), tuberculose pulmonar (2), colagenose (1), fibrose pulmonar idiopática (1), edema pulmonar em paciente com cirrose (1), somente infecçâo respiratória em paciente com sequelas pulmonares (4); ou por apresentarem critérios de exclusão: bronquiectasias (4), HIV positivo (1), pneumatocele prévia (1). Ao final, foram estudados 59 pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade, sendo 20 do sexo feminino e 39 do sexo masculino, com idade entre 24 e 80 anos (média de 57,6 anos e desvio padrão de ±10,6). Tivemos 36 pacientes com doenças subjacentes classificadas como “doenças crônicas”, dos quais 18 pacientes apresentavam mais de uma co-morbidade, por ordem de prevalência: doenças pulmonares, cardíacas, diabete mellitus, hepatopatias e insuficiência renal; neoplasias ocorreram em 9 pacientes, sendo sólidas em 7 pacientes e hematológicas em 2. Dos 59 pacientes, 61% eram tabagistas e 16,9%, alcoolistas. Do total, 10 pacientes apresentavam imunossupressão. Dos demais 13 pacientes, somente um era previamente hígido, enquanto os outros apresentavam tabagismo, sinusite, anemia, HAS, gota, ou arterite de Takayasu. A apresentação radiológica inicial foi broncopneumonia em 59,3% dos casos; pneumonia alveolar ocorreu em 23,7% dos casos, enquanto ambos padrões ocorreram em 15,2% dos pacientes. Pneumonia intersticial ocorreu em somente um caso, enquanto broncopneumonia obstrutiva ocorreu em 5 pacientes (8,5%). Derrame pleural ocorreu em 22% dos casos, e em 21 pacientes (35%) houve comprometimento de mais de um lobo ao RX de tórax. Foram usados beta-lactâmicos para o tratamento da maioria dos pacientes (72,9%9). A segunda classe de antibióticos mais usados foi a das fluoroquinolonas respiratórias, que foram receitadas para 23 pacientes (39,0%), e em 3º lugar, os macrolídeos, usados por 11 pacientes (18,6%). Apenas 16 pacientes não usaram beta-lactâmicos, em sua maioria recebendo quinolonas ou macrolídeos. Dos 43 pacientes que usaram beta-lactâmicos, 25 não usaram nem macrolídeos, nem quinolonas. Em 13 pacientes as fluoroquinolonas respiratórias foram as únicas drogas usadas para o tratamento da pneumonia. Do total, 8 pacientes foram a óbito por pneumonia; em outros 3 pacientes, o óbito foi atribuído a neoplasia em estágio avançado. Dos 48 pacientes que obtiveram cura, 33 (68,7%) estavam vivos após 12 meses. Os resultados da comparação realizada evidenciaram tendência a maior mortalidade no sexo masculino e em pacientes com imunossupressão, porém essa associação não alcançou significância estatística. Os pacientes que usaram somente beta-lactâmicos não apresentaram maior mortalidade do que os pacientes que usaram beta-lactâmicos associados a outras classes de antibióticos ou somente outras classes de antibióticos. Examinando-se os pacientes que utiizaram macrolídeos ou quinolonas em seu regime de tratamento, isoladamente ou combinados a outros antibióticos, observou-se que também não houve diferença dos outros pacientes, quanto à mortalidade. Os pacientes com padrão radiológico de pneumonia alveolar tiveram maior mortalidade, e essa diferença apresentou uma significância limítrofe (p= 0,05). Nossa mortalidade (11,9%) foi similar à de Fang et al. (1990), em estudo clássico de 1991 (13,7%); foi também similar à média de mortalidade das PAC internadas não em UTI (12%), relatada pela ATS, no seu último consenso para o tratamento empírico das PAC (ATS, 2001). Foram detectados 3 pacientes com pneumonia por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 na população estudada: 2 foram diagnosticados por soroconversão e por antigenúria positiva, e o 3º foi diagnosticado somente pelo critério de antigenúria positiva, tendo sorologia negativa, como alguns autores (McWhinney et al., 2000). Dois pacientes com PAC por Legionella não responderam ao tratamento inicial com beta-lactâmicos, obtendo cura com levofloxacina; o 3º paciente foi tratado somente com betalactâmicos, obtendo cura. Conclusões: A incidência anual de PAC por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6, no HCPA, foi de 5,1%, que representa a incidência anual de PAC por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupos 1 a 6 em um hospital geral universitário. Comentários e Perspectivas: Há necessidade de se empregar métodos diagnósticos específicos para o diagnóstico das pneumonias por Legionella em nosso meio, como a cultura, a sorologia com detecção de todas as classes de anticorpos, e a detecção do antígeno urinário, pois somente com o uso simultâneo de técnicas complementares pode-se detectar a incidência real de pneumonias causadas tanto por Legionella pneumophila, como por outras espécies. A detecção do antígeno de Legionella na urina é o teste diagnóstico de maior rendimento, sendo recomendado seu uso em todas as PAC que necessitarem internação hospitalar (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al., 2001); em todos os pacientes com PAC que apresentarem fatores de risco potenciais para legionelose (Marrie, 2001); e para o diagnóstico etiológico das pneumonias graves (ATS, 2001). Seu uso é indicado, com unanimidade na literatura, para a pesquisa de legionelose nosocomial e de surtos de legionelose na comunidade. / Introduction: Legionella infections are difficult to diagnose, because the bacteria is not seen at Gram stain and the sputum culture is not performed at most laboratories. Besides that, the direct fluorescent fluorescent antibody test of respiratory secretion has low sensitivity (40%) and detection by PCR techiques is still not recommended for clinical diagnosis (CDC, 1997). The most used test is antibody detection by immunofluorescence technique or by ELISA, with a demonstration of fourfold or greater rise in the reciprocal immunofluorescente antibody (IFA) titer to greater than or equal to 1:128 against Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 between paired acute-and convalescent-phase serum specimens, which sensitivity ranges between 70 - 80% (Edelstein, 1993).Case definitions for Legionnaires´disease agreed that patients with pneumonia who have positive results in urinary antigen assays or positive results in the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining of respiratory secretions, had “probable” or presumptive” disease (WHO; 1990), as well as those who have single antibody titers of ≥1:256 (CDC, 1990). The Legionella urinary antigen test have been increasingly used in the last years, showing patients with positive results despite of negative culture tests or non-diagnostic serologies. Since then, the urinary antigen test has became a valuable tool in the prompt diagnosis of Legionnaires´disease, and also a definitive criterion for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonias (CDC, 1997). Due to its high sensitivity, in the range of 86% to 98% (Kashubba & Ballow, 1986; Harrison & Doshi, 2001), it has been recommended to the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia which requires hospitalization (Mulazimoglu & Yu, 2001; Gupta et al, 2001), mainly in the ICU (ATS, 2001). Concerning to the “presumptive” criterion of single antibody title of 1:256, in the absence of seroconversion, it was concluded that it shall not be used except in the outbreak setting, since it has been reported to have low predictive value (Plouffe et al, 1995); and has also low specificity (CDC, 1997), since it has been reported high prevalence of positive antibodies at 1:256 in healthy populations (Wilkinson et al, 1983; Nichol et al, 1991). Legionnaires´disease is markedly undiagnosed, either its incidence underestimated. In several studies of CAP conducted in the USA, Europe, Israel and Australia the proportion of pneumonias caused by Legionella has ranged from 1% to 16% (Muder & Yu, 2000). In USA, the incidence of Legionella CAP in patients requiring hospitalization is estimated between 8000 to 23 000 cases per year (Marston et al, 1994 ; Marston et al, 1997). Such incidence in Brazil has not yet been estimated, being an important issue to study Objective : our goal is to detect the incidence of Legionella CAP in patients requiring hospitalization for a year, at the HCPA. Material and Methods: a cohort study ( an incidence study) of adult patients with CAP who were hospitalized for one year ( from 2000-2001) at HCPA. All patients with age 18≥80 were screened for study entry except: residents in institutions, those disabled to walk, those who had been discharged from hospital in the last 15 days; either pregnant women, HIV-positives, or patients with estructural lung diseases (bronchiectasis, cistic fibrosis) or tracheostomized. Admission logs were screened daily from Monday trough Friday (including the ones who had been hospitalized in the week-end) by the researchers. Patients with an admission diagnosis either of pneumonia or acute respiratory failure were evaluated daily by the researchers, and enrolled if they had a Chest X-Ray taken within 48 hours of admission revealing a new infiltrate consistent with pneumonia and at least 1 of the following “ major criteria” : fever (axillary temperature ≥37,8ºC), cough, or sputum; or 2 of the following “minor criteria”: dyspnea, abnormal mental status, signs of consolidation by examination, pleuritic chest pain or abnormal white blood cell count (> 12.000/cm3 or band forms > 4 % ). Information about risk factors, symptoms and outcome was collected through interview and medical chart review. Urine and serum samples were collected from consenting individuals during the acute fase at the hospital. After discharge, they came to the research ambulatory to consultation 4 to 12 weeks after patient enrollment, when the research doctor asked a new Chest X-Ray and serum sample of the convalescent phase to antibody test, along with other necessary exams. All the survivors were followed for a whole year after their inclusion in the study. Acute and convalescent sera were stored at – 70ºC and sent in dry ice (in a “batch”) to the Infectious Diseases laboratory of University of Louisville ( KY, USA), where they were tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay to IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to L pneumophila serogroups1-6, starting at dilution of 1:8. It was used a kit test manufactured by Zeus Scientific, Inc (Raritan, NJ, USA). All the urine samples collected were immediately frozen at –70ºC to be further tested in batches, at the Research lab of HCPA, by the investigators, with a commercial EIA kit test manufactured by Binax (BINAX Legionella Urinary Enzyme Assay). The positive ones were refrozen and further sent in a “batch” to the American laboratory, to be retested by the same kit test. Patients were diagnosed as having definite infection by L pneumophila serogroups 1-6 either if they had a 4-fold rise in antibody titer to at least 1:128 or greater dilution; or if they had positive urinary antigen, performed at our lab as recommended by the manfacturer and by the literature. A comparison was made between the patients who died and the survivors, regarding his clinical and laboratory features. Testing procedures to detect significant differences between groups included the Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and Student´s t-test for continuous variables. Associations were considered statistically significant if the p value was < 0,05, using a 2-tailed test (SPSS program, version 10). Death by pneumonia was definite as the patient who died primarily due to the worsening of his lung sickness; thus, was calculated the frequency of deaths in our population. Patients who improved and were discharged, were classified as “cured”. Finally, we calculated the cumulative incidence of CAP caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 in a general hospital, for a year. Results: during a whole year, from 645 hospital admission logs with the diagnosis of pneumonia or acute respiratory failure screened, only 82 cases of CAP were obtained. During the follow up in the hospital or ambulatory, 23 patients were excluded either because Chest X-Ray failed to show a new pulmonary infiltrate (5 patients), alternative diagnosis were made (COPD, 5 patients; heart failure, 3; tuberculosis, 2; colagenosis, 1; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1). Aditional 6 patients revealed exclusion criteria as being HIV positive (1 patient), to have bronchiectasis (4) or pneumatocele (1). Thus, 59 patients constituted the final study group, being each patient enrolled only once. The mean age was 57,6 years (ranging from 24 to 80), being 20 women and 39 men. Most of them ( 36 patients, 61%) had chronic underlying diseases; half of them had more than one disease, being more prevalent: lung diseases, heart diseases, diabete mellitus, liver diseases and renal failure. Regular cigarette smokers represented 61% of the total, and alcohhol intake, 16,9%. Cancer ocurred in 9 patients, being solid organ malignancy in 7 and haematologic malignancy in 2. From our 59 patients, 10 were classified as immunossupressed, defined as splenectomy, haematological malignancy, autoimmune disease, transplant recipient, cancer chemotherapy within 4 weeks (Yu et al, 2002), or prednisolone use ≥10 mg/day (or equivalent), for at least 3 months before admission (LIM et al, 2001). In the remaining 13 patients, only one was previously healthy, while the others had sinusitis, anemia, hypertension, or other mild diseases. At admission, Chest X-Ray showed intersticial pneumonia in only one patient; bronchopneumonia in 59,3% and airspace pneumonia in 23,7%, while both patterns ocurred concomitantly in 15,2%. Obstructive pneumonia (Fang et al, 1990) ocurred in 5 patients with lung cancer. Pleural effusion ocurred in 22%, and in 21 patients (35%) the presentation was multilobar.The antibiotic class most used were beta-lactams, in 72,9% of the patients. The remaining received at most respiratory quinolones and macrolides. From the group that used beta-lactams, 25 patients did not use either quinolones or macrolides.There were not statistic differences in mortality regarding age, sex, or treatment between the groups who received beta-lactams alone versus the group that received macrolides or respiratory quinolones. The only significant association ocurred between radiographic pattern of airspace pneumonia and greater mortality (p= 0,05). In this study 3 patients had pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: 2 patients had seroconversion and positive antigen urinary test; the third patient had a positive urinary antigen with negative serologies, like some authors (McWHINNEY et al, 2000). The former two patients worsened with beta-lactams, prescribed before the etiological diagnosis, getting resolution of their pneumonia with levofloxacin; the third one used only beta-lactams, getting cure. There were 7 deaths for pneumonia, and 4 deaths for cancer. From 48 survivors, 33 patients (68,7%) were alive after 12 months. Our mortality rate (13,5%) is similar to the one reported in the literature (ATS, 2001). Conclusions: the incidence of hospitalized CAP by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 in our hospital in the year 2000-2001 was 5,1%, which represents the annual incidence of Legionnaires´ disease in a general hospital of South Brazil. Comments and perspectives: complementary diagnostic methods like culture, serologies to detection of all classes of immunoglobulins and urinary antigen tests shall be used to detect infections by Legionella in our country to detect the real incidence of pneumonias caused by Legionella species. At the moment, the Legionella antigen test has the greatest yeld among the available tests. It is recommended to all hospitalized PAC patients (Mulazimoglu &Yu, 2001; Gupta et al, 2001); and also to all patients who have potential risk factors for legionellosis (Marrie, 2001), as well as to the etiological diagnosis of severe pneumonias (ATS, 2001). Its use is recommended, with unanimity, to the diagnosis of community and nosocomial outbreaks.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_nathalia_assis_brasil_resumo.pdf: 8786 bytes, checksum: 29067eed0bac7715d60b7e64baf7f05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-07 / This study aimed to survey the major diseases that affect calves under one year of age in area of influence of the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, from 2000 to 2011. The results of this study are presented in the form of two scientific papers. The first one refers to the data of a general survey of the main causes of death in this animal category, establishing the epidemiological conditions in which they occur. The second paper describes the epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology of respiratory diseases occuring in the same animal category. Immunohistochemical of cases of enzootic pneumonia suspected to be caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus were also performed. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das principais enfermidades que acometem bezerros até um ano de idade na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas no período de 2000 a 2011. O trabalho está apresentado na forma de dois artigos científicos. O primeiro deles refere-se os dados de um levantamento geral das principais causas de morte nesta categoria animal, estabelecendo-se as condições epidemiológicas em que as mesmas ocorrem. O segundo trabalho apresenta a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia das pneumonias que ocorrem nesta mesma categoria animal. Foi realizado também um estudo imuno-histoquímico dos casos de pneumonia enzoótica suspeitos de serem causados pelo vírus respiratório sincicial bovino.

Bien que la plupart des études se focalisent sur les lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs, il a été observé que les lymphocytes T CD8+ régulateurs peuvent jouer un rôle important dans l’induction et le maintien de la tolérance immunitaire. Le transfert adoptif chez la souris et l’induction chez l’homme de lymphocytes T CD8+ régulateurs peuvent inhiber le rejet d’allogreffes et le développement de pathologies autoimmunes. Ces observations suggèrent que l’induction de ces populations peut avoir un potentiel thérapeutique. Des études supplémentaires sont encore nécessaires pour définir les conditions optimales de leur induction. <p>Tant les nouveaux nés humains que murins ont une plus forte capacité que l’adulte à développer des lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs induits par une reconnaissance antigénique. La période néonatale serait donc particulièrement appropriée à l’induction de circuits régulateurs.<p>Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié le rôle des lymphocytes T CD8+, induits à la naissance, dans le contrôle de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ de type Th2.<p>Des souris BALB/c sont immunisées à la naissance à l’aide de cellules spléniques semi-allogéniques hybrides F1 (AJAX x BALB/c). Ces cellules persistent dans l’animal, au sein des organes lymphoïdes et stimulent ainsi de manière chronique les lymphocytes T CD4+ et T CD8+ du receveur et induisent une réponse de type Th2. Suite à l’injection des cellules spléniques semi-allogéniques au nouveau né de souris, nous avons observé l’expansion d’une population de lymphocytes T CD8+CD25+, dont le phénotype se caractérise par l’expression de Foxp3 et la production conjointe d’IFN-&61543; et l’IL-10. Nous avons pu observer que ces cellules sont capables d’inhiber la production de cytokines Th2 produites par les lymphocytes T CD4+ allospécifiques activés. Par contre, ces cellules régulatrices aggravent des réponses Th2 non apparentées. En effet, suite à une sensibilisation à l’ovalbumine, à l’âge adulte, ces souris développent de plus fortes réponses asthmatiques.<p>D’autre part, les nouveaux nés de souris BALB/c ont été immunisés à la naissance à l’aide de cellules dendritiques semi-allogéniques hybrides F1 (AJAX x BALB/c) qui activent de manière aigüe leurs lymphocytes T. Ces souris présentent une forte réponse Th1 et Tc1/Tc2 spécifique de l’alloantigène et sont protégées contre le développement d’un asthme induit. Il a aussi été montré dans ce travail que suite à l’immunisation néonatale à l’aide de cellules dendritiques semi-allogéniques, le nombre de lymphocytes T CD8+CD44high, CD8+CD62Lhigh et CD8+CD25+ producteurs d’IFN-&61543; augmente significativement. L’IFN-& / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The F1 part of F0F1-ATP synthase in the proteobacterium Rhodobacter blasticus contains five different proteins, but when the DNA was sequenced a sixth gene was found in the operon. The protein that corresponds to the sixth gene has been named Majastridin. When an amino acid BLAST search is performed with the Majastridin sequence, protein sequences have been found that are similar to Majastridin in other bacterial strains, and one of them is Streptococcus pneumonia. The hypothetical protein from Streptococcus pneumonia contains 242 amino acids and has a molecular weight around 30 kDa.   In this work the Majastridin-like protein from Streptococcus pneumonia was expressed in E. coli cells and purified with nickel affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The result was verified with SDS-PAGE and western blot. The purified protein was then crystallized with the hanging drop method, where crystals were formed and optimization was made. The protein was also used to produce antibodies.

Introduction: This study evaluates the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention and development of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in order to promote best practices and use the appropriate resources. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all pediatric patients, between 1 and 18 years, who were admitted and had moderate or severe TBI diagnosis at the Pediatric Emergency Hospital, Lima-Peru. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients with diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI), who received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, were evaluated. We obtained an incidence density of 44.60/1000 ventilator days. No relationship was found between antibiotic prophylaxis and the development of VAP. Likewise, it was found that performing oral hygiene with chlorhexidine reduces the risk of developing VAP by 45% (p = 0.03, CI 0.33-0.95).In addition, the presence of purulent secretions (IC 2.23-11.45), solid (, IC 1.67-11.34) or dense ( IC 2.91-16.75) has a 3, 5 and 6 times higher risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis did not show to have a positive effect on the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia; However, other measures such as oral hygiene with chlorhexidine were associated with reducing the risk of developing VAP. The proportion of patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis was 81 (55.6%) and the incidence density of VAP found in the study is within the standards found in the available literature. Furthermore, the type of discharge was identified as a predictor of increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Even more studies focused on this population are required. / Introducción: Se evaluará el uso de antibióticos profilácticos para prevenir el desarrollo de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) en la población pediátrica admitida con diagnóstico de traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC) moderado a grave. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cohorte retrospectivo de todos los pacientes pediátricos, entre 1 y 18 años, que fueron admitidos con diagnóstico TEC moderado o grave y estuvieron con ventilación mecánica más de 48 horas en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas, Lima-Perú. Resultados: Ciento cuarenta y cinco pacientes con TEC y que recibieron ventilación mecánica fueron evaluados. Se encontró una densidad de incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) de 44.60/1000 días de ventilador. No se encontró relación entre la profilaxis antibiótica y el desarrollo de NAV. Asimismo, se obtuvo que la realización de higiene oral con clorhexidina disminuye en 45% el riesgo de desarrollar NAV (IC 0.33-0.95). Además, la presencia de secreciones purulentas (IC 2.23-11.45), sólidas (IC 1.67-11.34) o densas (IC 2.91-16.75) tiene 3, 5 y 6 veces más riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La profilaxis antibiótica no mostró tener un efecto positivo en la prevención de neumonía asociada a ventilador; sin embargo, otras medidas como la higiene oral con clorhexidina sí estuvieron asociadas disminuyendo el riesgo de desarrollar NAV. La proporción de pacientes que recibieron profilaxis antibiótica fue 81 (55.6%) y la densidad de incidencia de NAV encontrada en el estudio se encuentra dentro de los estándares encontrados en la literatura disponible. Además, el tipo de secreción se identificó como un factor predictor de mayor riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador. Se requieren aún más estudios enfocados en esta población. / Tesis

Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a high incidence disease resulting in about 260,000 hospital admissions per year in Germany, more than myocardial infarction or stroke. Worldwide, CAP is the most frequent infectious disease with high lethality ranging from 1.2 % in those 20–29 years old to over 10 % in patients older than 70 years, even in industrial nations. CAP poses numerous medical challenges, which the PROGRESS (Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) network aims to tackle: Operationalization of disease severity throughout the course of disease, outcome prediction for hospitalized patients and prediction of transitions from uncomplicated CAP to severe CAP, and finally, to CAP with sepsis and organ failure as a life-threatening condition. It is a major aim of PROGRESS to understand and predict patient heterogeneity regarding outcome in the hospital and to develop novel treatment concepts. Methods: PROGRESS was designed as a clinical, observational, multi-center study of patients with CAP requiring hospitalization. More than 1600 patients selected for low burden of co-morbidities have been enrolled, aiming at a total of 3000. Course of disease, along with therapy, was closely monitored by daily assessments and long-term follow-up. Daily blood samples allow in depth molecular-genetic characterization of patients. We established a well-organized workflow for sample logistics and a comprehensive data management system to collect and manage data from more than 50 study centers in Germany and Austria. Samples are stored in a central biobank and clinical data are stored in a central data base which also integrates all data from molecular assessments. Discussion: With the PROGRESS study, we established a comprehensive data base of high quality clinical and molecular data allowing investigation of pressing research questions regarding CAP. In-depth molecular characterization will contribute to the discovery of disease mechanisms and establishment of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. A strength of PROGRESS is the focus on younger patients with low burden of co-morbidities, allowing a more direct look at host biology with less confounding. As a resulting limitation, insights from PROGRESS will require validation in representative patient cohorts to assess clinical utility. Trial registration: The PROGRESS study was retrospectively registered on May 24th, 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782013

Objectif : La mortalité précoce chez la population psychiatrique, notamment atteinte de schizophrénie, est un phénomène fort étayé dans la littérature médicale et l’exposition aux antipsychotiques a été postulée pour expliquer, en partie, celle-ci. À notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s’est intéressée à la mortalité précoce auprès des utilisateurs de clozapine. L’objectif de cette étude est l’exploration des causes spécifiques de la mortalité précoce chez ceux-ci, dont la mortalité subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, et de leurs caractéristiques au moment du décès. Méthodologie : Le devis est de type non expérimental, rétrospectif et descriptif par séries de cas. La population à l’étude est constituée de sujets âgés entre 18 et 64 ans utilisateurs de clozapine au moment du décès. Des variables sociodémographiques, psychiatriques, médicales, pharmacologiques et en lien avec la cause, l’origine et les circonstances du décès, incluant l’autopsie, ont été analysées. Résultats : L’échantillon est composé de 100 sujets pour lesquels 67 ont fait l’objet d’une autopsie. L’âge moyen au moment du décès est de 47,4 ans (écart-type de 9,1 ans). La principale cause de mortalité est la mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée (n = 63; 63,0%). Si une origine naturelle est déterminée, elle est d’abord pulmonaire (n = 11; 37,9%), principalement en lien avec la pneumonie (n = 8; 72,7%). Une association significative entre la mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, et le diagnostic de schizophrénie (valeur-p = 0,022), la dyslipidémie (valeur-p = 0,003) et la plage horaire de la survenue du décès (valeur-p = 0,020) est observée. La majorité, s’élevant à 53,5%, des individus décédés d’une mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, dont la nature indéterminée est confirmée par l’autopsie, survient la nuit. Conclusion : La mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée est la principale cause de mortalité auprès des utilisateurs de clozapine. Elle est associée au diagnostic de schizophrénie et à la plage horaire de la survenue du décès, dont la prépondérance s’avère nocturne, à l’instar de la mort subite chez les épileptiques, appelée Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Déclaration d’intérêt : Aucun. / Objective: Early mortality is associated to psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. Antipsychotics may explain, at least partly, this phenomenon. To our knowledge, there is no literature regarding early mortality among clozapine users. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of early mortality among these individuals, including sudden, unexpected, and undetermined death, and their related characteristics. Methodology: This study is a non-experimental, retrospective and descriptive case series. The population is aged from 18 to 64 years old and used clozapine at the time of their death. Sociodemographic, psychiatric, medical, pharmacological variables and others related to the cause, origin and circumstances of the death, including autopsy, were analyzed. Results: The sample size is 100 participants. Of these, 67 were autopsied. The mean age at the time of death is 47,4 years (+/- 9,1 years). The leading cause of death is sudden, unexpected death of undetermined origin (n = 63, 63,0%). If a natural origin is determined, it is primarily related to a pulmonary disorder (n = 11; 37,9%), mainly pneumonia (n = 8, 72,7%). A significant association between sudden, unexpected, and undetermined death, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia (p-value = 0,022), dyslipidemia (p-value = 0,003), and time slot of occurrence of death (p-value = 0,020) is observed. Fifty-three percent of patients with sudden unexpected death of undetermined origin, meaning a medical cause could not be identified following an autopsy, died during their sleep or at night. Conclusion: Sudden, unexpected and undetermined death is the leading cause of death among clozapine users. It is associated with schizophrenia and the time slot of the occurrence of death, whose preponderance is nocturnal, as Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is. Declaration of interest: None.

No description available.

Normally swallowing occurs completely without effort. Should the act of swallowing for some reason be impaired, it becomes difficult to eat and drink. Dysphagia is the medical term for eating and swallowing disorders. Dysphagia is common in people with dementia, but the prevalence is not yet fully evaluated. The most common cause of death in people with dementia is aspiration pneumonia, which can be caused by dysphagia. In Sweden investigation and treatment of dysphagia are performed by speech and language pathologists (SLPs) but few of them work with dementia care. This study aims to identify the prevalence of dysphagia in people with dementia, living in a nursing home. The screening methods SSA-S and LtL were used to test the swallowing of 38 participants between 68-96 years of age (M = 86 years). To examine the participants’ oral health the risk assessment tool ROAG was used. When tested with the water swallowing test SSA-S 71,1% of the participants showed signs of aspiration, 36,8% had an oral transit time over 5 seconds, measured with LtL and 92% of the participants had an affected oral health, showing one or more symptoms of severity grade 2 according to ROAG. When adding up the results from the two screening tests a total of 86,8% of the participants showed signs of some kind of swallowing difficulty. Correlation analysis did not show any statistically significant correlations between SSA-S, oral transit time, oral health, or age. The present study found that there is a great need for interventions from speech and language pathologists in people with dementia. / Normalt sker sväljning helt utan ansträngning. Skulle sväljningen av någon anledning inte fungera som den ska, blir det svårt att äta och dricka. Den medicinska termen för ät- och sväljsvårigheter är dysfagi. Dysfagi är vanligt hos personer med demens men det är ännu inte helt kartlagt hur vanligt det är. Hos personer med demens är den vanligaste dödsorsaken aspirationspneumoni, vilket kan orsakas av dysfagi. I Sverige är det logopeder som utreder och behandlar dysfagi men det är få som är verksamma inom demensvården. Den här studien syftar till att kartlägga förekomst av dysfagi hos personer med demenssjukdom boende på ett vård- och omsorgsboende. Med screeningmetoderna SSA-S och LtL genomfördes undersökningar av sväljförmågan hos 38 personer mellan 68-96 års ålder (M = 86 år). För att undersöka deltagarnas munhälsa användes riskbedömningsverktyget ROAG. Av deltagarna fick 71,1 % utslag på vattensväljningstestet SSA-S, 36,8 % hade en oral transporttid över 5 sekunder, mätt med LtL och 92 % av deltagarna hade en nedsatt munhälsa med ett eller flera symptom av grad 2 i munhålan, enligt ROAG. Vid sammanräkning av resultaten från de två screeningtesten uppvisade totalt 86,8 % av deltagarna tecken på någon form av sväljsvårighet. Korrelationsberäkningar visade inga statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan resultat på SSA-S, oral transporttid, munhälsa eller ålder. Studien visar på ett stort behov av logopediska insatser hos gruppen personer med demenssjukdom.