Bakgrund: Forskning om psykisk ohälsa relaterat till föräldraskap har under en längre tid varit kopplad till kvinnan och barnets behov. Sedan 1990-talet har forskningen ökat inom området postpartum depression (PPD). Det är först under senare tid som fäders psykiska ohälsa har börjat undersökas mer grundligt. Enligt studier drabbas mellan 6-10 % av blivande och nyblivna fäder av depressionssymtom. Förutom lidande hos fadern, har negativa konsekvenser hos både partnern och barnet identifierats. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa depressionssymtom hos blivande och nyblivna fäder. Metod: En litteraturstudie i ett deskriptivt syfte med induktiv ansats som granskade relevanta originalartiklar som svarade på denna studies syfte och frågeställningar. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades initialt enligt kvalitativa och kvantitativa kvalitetsgranskningsmallar och resultatet analyserades. Resultat: Blivande och nyblivna fäder riskerar att drabbas av depression innan, under och efter förlossningen. Depressionssymtom är förknippat med destruktiva tankar och beteendeförändringar, vilka förutom att påverka faderns vardag, innebär negativa konsekvenser för familjen och för barnet. Riskfaktorer, bland annat depression hos partnern, har identifierats kunna öka risken ytterligare för depression hos fäder. Screening och strategier för att identifiera blivande och nyblivna fäders depression är motiverat, men har bevisats vara otillräckliga. Rutiner, omvårdnad och kompetens att inkludera fäder behöver förbättras inom MVC och BVC. Pappagrupper värderas högt och har visat sig normalisera tillvaron hos nyblivna fäder. Slutsats: Blivande och nyblivna fäder beskriver ett brett spektrum av negativa känslor och beteendeförändringar. Fäder riskerar att utveckla depressionssymtom i samband med en eventuell depression hos modern. Stöd som pappagrupper samt inkludering av vårdpersonal är friskfaktorer som identifierats och som beskrivits som positivt av fäder. / Background: Research on mental health related to parenting has for a long time been linked to the woman and the child's needs. Since the 1990s, research has increased in the field of postpartum depression (PPD). It is not until recently that the mental health of the fathers has been investigated more thoroughly. According to studies, between 6-10 % of future and first-time fathers suffer from depression symptoms. In addition to suffering in the father, negative consequences for both the partner and the child have been identified. Aim: The purpose was to illustrate depression symptoms in future and first-time fathers. Method: A literature study with a descriptive purpose with an inductive approach that examined relevant original articles that responded to the aim and issues of this study. The articles were quality tested initially with qualitative and quantitative quality assessment templates and then the result was analyzed. Results: Future and first-time fathers are at risk of depression before and after the child’s birth. The experience of this depression is associated with destructive thoughts and behavioral changes, which, apart from affecting the father's everyday life, have negative consequences for the family and for the child. Risk factors, including the partner’s depression, have been identified to further increase the risk of depression in fathers. Screening and strategies for identifying father’s depression are motivated, but proven to be insufficient. Routines, nursing and skills to include fathers need improvement in both maternity care center and child health care center. Dad groups are highly valued and have been shown to normalize first-time fathers existence. Conclusion: Fathers describe a wide range of negative emotions and behavioral changes. Fathers risk developing depression symptoms in the event of a possible depression in the mother. Support such as dad groups and being included by nurses and healthcare professionals are described as health factors that fathers appreciated.

O presente trabalho teve por foco prover uma revisão de conceitos relacionados às resinas dentais fotopolimeráveis e, também, analisar como diferentes concentrações de fotoiniciadores de uso comum em odontologia podem influenciar no desempenho mecânico e na cor de resinas dentais. Concentrações de 0,01%, 0,10%, 0,25% 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% e 10% em massa de fotoiniciador foram adicionadas em uma matriz polimérica composta por TEGDMA/BisGMA 50%/50% em massa de forma que, fixando variáveis externas referentes à fonte de luz e à preparação das amostras, foi possível avaliar o efeito da concentração de fotoiniciador nas propriedades mecânicas de resistência à fratura por compressão, resistência à fratura pela aplicação de tensão diametral e dureza Barcol. Por fim, o efeito da concentração na cor aferida através do método CIELab foi investigada. Os fotoiniciadores utilizados foram o Irgacure® 819, a 1-fenil-1,2-propanodiona (PPD) e a Canforoquinona a qual foi utilizada juntamente com ocoiniciador Etil-4 dimetilaminobenzoato (EDB) na concentração constante de 1% em massa. Os resultados mecânicos e de cor foram comparados entre as diferentes amostras através de análises estatísticas (ANOVA) e, especificamente para cor, o parâmetro de diferença de cor (ΔE) foi interpretado verificar se as alterações observadas são perceptíveis ao olho humano. Para fundamentar os estudos, análises do espectro de absorção das amostras, do espectro de irradiação da fonte de luz e do grau de conversão das amostras foram realizadas. Os resultados revelaram que, independentemente do fotoiniciador, graus de conversão da mesma ordem de grandeza de um adesivo comercial foram obtidos, porém as velocidades de reação foram diferentes (maior velocidade para as amostras de CQ e menor para PPD). Curvas características foram obtidas para os espectros de absorção e de irradiação confirmando, pela sobreposição das curvas, que a fonte de luz é efetiva para iniciação da polimerização das amostras. As análises de resistência à fratura revelaram que a quebra catastrófica do material ocorrerá preferencialmente quando a força é aplicada ao longo do diâmetro para os corpos de prova preparados. Quanto à dureza, verificou-se que que para a CQ houve um máximo, para Irgacure um comportamento assintótico com aumento da concentração e, para a PPD, não foi possível a obtenção de amostras (verificado que a PPD necessita de tempo de irradiação superior ao convencionalmente utilizado na prática odontológica). Os testes de ANOVA permitiram verificar que o Irgacure é capaz de fornecer resultados mecânicos semelhante em relação à CQ ocasionando, em contrapartida, um menor escurecimento e amarelamento. Analisando o parâmetro ΔE, confirmou-se que a alteração na cor se torna evidente à medida que ocorre o aumento da concentração de fotoiniciador independentemente do fotoiniciador utilizado, porém a alteração é maior para a CQ. / The focused of the present work was conduct a concept review of the photochemical dental restoratives (resins) state-of-art and, also, evaluate the influence of photoinitiator concentration in mechanical behavior and shade. Different quantities of photoinitiators (0,01%, 0,10%, 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% and 10% wt.) were added in a resin based prepared of TEGDMA/BisGMA (50%/50% wt./wt.) to inspect the effect of the photoinitiator load in the diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS), Barcol hardness and, also, in the color perception measured by CIELab test method. The photoinitiatorsused were the Irgacure. 819, the Phenil-propanodione (PPD) and the Camphoroquinone (CPQ), which was used with EDB (1% in weigh) as a coinitiator. The mechanical properties were compared between the different concentrations and photoinitiators using ANOVA statistical analysis. For color, the different samples was compared using the parameter ΔE. Finally, the absorption spectrum and the degree of conversion for each concentration was obtained to support the experimental tests. Results showed that, independently of the photoinitiator used, degrees of conversion similar with a commercial adhesive were obtained, but the polymerization rate were different (higher for the CPQ samples and lower for PPD). The absorption spectra of samples were obtained and the overlap with the 3M ESPE LED irradiation curve confirmed the effectiveness of the light source to promote the initiation of the polymerization process. Mechanical results analysis showed that the catastrophic breakdown of the material occurs preferentially when the force is applied along the diameter (DST tests) in the prepared specimens. Regarding hardness, different behavior could be perceived: i) a curve with a maximum point occur for CPQ, ii) for Irgacure. 819 an asymptotic curve was obtained with the photoinitiatorconcentration growth and, finally, iii) no curve was obtained for PPD once for PPD it was realized that is required an irradiation time higher than the conventional 20s used in the clinical interventions and, also, higher than the methodology used in the present work. ANOVA tests showed that Irgacure. 819 samples could provide similar mechanical performance compared CPQ but, on the other hand, lower color variation with the concentration growth. The parameter ΔE confirmed that the color change becomes more noticeable as an increase in photoinitiator concentration occurs regardless of photoinitiator used, but the color variation is much higher in CQ compared with the other systems.

O presente trabalho teve por foco prover uma revisão de conceitos relacionados às resinas dentais fotopolimeráveis e, também, analisar como diferentes concentrações de fotoiniciadores de uso comum em odontologia podem influenciar no desempenho mecânico e na cor de resinas dentais. Concentrações de 0,01%, 0,10%, 0,25% 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% e 10% em massa de fotoiniciador foram adicionadas em uma matriz polimérica composta por TEGDMA/BisGMA 50%/50% em massa de forma que, fixando variáveis externas referentes à fonte de luz e à preparação das amostras, foi possível avaliar o efeito da concentração de fotoiniciador nas propriedades mecânicas de resistência à fratura por compressão, resistência à fratura pela aplicação de tensão diametral e dureza Barcol. Por fim, o efeito da concentração na cor aferida através do método CIELab foi investigada. Os fotoiniciadores utilizados foram o Irgacure® 819, a 1-fenil-1,2-propanodiona (PPD) e a Canforoquinona a qual foi utilizada juntamente com ocoiniciador Etil-4 dimetilaminobenzoato (EDB) na concentração constante de 1% em massa. Os resultados mecânicos e de cor foram comparados entre as diferentes amostras através de análises estatísticas (ANOVA) e, especificamente para cor, o parâmetro de diferença de cor (ΔE) foi interpretado verificar se as alterações observadas são perceptíveis ao olho humano. Para fundamentar os estudos, análises do espectro de absorção das amostras, do espectro de irradiação da fonte de luz e do grau de conversão das amostras foram realizadas. Os resultados revelaram que, independentemente do fotoiniciador, graus de conversão da mesma ordem de grandeza de um adesivo comercial foram obtidos, porém as velocidades de reação foram diferentes (maior velocidade para as amostras de CQ e menor para PPD). Curvas características foram obtidas para os espectros de absorção e de irradiação confirmando, pela sobreposição das curvas, que a fonte de luz é efetiva para iniciação da polimerização das amostras. As análises de resistência à fratura revelaram que a quebra catastrófica do material ocorrerá preferencialmente quando a força é aplicada ao longo do diâmetro para os corpos de prova preparados. Quanto à dureza, verificou-se que que para a CQ houve um máximo, para Irgacure um comportamento assintótico com aumento da concentração e, para a PPD, não foi possível a obtenção de amostras (verificado que a PPD necessita de tempo de irradiação superior ao convencionalmente utilizado na prática odontológica). Os testes de ANOVA permitiram verificar que o Irgacure é capaz de fornecer resultados mecânicos semelhante em relação à CQ ocasionando, em contrapartida, um menor escurecimento e amarelamento. Analisando o parâmetro ΔE, confirmou-se que a alteração na cor se torna evidente à medida que ocorre o aumento da concentração de fotoiniciador independentemente do fotoiniciador utilizado, porém a alteração é maior para a CQ. / The focused of the present work was conduct a concept review of the photochemical dental restoratives (resins) state-of-art and, also, evaluate the influence of photoinitiator concentration in mechanical behavior and shade. Different quantities of photoinitiators (0,01%, 0,10%, 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% and 10% wt.) were added in a resin based prepared of TEGDMA/BisGMA (50%/50% wt./wt.) to inspect the effect of the photoinitiator load in the diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS), Barcol hardness and, also, in the color perception measured by CIELab test method. The photoinitiatorsused were the Irgacure. 819, the Phenil-propanodione (PPD) and the Camphoroquinone (CPQ), which was used with EDB (1% in weigh) as a coinitiator. The mechanical properties were compared between the different concentrations and photoinitiators using ANOVA statistical analysis. For color, the different samples was compared using the parameter ΔE. Finally, the absorption spectrum and the degree of conversion for each concentration was obtained to support the experimental tests. Results showed that, independently of the photoinitiator used, degrees of conversion similar with a commercial adhesive were obtained, but the polymerization rate were different (higher for the CPQ samples and lower for PPD). The absorption spectra of samples were obtained and the overlap with the 3M ESPE LED irradiation curve confirmed the effectiveness of the light source to promote the initiation of the polymerization process. Mechanical results analysis showed that the catastrophic breakdown of the material occurs preferentially when the force is applied along the diameter (DST tests) in the prepared specimens. Regarding hardness, different behavior could be perceived: i) a curve with a maximum point occur for CPQ, ii) for Irgacure. 819 an asymptotic curve was obtained with the photoinitiatorconcentration growth and, finally, iii) no curve was obtained for PPD once for PPD it was realized that is required an irradiation time higher than the conventional 20s used in the clinical interventions and, also, higher than the methodology used in the present work. ANOVA tests showed that Irgacure. 819 samples could provide similar mechanical performance compared CPQ but, on the other hand, lower color variation with the concentration growth. The parameter ΔE confirmed that the color change becomes more noticeable as an increase in photoinitiator concentration occurs regardless of photoinitiator used, but the color variation is much higher in CQ compared with the other systems.

Bakgrund: Föräldraskapet inkluderar fysiska och mentala utmaningar, vilket kan vara påfrestande för båda föräldrarna. Då peripartum depression (PPD) drabbar modern kan både föräldraskapet och upplevelsen av att vara förälder påverkas negativt. Faderns upplevelser av situationen då modern drabbas av PPD innebär ofta ett lidande även för honom, vilket är ett perspektiv som länge försummats. Syfte: Att beskriva fäders erfarenheter av föräldraskapet då modern drabbats av peripartum depression. Metod: En litteraturstudie innehållandes tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ metod, utvalda genom systematiska sökningar i flera databaser. Analysen utfördes med en kvalitativ analysmodell, där jämförelser av likheter och skillnader genererade teman och subteman. Resultat: Fäderna påverkades främst av partnerns PPD genom att de upplevde utmaningar i faderskapet och behovet av stöd från samhället efterfrågades. Följande teman och subteman identifierades, (1) Utmaningar i faderskapet, subteman: Effekten av att inte vara förberedd, PPDs påverkan på familjelivet och Möjligheter till anknytning. (2) Samhällets inverkan, subteman: Stödbarriärer - Hinder att övervinna förnödvändigt stöd och Behovet av stöd och resurser. Konklusion: Ett begrepp genomsyrade studiens samtliga teman; barriärer. Fäder stötte på flera hinder som motverkade ambitionen att vara den fadersfigur de ville vara. Dessa barriärer har formats utifrån samhälleliga normer samtur ett vårdsystem som påvisar brister gällande kunskap och förståelse för PPDs inverkan på familjelivet, samt inkludering av fadern, den bortglömda föräldern. / Background: Parenting includes physical and mental challenges, which can be stressful for both parents. As peripartum depression (PPD) affects the mother, both parenting and the experience of being a parent can be negatively affected. The fathers’ experiences of the situation when the mother suffers from PPD often mean suffering even for him, which is a perspective that has long been neglected. Aim: To describe fathers' experiences of parenthood when the mother suffered from peripartum depression. Method: A literature study involving ten scientific articles of qualitative method, selected through systematic searches in several databases. Analysis was carried out using a qualitative analysis model where comparisons of similarities and differences generated themes and sub themes. Result: Fathers were primarily affected by their partner’s PPD by experiencing challenges in paternity and the need for support from society was highlighted. Following themes and sub themes were identified, (1) Challenges in paternity, sub themes: The impact of not being prepared, PPD´s impact on family life and Opportunities for Attachment (2) Societal impact, sub themes: Support barriers – Obstacles to overcome for necessary support and The need for support and resources. Conclusion: A concept permeated all the themes of the study; Barriers. Fathers encountered several obstacles that thwarted the ambition to be the father figure they wanted to be. These barriers have been constructed by societal norms as well as from a care system that demonstrates a lack of knowledge and understanding of PPD's impact on family life and the inclusion of the father, the forgotten parent.

The exhausting fossil fuels have stimulated heating researches on alternative renewable energy, as well as energy friendly studies. In a country like Taiwan, with high density on population and buildings, fresh cold air are supplied by either fan-coil units or air-condition units. However, with the lack of intelligent control and poor justification on thermal comfort, these machines failed to provide optimal thermal comfort, a situation that always leads to "excessive control" and energy waste as a consequence. Optimal thermal comfort is pursued by using PMV fuzzy control theory, along with thermal comfort monitoring system derived from LabView icon-control software. Thermal Comfort indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (PPD) according to the ISO 7730 are used as indicators of thermal comfort.Sensors, conscious of variations in humidity and temperatures, can figure out PMV and PPD via LabView Online Real Time calculation, and then we can control the environment comfort around PMV=1 next by using fuzzy control theory as well as energy efficient equipment such as AC stepless fans and AC stepless heaters. Many comfort simulation cases, comfort simulation with random humidity and temperatures, and a 12-hour automatic control, were presented as three testing items to check whether PMV FUZZY algorithm is competitive in fixing the environment thermal comfort around PMV=1. The confirmation of this question can be proved by this empirical study.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a medicalized condition that exists on a continuum of postpartum mood disorders. PPD is reported to be experienced by 10-15% of mothers and 10% of fathers during pregnancy or after the birth of a baby. PPD, as experienced by either parent, is considered a serious condition because of its potential short- and long-term negative impacts on the developing child. In this thesis I explore how motherhood and fatherhood are constructed in the context of articles on maternal and paternal PPD in Canadian and American newspapers. Specifically, I focus on how references to the opposite partner were used to position each parent, and how each parent was positioned with respect to the new baby. In the articles on maternal PPD, husbands were either inconsequential to the story, positioned as being absent, or constructed as supporting the mother through instrumental and action-oriented behaviours. In addition, mothers were constructed as lonely and isolated because of self-imposed limitations (e.g., feeling ashamed for not being happy). In the articles on paternal PPD, the mother-father relationship was based on differences and competition. Fathers were constructed as isolated, lonely and misunderstood, most often through mother-blaming, such as by positioning the mother as responsible for the father’s well-being (e.g., causing his PPD), and by labelling PPD “a woman’s domain.” Fathers’ loneliness was presented as being due to imposed limitations of others (e.g., others did not properly prepare fathers for fatherhood). Mothering was constructed as being instinctually skilled, tolerant, and self-sacrificing, with the inherent capability to manage multiple roles and changes. The mother-baby relationship was constructed as naturally joyful, all-important and –consuming. Fathers were not expected to be as skilled or instinctively prepared and tolerant, to engage in chores/childcare, or to be explicitly overjoyed with the baby. Mothers were blamed for their distress in the role, while others were blamed for fathers’ distresses. Gendered stereotypes in the parenting role were perpetuated in these newspaper articles. Parenthood was not constructed as a collaboration, but rather motherhood and fatherhood stood in isolation from each other, with motherhood positioned as the primary role. These constructions continue to maintain fathers in the background of parenthood as an “other,” and to position mothers as responsible for the well-being of her partner, child(ren) and herself.

Background: A systematic use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) can be identified at an early stage, followed by timely required actions. Mental health and well-being can be perceived as sensitive objective. Joyce Travelbee and Johan Cullberg advocate nursing theoretical approaches to promote good communication and crisis management, which is the fundamental base of this master thesis. Purpose: To study risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD). Method: A descriptive literature review based on 16 quantitative studies with different study designs. Results: Risk factors for PPD may be previous or current mental and physical health issues, childbirth experiences, and socioeconomic factors. Conclusion: The results indicates association between PPD and, ill health, delivery and socioeconomics. With increased knowledge about risk factors and the value of early measures and preventive efforts, chances to prevent PPD may increase.

This work summarises the results of experiments with common wheat lines (T. aestivum L. emed. Fiori et Paol.) during the growing season 2013/2014. Field experiments were carried out in two locations -- Žabčice and Branišovice. Two winter wheat varieties (Etela and Meritto) commonly cultivated in the Czech Republic and 45 Syrian lines with potentially high drought tolerance were evaluated in this work as well as Syrian variety CHAM 6. Spikes analyses were performed and the evaluated characters included awn length, spike length, spike weight, spikelet number, rachis length, rachis segments number, grains per spike number, and grains per spike weight. We focused also on grain yield per plant and the weight of thousand grains. The effect of location was highly significant for both characters -- yield per plant was higher in Žabčice, thousand grain weight in Branišovice. Two quality indicators were assessed -- the content of proteins and starch. As to protein content, all lines and control varieties exceeded the standard given in ČSN 461100-2. The amount of starch was between 66 and 68 %. The response to day length was characterised according to the photoperiod loci Ppd-D1. Photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-D1a was more common in lines of Syrian origin than sensitive allele Ppd-D1b. To evaluate the tolerance to drought the osmotic potential was determinated and the greatest ability of osmotic adjustment was found in line 27/1.

The diploma thesis is focused on ventilation and simulation of heating in small transport aircraft EV-55 cabin. First part explains an impact of thermal environment on human health and describes restrictions and recommendations forced on inner aircraft environment. In the first part are also clarified conditions of comfortable environment and thermal comfort evaluation for passengers via PMV and PPD index. The second part contains results from simulation of aircraft cabin environment. Inlet ventilation airflow and cabin heating is simulated via simulation mean Theseus-FE 3.0. The simulation results are evaluated for thermal comfort degree and optimal cabin insulation with optimal temperature and volume flow rate of inlet air is specified.

Gemeinsamer Workshop von Universitaetsrechenzentrum und Professur "Rechnernetze und verteilte Systeme" der Fakultaet fuer Informatik der TU Chemnitz. Workshop-Thema: Mobilitaet Der Vortrag stellt das Common UNIX Printing System vor, das auf dem neuen Internet Printing Protokol Standard IPP beruht und diskutiert Einsatzmöglichkeiten im URZ der TU Chemnitz