<p>Nowadays, office buildings often have large temperature variations during the day and building envelope acts as an energy storing mass and damp these effects and so Offices need more cooling because of internal heat sources. But we know that cooling is more expensive than heating and it uses the very good quality of energy sources (exergy). Controlled Active Mass (CAM) is new approach to absorb radiant heating and acts as a passive cooling device. It has direct cooling effect and reduces the peak load. CAM is a new cooling system design with applying the low energy sources and operates at water temperature close to room temperature and increase the efficiency of heat pumps and other systems.</p><p>In this project, we calculated the transient heat transfer analysis for CAM in a very well insulated test room with façade wall, Internal heat generators (such as Manikin, Computer simulator & lighting) and ventilation.</p><p>Then Polished (shiny) CAM constructed from Aluminum sheets with 0.003 m thickness. It is cube shape with 0.6 m length. This size of CAM is according to 2.5 times larger than human body volume and initial water temperature assumed near half of human body temperature. Then in order to more radiation damping (absorption) by CAM, it painted black (also based on color analysis in heat transfer calculation).</p><p>Some velocity and temperature measurement have been carried out on both polished CAM and black CAM, after visualization by smoke and Infrared Camera. And more cases tested to see the effect of façade wall, IHG’s and ventilation inlet temperature. Thermal comfort measurement also have been done for finding PMV, PPD and temperature equivalent for a seated person which is doing an office job with normal closing.</p><p>At the end results discussed which includes the effect of CAM in room, differences between polished CAM and black CAM and effect of main heat sources on both CAM types (Polished / Black).</p>

L'instillation intravésicale de bacilles de Calmette et Guérin (BCG) comme traitement adjuvant du cancer de la vessie non invasif du muscle est l'un des seuls exemples de réussite d'une immunothérapie à la clinique, avec des taux de réponse de 50-70 %. S'il est établi que le succès de la thérapie repose sur des injections répétées de BCG vivant, administré peu après la résection chirurgicale de la tumeur, ses mécanismes d'action n'ont pas été définis précisément. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai établi un modèle expérimental de souris pour étudier la dynamique de la réponse immune induite par l'administration intravésicale de BCG. Au vu d'un certain nombre de travaux chez l'homme, j'ai concentré mon attention sur l'établissement du processus inflammatoire aigu, ainsi que sur l'activation et le recrutement des lymphocytes T. Je démontre qu'une seule instillation de BCG est suffisante pour induire la dissémination du BCG dans les ganglions lymphatiques drainant la vessie et l'activation de lymphocytes T produisant de l'interféron gamma. Cependant, des instillations répétées de BCG vivant sont nécessaires pour obtenir une robuste infiltration de lymphocytes T dans la vessie. Toutefois, je montre qu'une immunisation préalable des souris par voie sous-cutanée conduit à un processus inflammatoire aigu accentué dès la première instillation et accélère le recrutement des lymphocytes T dans la vessie, par rapport au protocole standard. En outre, l'immunisation préalable des souris par voie sous-cutanée améliore de façon substantielle leur réponse à la BCG-thérapie, dans un modèle d'implantation orthotopique de cellules tumorales. Enfin, l'analyse de données cliniques révèle un avantage statistiquement significatif pour les patients qui ont la signature d'une réponse immune au BCG préalablement à la thérapie intravésicale. Par ailleurs, utilisant des données cliniques et expérimentales, j'ai contribué à la construction et au paramétrage d'un modèle mathématique stochastique décrivant les interactions entre le BCG, le système immunitaire, la vessie et les cellules tumorales. Nous avons tout d'abord montré qu'il était très improbable que l'extinction tumorale puisse être médiée seulement par l'immunité innée, car cela exigerait une capacité de tuer par effet bystander bien plus élevée que celle observée expérimentalement chez les cellules effectrices de l'immunité innée. Nous avons ensuite raffiné notre modèle pour qu'il prenne aussi en compte l'immunité adaptative. Nous avons alors utilisé ce deuxième modèle pour évaluer les paramètres cliniques optimaux pour la BCG thérapie, et parmi eux (i) le délai entre la résection chirurgicale et la première instillation, (ii) la dose de BCG, (iii) le temps de contact du BCG avec la vessie et (iv) l'intervalle de temps entre deux injections répétées de BCG. Tous ces paramètres ont un impact sur la probabilité d'extinction tumorale, et, notablement, la multiplication par deux du délai entre deux instillations améliorerait très favorablement le taux de réponse au traitement. L'ensemble de ces données contribue à éclairer sous un jour nouveau une immunothérapie utilisée en clinique depuis longtemps et prédit des stratégies qui pourraient contribuer à améliorer le soin des patients. Notamment, je suggère que la pratique d'un test tuberculinique sur les patients préalablement à la thérapie intravésicale, suivie de l'immunisation parentérale par le BCG des patients négatifs pour le test, pourrait être une méthode sûre et efficace pour améliorer la réponse clinique induite par les instillations intravésicales de BCG.

Detta examensarbete på 15 hp. har haft målet att kunna hitta en guide för planering av fönster för byggnader som ska certifieras med Miljöbyggnad. I certifieringsprocessen ingår beräkning av solvärmelasten, vilket ger en siffra på hur mycket solvärme som strålar in i byggnaden, som sedan kan behövas ventileras eller kylas bort under sommarhalvåret. I processen beräknas även dagsljusfaktorn, vilket ger en siffra på hur mycket dagsljus kommer in i byggnaden. Då dessa två aspekter påverkar negativt på varandra har olika tester gjorts med hjälp av olika datasimuleringar för att finna vilken fönsterarea skulle kunna vara lämplig för att få ett bra betyg i Miljöbyggnad. Här har även tester gjorts för det termiska klimatet, som är ytterligare en aspekt Miljöbyggnad ser på, och som fönstret kan påverka. För arbetet har en blivande kontorsbyggnad, Svalan i Uppsala, varit som mall för dessa tester. Då det finns väldigt många olika parametrar som behövs för att kunna göra alla simuleringar och uträkningar är det svårt att göra en guide som fungerar för alla projekt. I detta arbete finns två lika stora kontor som har fönster åt olika väderstreck och med olika g-värden, för att se skillnader på dessa har simuleringar gjorts för olika fönsterareor, och olika fönsterplaceringar. För simuleringarna har IDA 4 och Velux Daylight Visualizer använts. Arbetet resulterade i att fönstrets placering i rummet ger stor skillnad på dagljusfaktorn, och även för fönstrets utformning, dock ingen för solvärmelasten. För att påverka solvärmelasten kan glasarean i fönstret ändras, g-värdet, eller golvarean för rummet. När dessa parametrar verkar positivt för solvärmelasten, påverkar de negativt för dagsljusfaktorn, därför måste projektören hitta en bra nivå som fungerar för både solvärmelasten och dagsljusfaktorn. För projektet med två kontor i Svalan gav resultatet att få GULD i både solvärmelast och dagsljusfaktorn fungerar inte utan solavskärmning. Som bäst når den ena GULD och den andra SILVER, vilket kan i slutbetyget ändå räcka för att nå bästa betyget GULD med Miljöbyggnad, så länge de andra indikatorerna som Miljöbyggnad ser på är tillräckligt bra i projektet. / This report of 15 credits has had the goal to find a guide for planning window for buildings to be certified with Miljöbyggnad. The certification process includes calculation of solar heat load, giving a figure of how much sun heat is coming into the building, which may needs to be ventilated or cooled off during the summer. The certification process also demands the daylight factor, which gives a figure of how much natural light enters the building. These two aspects affects each other in a negative way, why various tests have been done using a variety of computer simulations to find what kind of window area would be appropriate to get a good rating in Miljöbyggnad. It has also been tested for the thermal climate, which is another aspect Miljöbyggnad investigates, and that windows can influence. The work uses an upcoming office building, Svalan in Uppsala, as a model for these tests. As there are many different parameters that are needed to make all the simulations and calculations it is difficult to make a guide that works for all projects. In this work there are two equally sized offices that have windows facing different directions and with different g-values, to see the differences in these simulations have been made for various window areas and different window placements. For the simulations, the IDA-ICE 4 and Velux Daylight Visualizer have been used. The work resulted in that the window's placement in the room has a big difference for daylight factor, and also for the window form, however none of the solar load. To affect solar heat load, the glass area of the window can be changed, the g-value, or the floor area of the room. When these parameters seem positive for the solar heat load, are they affecting negatively the daylight factor, therefore the building planner have to find a good level found that works for both solar heat load and the daylight factor. For the project with two offices in Svalan gave the result; to get GOLD in both solar heat load and daylight factor will not work without sun screening. As best reach one of them GOLD and the other SILVER, which can be in the final grade yet sufficient to reach the best grade GOLD with Miljöbyggnad, as long as this projects other Miljöbyggnad factors gives results which is good enough.

Nowadays, office buildings often have large temperature variations during the day and building envelope acts as an energy storing mass and damp these effects and so Offices need more cooling because of internal heat sources. But we know that cooling is more expensive than heating and it uses the very good quality of energy sources (exergy). Controlled Active Mass (CAM) is new approach to absorb radiant heating and acts as a passive cooling device. It has direct cooling effect and reduces the peak load. CAM is a new cooling system design with applying the low energy sources and operates at water temperature close to room temperature and increase the efficiency of heat pumps and other systems. In this project, we calculated the transient heat transfer analysis for CAM in a very well insulated test room with façade wall, Internal heat generators (such as Manikin, Computer simulator &amp; lighting) and ventilation. Then Polished (shiny) CAM constructed from Aluminum sheets with 0.003 m thickness. It is cube shape with 0.6 m length. This size of CAM is according to 2.5 times larger than human body volume and initial water temperature assumed near half of human body temperature. Then in order to more radiation damping (absorption) by CAM, it painted black (also based on color analysis in heat transfer calculation). Some velocity and temperature measurement have been carried out on both polished CAM and black CAM, after visualization by smoke and Infrared Camera. And more cases tested to see the effect of façade wall, IHG’s and ventilation inlet temperature. Thermal comfort measurement also have been done for finding PMV, PPD and temperature equivalent for a seated person which is doing an office job with normal closing. At the end results discussed which includes the effect of CAM in room, differences between polished CAM and black CAM and effect of main heat sources on both CAM types (Polished / Black).

A depressão pós-parto (DPP), tal como o episódio depressivo maior, é uma manifestação psiquiátrica comum, caracterizada pela presença de alterações de humor, cognitivas, comportamentais, psicomotoras e vegetativas. Afeta a qualidade da interação mãe-bebê prejudicando a responsividade materna o que pode repercurtir negativamente na manutenção salutar do desenvolvimento da criança. Esta manifestação apresenta prevalência estimada entre 10 e 20%, considerando as mulheres que desenvolvem sintomas nas primeiras semanas depois do parto. As opções de tratamento incluem drogas antidepressivas e eletroconvulsoterapia (com anestesia). Porém, como ambas terapêuticas envolvem abordagens farmacológicas, há contra-indicação devido à toxidade que impediria a amamentação. Entretanto, existe uma preocupação sobre como garantir a eficácia do tratamento sem prejudicar o bebê. A Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana Repetitiva (EMTr), por ser uma técnica já consagrada quanto a eficácia antidepressiva, não toxicológica, indolor, não invasiva e bem tolerada para estimular o cérebro, parece ser uma boa alternativa de tratamento. Nos quadros depressivos em geral, são observados prejuízos substanciais a várias funções cognitivas cujas alterações cognitivas apresentadas são, em grande parte, semelhantes àquelas relacionadas a alterações do funcionamento do córtex pré-frontal. A função executiva é um dos principais domínios cognitivos afetados nos transtornos depressivos, geralmente avaliada por testes como Trail Making e o teste de Stroop. A presença de depressão em pacientes puerperais parece intensificar as alterações cognitivas, especialmente as funções associadas ao lobo frontal, além do que, também prejudicam o comportamento causando danos no funcionamento social global. No presente estudo, randomizado, controlado e duplo-cego, investigaram-se os possíveis efeitos da EMTr no funcionamento cognitivo e sua repercussão comportamental: Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana de repetição (EMTr) aplicada ao córtex prefrontal dorsolateral esquerdo (CPFDLE). Uma amostra inicial de dez pacientes com DPP foram distribuídos em dois grupos. Sete participantes de um dos grupos receberam EMTr ativa e três, do grupo controle, EMTr placebo. Os parâmetros utilizados na EMTr foram: freqüência de 5 Hz, intensidade de 120% do limiar motor, em intervalos de 10 segundos ligado e 20 segundos desligado, com 25 séries por dia (2500 pulsos), durante 20 dias (quatro semanas) com dois dias de pausa semanal. Os pacientes e os avaliadores eram cegos ao tipo de tratamento de cada grupo. A avaliação neuropsicológica se deu através de testes cognitivos relacionados às funções prejudicadas em quadros depressivos e com a área estimulada (CPFDLE). Foram também aplicadas as escalas de Adequação Social (EAS) de Weissmann e Bothwell para avaliar o comportamento funcional social global, de depressão de Hamilton, 17 itens, e de depressão pós-parto de Edinburgh. As avaliações foram realizadas em três momentos: antes do início do tratamento (T0), após 4 semanas (T2) e após 6 semanas (T3). Como principais resultados foram observadas: melhora significativa no quadro depressivo ao longo do tratamento e um melhor ajustamento comportamental no funcionamento social global geral, especialmente no contexto das relações familiares; ausência de efeitos negativos em todos os testes cognitivos após o tratamento com EMTr; desempenho superior do grupo EMTr ativa em comparação com o grupo EMTr placebo, principalmente no teste de Rey auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT) evocação pós-interferência e tardia pós-trinta minutos, no teste Trail Making Parte A e no teste de Stroop Cores. Além disso, o melhor desempenho cognitivo observado no grupo EMTr ativa viii comparado ao grupo EMTr placebo, entre T0 e T4, foi mantido na semana 6 (T6) e por vezes até melhorou sutilmente, indicando que o efeito da estimulação mantém-se estável por, pelo menos 2 semanas após o término do tratamento. Discutem-se como possíveis fatores para esses resultados: ação local da EMTr, alteração dos níveis de alguns neurotransmissores como dopamina e serotonina, relação com a melhoria do quadro depressivo e possível efeito de aprendizado pela repetição em curto período de tempo entre as testagens. Concluí-se que, baseados em uma amostra de apenas 10 pacientes, a EMTr, no que diz respeito aos efeitos antidepressivos, no comportamento frente ao funcionamento social global e às funções cognitivas, não produziu efeitos negativos e sim, produziu alguns efeitos positivos. Esta melhora é de fundamental importância, para o bem estar da mãe e conseqüentemente para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, afetivo e comportamental do bebê. Isto trará desdobramentos que poderão perdurar por toda uma vida para esta criança. Além disto, a segurança da EMT, já amplamente comprovada em outros estudos, poderá, em um futuro próximo, torná-la terapêutica de primeira escolha para este grupo de pacientes. / The postpartum depression (PPD) as the major depressive episode is a common psychiatric manifestation, characterized by the presence of mood, cognitive, behavioral, psychomotor and vegetative changes. It affects the quality of mother-infant interaction jeopardizing the maternal responsiveness, which may adversely affect the maintenance of a healthy development of children. This event presents the estimated dominance between 10 and 20%, taking into account women who develop symptoms in the first weeks after delivery. Treatment options include antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (with anesthetic). However, as both treatments involve pharmacological approaches, there is counter-indication because of toxicity that would preclude breastfeeding. Nevertheless, there is concern about the efficiency of the treatment without causing any harm to the baby. The repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), as it is a technique already established for antidepressant efficacy, non-toxic, painless, non-invasive and well-tolerated to stimulate the brain, it seems to be a good alternative for treatment. For general depressive conditions, substantial damages have been noticed to several cognitive functions, in which the presented cognitive changes are, in large part, similar to those related to changes in the functioning of the pre-frontal cortex (PFC). The executive function is one of the major cognitive domains affected in depressive disorders, usually assessed by tests such as Trail Making and Stroop test. The presence of depression in puerperal patients seems to strengthen cognitive changes; especially those associated to frontal lobe functions, in addition to that, it also affects the behavior causing harm to the overall social functioning. In this study, randomized, controlled and double-blind, possible effects of rTMS in the cognitive functioning and its behavioral effect were assessed: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) applied to left-dorsum-lateral-prefrontal-cortex (LDLPC). An initial sample of ten patients with PPD was divided into two groups. Firstly, seven participants in one of the groups received active rTMS and, three, of the control group, placebo rTMS. The parameters used in rTMS were: frequency of 5 Hz, intensity of 120% of the motor threshold, at intervals of 10 seconds on and 20 seconds off, with 25 sets per day (2500 pulses), during 20 days (four weeks) with two days of rest per week. Patients and evaluators were blinded to the type of treatment for each group. The neuropsychological assessment was carried out by means of cognitive tests related to impaired functions in depressive conditions and with the stimulated area (LDLPC). Social Adjustment Scal (SAS-SR) of Weissmann & Bothwell was also applied to assess the overall social functional behavior, of Hamilton depression, 17 items, and Edinburg postpartum depression. Evaluations were performed on three occasions: before starting the treatment (T0), after 4 weeks (T2) and after 6 weeks (T3). The main results were: significant improvement regarding the depression condition throughout the treatment and a better behavioral adjustment in the general overall social functioning, especially in the context of family relationships, lack of negative effects on all cognitive tests after treatment with rTMS; superior performance of the active rTMS group compared to the placebo rTMS group, especially in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) post-interference and late evocation after thirty minutes in the Trail Making Test - Part A and the Colors - Stroop Test. Further, the best cognitive performance was observed in the active rTMS group compared to placebo rTMS group, between T0 and T4, was maintained at week 6 (T6) and sometimes even improved slightly, indicating that the effect of the stimulation remains stable by at least 2 x weeks after the end of the treatment. It has been discussed as possible factors for these results: local rTMS action, change in the levels of some neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, relationship with the improvement of the depressive condition and possible learning effect by repetition within a short period of time between tests. Ergo, based on a sample of only 10 patients, the rTMS, regarding antidepressant effects, the behavior compared to the overall social functioning and cognitive functions, it did not yield negative effects, however it rendered some positive effects. This improvement is of primary importance for the welfare of the mother hence to the babys neuro-psychomotor, emotional and behavioral development. This will bring further outcomes that may last for the whole life for this child. In addition, the safety of TMS, which has been already proven in other researches, may, in the near future, make it a first-choice therapy for this group of patients

Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, profissionais da área da saúde investiram em ambientes funcionais de trabalho, dando ênfase à implantação de equipamentos de alta tecnologia, sem se preocuparem com o grau de conforto proporcionado pelo ambiente físico. Trabalhos científicos nesta área classificaram esses espaços como estressantes e inadequados em razão de não observarem as carências emocionais e psicológicas dos usuários. O presente estudo avaliou a melhoria do conforto humano na Irmandade Santa Casa de Valinhos/SP-Brasil, proporcionado pela requalificação de áreas verdes existentes entre as alas de internação. Para avaliar o grau de conforto térmico proporcionado por essas áreas verdes requalificadas, utilizaram-se dois modelos preditivos de conforto: o Predicted Mean Vote - PMV (FANGER, 1970) e o Predicted Percentage of Disatisfied - PPD baseado na ISO 7730 (1994) para ambientes internos. A fim de se compararem os resultados obtidos com base nos modelos preditivos à percepção subjetiva do conforto térmico dos entrevistados, foram aplicados questionários contendo questões abertas e fechadas que possibilitaram uma análise dos benefícios terapêuticos proporcionados pelas áreas verdes requalificadas. Outro instrumento utilizado, o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de LIPP, avaliou e comparou o nível de stress entre dois grupos de funcionários (com contato e sem contato com áreas verdes). Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que os espaços verdes requalificados, apesar de ainda não interferirem no grau de conforto térmico dos ambientes a eles adjacentes, cumprem um papel terapêutico na medida em que promovem maior bem-estar a todos que deles se usufruem. / In the first decades of the twentieth century, health professionals have invested into functional work environments, emphasizing the insertion of high-tech equipment and not concerned about the comfort provided by the physical environment. Scientific work in this area ranked these spaces as stressful and inappropriate in order not to observe the emotional and psychological necessities the users have. This study has evaluated the improvement of human comfort in Santa Casa de Valinhos / SP-Brazil, provided by the recovery of green areas between the internment wards at the hospital. To evaluate the thermal comfort degree provided by these recovered green areas, we have used two predictive comfort models: Predicted Mean Vote - PMV (FANGER, 1970) and Predicted Percentage of Disatisfied - PPD based on ISO 7730 (1994) for indoor environments. In order to compare the results based on predictive models to the subjective perception of the thermal comfort, questionnaires have been applied with open and closed questions which have allowed an analysis of therapeutic benefits provided by the recovered green areas. The other instrument used was Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory, which evaluated and compared the level of stress among two staff groups (with or without contact to the green areas). The results of this study have demonstrated that the recovered green spaces, while not influencing the thermal comfort degree of adjacent environments, which has a therapeutic role while promoting a greater well-being to all who enjoy them.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3056_1.pdf: 4979812 bytes, checksum: c6c39168220dfe05d4220488dd6da489 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / A identificação de pessoas soropositivas com tuberculose latente (TBL), através do teste tuberculínico e o tratamento preventivo para tuberculose (TB), estão incluídas nas recomendações para a assistência aos pacientes com HIV/Aids em todo mundo. No Recife, entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro 2010, acompanhou-se uma coorte de pacientes HIV/Aids atendidos em dois serviços de referência - o Hospital Correia Picanço e o Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, com os seguintes objetivos: descrever a freqüência de realização do TT e analisar os fatores associados a sua não realização, assim como os fatores associados à sua positividade em pacientes infectados pelo HIV; estimar a probabilidade dos pacientes não reatores ao primeiro teste não repetirem o TT, analisar os fatores associados ao tempo até sua repetição e analisar a efetividade do tratamento para TBL com isoniazida (INH) 300mg/dia, por seis meses, controlando os co-fatores potenciais de confusão. No primeiro estudo realizou-se um caso controle onde a variável dependente foi a realização do TT. No segundo estudo utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meier para estimar a probabilidade da não repetição do TT e o teste de Log Rank para verificar se houve diferenças entre as estimativas do Kaplan Meier para as categorias de cada variável do estudo. No terceiro estudo acompanhou-se uma coorte de pacientes com indicação de realizar o tratamento para TBL. Calculou-se densidade incidência para quem foi exposto a INH e para quem teve indicação e não foi exposto à INH e a razão entre as taxas (Hazard Ratio). Estimou-se a probabilidade de não ter TB pelo método de Kaplan Méier. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: 2.290 pacientes entraram na coorte, 1.087 (47,5%) realizaram o TT e 1203 (52,5%) não realizaram. Estiveram associados a não realização do TT: sexo masculino, idade menor de 39 anos, menos de nove anos de escolaridade, ganhar mais que um salário mínimo, ser usuário de crack e ser atendido no Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz. Entre os 1.087 pacientes que realizaram o TT, a prevalência de positividade foi de 21,6% entre os pacientes com CD4 &#8805; 200 e de 9,49% entre os pacientes com CD4 < 200 (p=0,002). Permaneceram associados ao TT &#8805; 5 mm, no extrato de contagem de CD4 &#8805; 200: uso de HAART, uso de Crack e ter menos de 10 anos de escolaridade. Dos 811 pacientes que tinham indicação de repetir o teste, 314 (38,7%) repetiram o TT. A probabilidade de não repetir o TT foi de 42%. Permaneceram associadas a não repetição do teste: idade, IMC, sexo e escola. 201 pacientes foram acompanhados para o estudo da efetividade do tratamento da TBL. Desses, 126 (62,7%) iniciaram o tratamento para TBL, e 75 pacientes (37,3%) não iniciaram. A taxa de incidência de tuberculose na coorte de indicação para TBL foi de 11,25/1.000 pessoa-ano. Considerando apenas os 75 pacientes que não iniciaram ou abandonaram o tratamento para TBL, a taxa de incidência de tuberculose foi de 29,67/1.000 pessoa-ano. A estimativa da probabilidade de desenvolver a tuberculose entre os pacientes com indicação de tratamento da TBL no final do estudo foi de 1,9%. Entre os que não o realizaram ou a fizeram de maneira irregular, a estimativa da probabilidade de desenvolver a tuberculose foi de 5,2%. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que não houve uma adequada adesão nem para a realização do primeiro teste tuberculínico nem para a repetição do mesmo. É imprescindível que sejam revistas as recomendações com relação ao início do tratamento da TBL estar baseado na realização do teste tuberculínico

<p>This is a genetic study of flowering time in cultivated barley with the aim to identify the alleles contributing to rapid flowering and frost resistance. We have genotyped a collection of 23 historic barley varieties for the crucial genes [<em>VRN-1, VRN-2, VRN-3</em> (<em>HvFT</em>), <em>Ppd-H1, CO</em>, and <em>Vrs1</em>]. We have amplified the polymorphic mutations by PCR-based methods, and sequenced them to identify possible haplotype groups. The row type was not determined of all accessions, but all the Scandinavian varieties were found to carry mutant alleles of <em>Vrs1</em>, that indicates them to be six-row barleys. The deletion of the crucial segment of <em>VRN-1 </em>vernalization contributes dominant spring growth habit. We found haplotype groups 2 and 4 to be dominant in Northern barleys whereas haplotype groups 1 and 5 dominated in south. The presence of dominant allele <em>VRN-2</em> gene is addressed to floral repression until plants get vernalized. Most of the 23 varieties were found to have deleted allele of <em>VRN-2</em>, which is connected with a spring growth habit. The only four of the accessions that have the dominant allele of <em>Ppd-H1</em> that contribute flowering are generally from the south of Europe. <em>HvFT</em> and <em>CO</em> genes <em>CO</em>-interact to influence flowering time. <em>CO</em> haplotype grouping suggest a geographical distribution of different alleles but needs more disseminations. Certain <em>HvFT</em> alleles cause extremely early flowering during apex development in the varieties that have deletion of <em>VRN-2</em> alleles under long days. <em>VRN-3</em> alleles of 14 varieties were identified.</p>

This is a genetic study of flowering time in cultivated barley with the aim to identify the alleles contributing to rapid flowering and frost resistance. We have genotyped a collection of 23 historic barley varieties for the crucial genes [VRN-1, VRN-2, VRN-3 (HvFT), Ppd-H1, CO, and Vrs1]. We have amplified the polymorphic mutations by PCR-based methods, and sequenced them to identify possible haplotype groups. The row type was not determined of all accessions, but all the Scandinavian varieties were found to carry mutant alleles of Vrs1, that indicates them to be six-row barleys. The deletion of the crucial segment of VRN-1 vernalization contributes dominant spring growth habit. We found haplotype groups 2 and 4 to be dominant in Northern barleys whereas haplotype groups 1 and 5 dominated in south. The presence of dominant allele VRN-2 gene is addressed to floral repression until plants get vernalized. Most of the 23 varieties were found to have deleted allele of VRN-2, which is connected with a spring growth habit. The only four of the accessions that have the dominant allele of Ppd-H1 that contribute flowering are generally from the south of Europe. HvFT and CO genes CO-interact to influence flowering time. CO haplotype grouping suggest a geographical distribution of different alleles but needs more disseminations. Certain HvFT alleles cause extremely early flowering during apex development in the varieties that have deletion of VRN-2 alleles under long days. VRN-3 alleles of 14 varieties were identified.

This thesis is dedicated to explain how to work with printers in Linux. It is devided into six chapters. First one shortly describes what types of printers are commonly available. The communication languages for printers is recorded in chapter two. In third chapter We have describe how connect the printers to the computer. How to work with printers in Linux can see in chapter four. In chapter five we describes the printers drivers. Last chapter I try to write my own printer driver.