Atualmente em vários países já existem mais dispositivos e meios de comunicações que habitantes e a medida que a tecnologia avança a troca de informação tende a aumentar exponencialmente. Com isso, ganha destaque a área denominada computação ubíqua, que visa o desenvolvimento de aplicativos para automatizar processos, antes manuais, a fim de proporcionar conforto, rapidez e conexão aos usuários com seus dispositivos. Nos estudos realizados decorrer desta tese identificou–se a necessidade de desenvolver e controlar informações privadas fundamentadas no local, aqui denominado ambiente ubíquo. O problema de pesquisa identificado foi a grande heterogeneidade de dispositivos e comunicações nestes sistemas, tornando-os vulneráveis e expondo os dados de seus usuários. Assim, observou-se a necessidade de um modelo taxonômico de privacidade que engloba características necessárias para controlar e gerenciar a privacidade de dados em ambientes ubíquos. A partir dessa taxonomia desenvolveu–se um protótipo com base em um middleware estruturado em camadas necessárias para prover os controles e gerenciamentos necessários nestes ambientes. Os primeiros testes e resultados se mostraram promissores, tendo seus resultados publicados em conferências internacionais da área que nortearam os estudos para uma melhoria do tratamento e filtragem de dados. Também foi possível a ampliação dos controles e gerenciamento de parâmetros automáticos com aumento e redução de definição do tipo de perfil do usuário em adição são apresentados os resultados obtidos em diferentes cenários de uso e aplicação. Para tanto, o protótipo desenvolvido permite selecionar opções de variáveis atribuídas individualmente a cada ambiente de acordo com suas necessidades, com isso, a solução proposta visa ser empregada no gerenciamento de privacidade em ambientes ubíquos. Os resultados obtidos nos testes realizados comprovam a viabilidade e contribuição cientifica do modelo desenvolvido. O aplicativo UbiPri foi disponibilizado para utilização no google play store, podendo ser instalado e configurado na plataforma android. / Currently in many countries there are already more devices and communication means inhabitants and as technology advances the exchange of information tends to increase exponentially. As a result, stands out the area called ubiquitous computing, which aims to develop applications to automate processes before hand in order to provide comfort, speed and connecting users with their devices. In studies carried out throughout this thesis it identified the need to develop and control private information based on location, here called ubiquitous environment. The identified research problem was the great heterogeneity of devices and communications in these systems, making them vulnerable and exposing the data of its users. Thus, there was the need for a taxonomic model of privacy that encompasses features needed to control and manage data privacy in ubiquitous environments. From this taxonomy developed a prototype based on a middleware structured in layers to provide the necessary controls and managements required in these environments. The first tests and results were promising, with the results published in international conferences in the area that guided the studies for improved treatment and filtering of data. It was also possible the expansion of controls and management parameters with automatic increase and decrease setting in the user profile type in addition the results obtained are presented in different usage scenarios and application. Thus, the prototype allows you to select options variables individually assigned to each environment according to their needs, with it, the proposed solution is intended to be used in the privacy management in ubiquitous environments. The results obtained in the tests prove the feasibility and scientific contribution of the developed model. The UbiPri application was made available for use in the google play store and can be installed and configured on android platform.

This master’s thesis is about freedom of information ideas in the European Union data retention directive, 2006/24/EC. The directive means that data about electronic communications services will be retentioned. The aim of the thesis is to examine what ideas related to freedom of information that appear in the directive and how these ideas belong to the ideology of freedom of information that is common within the library community and to the juridical restrictions. In the light of surveillance tendencies that have occurred over the last years, the most well-known is probably the USA Patriot Act, it is interesting to study how freedom of information ideas appears when surveillance is legislated. The theory used comes from the dissertation of Stuart Hamilton which is about freedom of information and its barriers in libraries. The method that I have used is the idea and ideology analysis. My study shows that the freedom of information ideas that appears in the directive 2006/24/EC belongs to surveillance and privacy. The surveillance ideas have to do with the permitted restrictions. The privacy ideas have mainly to do with the ideology of freedom of information but also to the juridical permitted restrictions. Even if there is nothing explicit in the directive about the freedom to seek, receive and impart information or freedom of access to information, the two definitions of freedom of information are influenced by ideas of surveillance and privacy. / Uppsatsnivå: D

I dagens samhälle där allt fler lever ett liv via elektronik och Internet på olika virtuellacommunities finns det en risk för att ett samhällsproblem ska uppstå. Internetavtalenpå de flesta communities blir inte lästa, användarna på de olika sajterna agerar därförutan att veta vilka regler och riktlinjer som ska följas. Utan vetskap om vad som står iavtalen kan användare omedvetet bryta mot reglerna eller bli utsatta för risker somkunde ha undvikts genom den enkla åtgärden som att läsa avtalen som annars baragodkänns vid registrering av ett användarkonto. Genom en informationsinsamling avteori kring avtal, virtuella communities, risk management, webbdesign, softwarequality assurance och människa-dator-interaktion skapades en bakgrund för att medhjälp av den kunskapen kunna ge ett förslag till morgondagens Internetavtal som kanskydda både användare och ägare. Med kunskapen från teori som grund granskadessedan dagens avtal på Facebook, YouTube och MySpace. Genom granskningen avavtalen och teori tog jag sedan fram ett exempelavtal som skulle kunna vara enlösning till dagens avtal. Med exempelavtalet och intervjufrågor genomfördesintervjuer för att se hur det nya avtalet skulle stå sig mot dagens avtal i användaresperspektiv. Med ett exempelavtal som i snitt tog 4.1 minuter att läsa, fyllas i ochgodkännas anser jag att mitt exempelavtal är ett steg i rätt riktning. Respondenternabevisade med sina svar att dagens Internetavtal inte är anpassade till sittanvändningsområde och sina användare. Mer forskning behövs inom området, menmitt exempelavtal är ett steg i rätt riktning där användare får en möjlighet att på ettsnabbt sätt ta till sig informationen i avtalet utan att känna en hopplöshet och entidsåtgång som överstiger vad som kan anses rimligt. För att det potentiellasamhällsproblemet inte ska blomma ut måste en förändring av dagens Internetavtalske. Avtalen måste bli mer lättåtkomliga, mer lättförståeliga och framförallt måste enförändring ske så att det blir en interaktion med användarna. Om användarna inteprioriteras tror jag att problemet kan växa och bli större. Med ett avtal i linje med mittexempelavtal och fortsatta tester tror jag att problemet kan lösas och att användareoch ägare av Internet communities gemensamt kan blicka framåt utan att leva iovisshet. Med bättre utformade avtal kommer attityden till Internetavtalen förbättrasoch fler kommer förhoppningsvis att inse vikten i att läsa och förstå dem. En bättreutformning av avtalen kan skydda både användare och ägare där onödiga risker kanelimineras eftersom ägarens villkor når användaren och användaren kan agera utefterde regler som finns. / Uppsatsnivå: D

Organizations struggle to comply with legal requirements as well as customers' calls for better data protection. On the implementation level, incorporation of privacy protections in products and services depends on the commitment of the engineers who design them. We interviewed six senior engineers, who work for globally leading IT corporations and research institutions, to inves- tigate their motivation and ability to comply with privacy regulations. Our findings point to a lack of perceived responsibility, control, autonomy, and frustrations with interactions with the legal world. While we increasingly call on engineers to go beyond functional requirements and be responsive to human values in our increasingly technological society, we may be facing the dilemma of asking engineers to live up to a challenge they are currently not ready to embrace.

With the advancement of information technology and declining hardware price, organizations and companies are able to collect large amount of personal data. Individual health records, product preferences and membership information are all converted into digital format. The ability to store and retrieve large amount of electronic records benefits many parties. Useful knowledge often hides in a large pool of raw data. In many customer-centric applications, customers want to find some "best" services according to their needs. However, since different customers may have different preferences to find "best" services, different services are suggested accordingly to different customers. In this thesis, we study models for different customer needs. Besides, customers also want to protect their individual privacy in many applications. In this thesis, we also study how individual privacy can be protected. / Wong, Chi Wing. / "June 2008." / Adviser: Ada Wai-Chee Fu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1770. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-137). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Brinquedos infantis tornaram-se sofisticados ao longo dos anos, evoluindo de produtos físicos simples a brinquedos que acoplam o mundo digital por meio de software e hardware. Com essa sofisticação, veio à tona potenciais problemas de segurança e privacidade infantil em relação ao uso de brinquedos inteligentes. Um brinquedo inteligente consiste de um componente de brinquedo físico conectado a um sistema computacional com serviços on-line para melhorar a funcionalidade de um brinquedo tradicional. Esse tipo de brinquedo ainda não é amplamente conhecido em países com economia em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Dessa forma, não se sabe a opinião de consumidores desse tipo de país em relação à aceitação dessa tecnologia quando ela estiver disponível. Esta dissertação de mestrado realizou um estudo comparativo entre países de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento, avaliando a percepção sobre segurança e privacidade infantil em relação a brinquedos inteligentes. Aspectos como intenção de compra e percepção de inovação foram levados em consideração, pois essas duas percepções podem influenciar a percepção sobre segurança e privacidade infantil. Essas comparações de percepções ainda foram consideradas para variações de gênero e níveis de escolaridade, considerando pessoas de diferentes países de desenvolvimento. Com uma revisão sistemática, constatou-se que não há trabalhos que abordem a percepção sobre segurança e privacidade infantil relacionada a brinquedos inteligentes, comparando países de economia avançada e em desenvolvimento. Para a realização desta dissertação de mestrado, um survey com a aplicação de um questionário foi considerado. Antecedendo a aplicação do questionário, uma entrevista com 14 participantes foi realizada para refinar o questionário que estava em construção. Para analisar os resultados, os testes de estatística não paramétrica Mann Whitney e teste de Independência de Qui-quadrado foram usados para três hipóteses, considerando percepção sobre segurança e privacidade infantil, intenção de compra e percepção de inovação referente a brinquedos inteligentes em relação ao nível de desenvolvimento do país, tratando também de gênero e nível de escolaridade dos participantes. O primeiro resultado obtido, é que há diferença significativa entre os países de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento em relação a segurança e privacidade infantil no uso a brinquedos inteligentes, sendo que, os países com economia avançada mostram maior preocupação. Em relação à intenção de compra e percepção de inovação, não foi detectada diferença significativa entre os países de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento. Para co-variáveis como gênero e nível de escolaridade, há diferenças significativas de percepção em relação às três hipóteses se tratando de grupos específicos em relação ao nível de desenvolvimento de países. Por exemplo, testes realizados apenas com o gênero feminino, retornaram diferença significativa. Com os resultados deste mestrado, pesquisas maiores relacionadas podem ser consideradas. Além de que, estratégias de marketing podem ser melhoradas de acordo com as diferenças de percepções encontradas de pessoas que vivem em países de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento / Children\'s toys have become sophisticated over the years, evolving from simple physical products to toys that engage the digital world through software and hardware. With such sophistication, potential child safety and privacy issues have surfaced concerning the use of smart toys. A smart toy consists of a physical toy component connected to a computer system with online services to enhance the functionality of a traditional toy. This type of toy is not yet widely known in economically developing countries such as Brazil. In this way, the opinion of consumers of this type of country is not known with respect to the acceptance of this technology when it is available. This master\'s research carried out a comparative study among countries with different levels of development, assessing the perception of child safety and privacy about intelligent toys. Aspects such as purchase intent and perception of innovation were taken into account, since these two perceptions may influence perceptions about child safety and privacy. These comparisons of perceptions were still considered for variations in gender and educational levels, considering people from different developing countries. With a systematic review, it was found that there are no studies that address the perception of children\'s safety and privacy related to intelligent toys, comparing countries of advanced and developing economies. For the accomplishment of this masters dissertation, a survey with the application of a structured questionnaire was considered. Before the application of the questionnaire, a interview with 14 participants was performed to refine the questionnaire that was under construction. In order to analyze the results, the non-parametric Mann Whitney test and the Chi-square Independence test were used for three hypotheses considering perceptions about child safety and privacy, purchase intention and perception of innovation regarding smart toys in relation to the level of the country\'s development, also dealing with the gender and level of schooling of the participants. The first result obtained is that there is a significant difference between countries of different levels of development regarding children\'s safety and privacy in the use of smart toys, and countries with advanced economies show greater concern. In relation to the purchase intention and perception of innovation, no significant difference was detected between the countries with different levels of development. For covariables such as gender and educational level, there are significant perceptual differences about the three hypotheses when dealing with specific groups about the level of development of countries. For example, tests performed only with the female gender, returned significant difference. With the results of this masters degree, major related research can be considered. In addition to that, marketing strategies can be improved according to the differences of perceptions found in people living in countries with different levels of development

Creating an exam that ensures an even coverage over all the Intended Learning Outcomes and at the same time ensures that to pass, the student should have passed all the Intended Learning Outcomes can be a difficult task. After an exam have been graded, formative feedback should be given to the students, especially in those cases where they did not pass the exam. This can be a time consuming process, and because of this, it is not always possible to give as good feedback as one would otherwise like. In this project an exam tool was created, for assisting in creating exams and give individual formative feedback to the students after an exam. By storing all the questions in a database, where each question is connected to an Intended Learning Outcome, along with writing the questions in a standardised format, with regards to point representations, grading rubrics and references it becomes possible to automatically generate exams. Generated individual feedback is created by combining the information in the question together with the students result. The feedback provides motivation of given grade, which topics a student should read up on, along with recommended reading instructions. In those cases a student got a full mark, it is also possible to provide further study instructions, this can be anything from recommended articles and book chapter, to courses. Differential privacy have been used to anonymize the grade distribution to make it possible to show the students how the exam went, without risk exposing what grade a certain student got. The exam tool created achieves all of these goals, however there are still much room for improvement. The anonymisation function needs further development, since differential privacy is not suitable for small datasets. The usability of the interface and feedback reports needs more work. However in its current state it is fully functional and have been used in numerous courses.

Confusion regarding the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) continues to be a concern for health care professionals working in the educational environment. Following the Virginia Tech tragedy and similar incidents of school violence in recent years, educational communities and governmental agencies are analyzing the balance between individual privacy and freedom versus the safety and security of all. Health care professionals working in the school environment must stay abreast of privacy regulations regarding student records while providing needed care.

Personal information available online is known as a digital footprint. While many have a digital footprint, few if any, know what it encapsulates or how to control it. Technology and personal information are becoming more intertwined as technology becomes more integrated with everyday activities. Personal information can be defined as details that apply to a person such as race or shopping habits. Shopping habits are considered personal information by many corporations who spend money to track, or even predict purchases of individuals, whereas more traditional forms of personal information are details like gender, birthdate, and home town. With a wide breadth of personal information available, not all of it is equally valuable or personally unique. This project is dedicated to determining the content and size of a digital footprint, and assessing its impact for an individual by defining the discoverability of that content.

Certain types of spatial data maintained and distributed by counties at taxpayer expense can be used with powerful mapping and analysis software, called Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to compromise an indvidual's locational privacy. The kind of privacy at threat here is referred to as geoprivacy, which is concerned with the rights to prevent disclosure of the location of one's home, workplace, or daily activities. While the availability of accessible and accurate geospatial data has increased geoprivacy concerns in recent years, this threat remains virtually unknown to the general public. Although previous research has explored various components of the geoprivacy debate, the fragmented and localized nature of this work does not adequately address the threat on a large scale or lend itself for use in multi-level policy discussions. This thesis fills the need for a comprehensive and systematic geoprivacy study by examining county data availability in the entire state of Florida. Ultimately, the success of geoprivacy violation attempts is determined by the availability and quality of the data being used. In order to evaluate this threat,a statewide inventory of the data necessary for a reverse geocoding operation, defined here as geoprivacy data elements, was created. A specific county (Bay County) with complete data availability was then selected and its geoprivacy data elements, specifically street, parcel, and address point layers were evaluated for their reverse geocoding and subsequent identity disclosure success. These findings were then compared with the results of the statewide inventory to determine the level of exposure that the state's residents are subjected to, based on their county's data offerings. The statewide data inventory indicated substantial variation in county availability, quality, and delivery methods of the desired geoprivacy data elements. The results of the reverse geocoding operation performed with Bay County's geoprivacy data elements revealed that both property parcels and address points in conjunction with ownership information have a high rate of identity disclosure success. Geocodable streets were found to have a low rate of identity disclosure success and their results were comparable to a non-county maintained street layer that was used for control purposes. Although the street layers had a low rate of identity disclosure success, they could be used to identify a narrow range of address possibilities and still pose a geoprivacy threat. Forty-two counties in which approximately 13 million people reside make parcel data with ownership information available for free or purchase. Given the high success rate of the parcel data to disclose individual identity, this research suggests that the majority of the state's residents are vulnerable to potential geoprivacy violations.