Public procurement below the lowest threshold This thesis describes and analyses the legal regulations and practice in the Czech public procurement below the lowest threshold. In particular, it focuses on the principles governing the procedures, i.e. transparency, proportionality, equality and non-discrimination. The first chapter deals with the purpose of the Czech Public Procurement Act, the concept and development of the legal regulation of public procurement below the lowest threshold emphasising the financial limits of the contract's value, which separates these public contracts from other procedures. The second chapter deals with the principles that apply to public procurement which represent the source for the regulation of public procurement below the lowest threshold. The law does not define their precise meaning, leaving it to the case law, decisions of the public authorities and opinions of the experts. These principles are necessarily conncected to the principles of financial management known as the 3E. The third chapter focuses on the procedure of contracting authorities during the public procurement. Since contracting authorities may, with certain restrictions, create their own rules for the procedure, the chapter contains examples and evaluation of these regulations of the individual...

Фокусом научного исследования, проведенного в рамках настоящей магистерской диссертации, является механизм осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в условиях его реформирования. Цель исследования: анализ механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации и формирование рекомендаций для совершенствования их работы. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно экспертное интервью, контент-анализ. В процессе исследования были изучены теоретические основы контрактной системе в сфере закупок товаров, работ, услуг в Российской Федерации; рассмотрена нормативно-правовая база закупочной деятельности на международном, федеральном и региональном уровнях; предложено новое определение механизма закупочной деятельности; сформированы модели организации закупочной деятельности в регионах Российской Федерации; подготовлены практические материалы, которые могут быть использованы специалистами по закупкам в их профессиональной деятельности. Предложенные автором рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма государственных закупок региона Российской Федерации внесут уточнения в действующее законодательство, а также упростят и ускорят работу специалистов по закупкам. / The focus of the research conducted within the framework of this master's thesis is the mechanism of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the context of its reform. The purpose of the study: to analyze the mechanisms of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the subject of the Russian Federation and to form recommendations for improving their work. The main methods of conducting the research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely expert interviews, content analysis. In the course of the research, the theoretical foundations of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services in the Russian Federation were studied; the regulatory and legal framework of procurement activities at the international, federal, and regional levels was considered; a new definition of the procurement mechanism was proposed; models of the organization of procurement activities in the regions of the Russian Federation were formed; practical materials were prepared that can be used by procurement specialists in their professional activities. The recommendations proposed by the author on improving the mechanism of public procurement in the region of the Russian Federation will clarify the current legislation, as well as simplify and speed up the work of procurement specialists.

The thesis is about Sweden’s approach on social sustainability in public policy. The Swedish New Reform derives from the EU Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement, including policies and legislations on social aspects, labor-law, and environmental considerations. The aim is to analyse how social sustainability through contemporary public procurement laws and policies is being formulated and potentially realised in Sweden. The ontological theoretical framework and methodological approach will be derived from post-structuralism. More specifically, the theoretical approach Governmentality developed through the Foucauldian approach and Carol Bacchi’s methodological WPR-approach facilitating a policy analysis. The sources are a combination of qualitative decision-making and non-decision-making material. The decision-making material includes the Swedish National Public Procurement Strategy, The Swedish Public Procurement Act, and the EU Directive. The analysis makes visible how social aspects are represented and subjectivized. The research highlights potentials for increased social sustainability and risks of de-prioritization depending on formulations of mandatory or optional characteristics. Theoretically speaking, interests of neoliberal-, capitalist market- and alternative social democratic rationale contributes to multiple social unsustainabilites. Resulting in plural realities of how to best increase social sustainability. The concluding discussion highlights that rationalities influence realisations of social sustainability antagonistically. Increasing the understanding of these core rationalities is essential to increase social sustainability through public procurement.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Arlo Biere / Laundry bar soap has been produced commercially in Venezuela for over a century and is one of the most important products for beauty and personal care throughout the Venezuela. More than 10 Venezuelan companies produce and sell it, but two companies hold almost 85 percent of the market share, with the Las Llaves brand, alone, holding nearly 70 percent. Management for Las Llaves is concerned about how to remain competitive not only with quality and acceptance of its product (effectiveness) but also with how to produce the soap efficiently (at the lowest possible cost) to remain competitive in today's global economic environment. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze the sourcing costs of three raw ingredients used to produce laundry bar soap in the Las Llaves facility and to provide a model scenario to support the decision making analysis within the purchasing department.

The occurence of procurement fraud requires from the management of the enterprise, the risk manager of the enterprise as well as the internal auditor to effectively address procurement fraud risks within the enterprise risk management concept. The purpose of the study is to set a procurement fraud risk management process in place which will serve as a comprehensive framework for the enterprise risk manager as well as the internal auditor to limit the enterprise's exposure to procurement fraud risks as far as possible. The study firstly focus on the analysis of the steps within the procurement process which is the starting point for the identification of the fraud risks. Secondly the enterprise risk management model is applied in the format of a procurement risk matrix within the procurement function. The study is an indication that procurement fraud cannot be completely prevented but that the appearance thereof can be limited by means of the extensive procurement fraud risk management model. Recommendations for future studies include the application of the enterprise risk management model in other functional areas within the enterprise. / Die voorkoms van aankoopbedrog vereis van die onderneming se bestuur, ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur om aankoopbedrogrisiko's effektief binne die konteks van die ondernemingsrisikobestuurskonsep aan te spreek. Die doel van die studie is om `n aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursproses daar te stel wat as `n omvattende raamwerk vir die ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur kan dien om die onderneming se blootstelling aan aankoopbedrogrisiko's so ver as moontlik te beperk. Die studie fokus eerstens op die ontleding van die stappe in die aankoopproses wat as vertrekpunt vir die identifisering van bedrogrisiko's dien. Tweedens word die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel in die vorm van `n aankoopbedrogrisikomatriks in die aankoopfunksie toegepas. Die studie dui daarop dat alhoewel aankoopbedrog nie volkome verhoed kan word nie, die voorkoms daarvan wel beperk kan word deur die toepassing van `n omvattende aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursmodel. Aanbevelings vir verdere studies sluit die toepassing van die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel op ander funksionele terreine van die onderneming in. / Auditing / M. Com. (Auditing)

Turnkey contract is a commonly used form of contract for procurement of projects, however not so common when it comes to rail infrastructure, because railway installations are so complex and makes greater demands on availability and traffic safety. Performance contracts have occurred in railway projects for a long time. The Swedish Transport Administration has received directives from the government to push for increased productivity and increased degree of innovation in the construction industry. The Swedish Transport Administration has the ambition to transform its role as a client to create the conditions for the market and its driving forces for increased innovation and productivity by handing over a greater commitment and responsibility to the contractors. A strategic primary focus is to increase the proportion of turnkey projects within the construction industry. Contracts relating to investments between 25-500 million will be procured through turnkey projects. The purpose of this report is to identify how the market views the specifications with emphasis on object-specific technical description, its calculability, structure and clarity. The section that has been analyzed in this report is the construction of the freight line between Stenkumla - Dunsjö that is part of the whole distance between Hallsberg - Degerön. Interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs who have participated in the bidding contest. The purpose of the interviews was to get the contractors' views on the specifications that can be taken into account in future projects. Responses will be analyzed by the Swedish Transport Administration and taken into account for the development of future specifications in turnkey contracts for the construction industry. OTB for the route Stenkumla - Dunsjö, entrepreneurs are not allowed to come up with innovative solutions, since the specifications contain many technical solutions specified by the Swedish Transport Administration. The contractors want more freedom in the specifications in order to provide innovative solutions. One reason that there are many technical solutions in this project is because, the project was meant to be procured as performance contract and Traffic Authority had already planned a lot before they decided to purchase it as Turnkey contract. / Totalentreprenader är vanligt förekommande entreprenadformen vid upphandling av projekt dock inte så vanligt när det gäller järnvägsanläggningar eftersom järnvägsanläggningar är så komplexa och ställer större krav på tillgänglighet och trafiksäkerhet. Utförandeentreprenader har varit entreprenadformen som har förekommit vid järnvägsprojekt under en längre tid. Trafikverket har fått direktiv från regering att verka för ökad produktivitet och ökad innovationsgrad i anläggningsbranschen. Trafikverket har som ambition att förändra sin roll som beställare för att skapa förutsättningar för marknaden och dess drivkrafter till ökas innovation och produktivitet genom att överlämna ett större åtagande och ansvar till entreprenörerna.   En strategisk huvudinriktning är att öka andelen totalentreprenader inom anläggningsbranschen. Entreprenader som avser investeringar mellan 25 – 500 Mkr ska 50 % av entreprenaderna upphandlas genom totalentreprenader. Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga hur marknaden ser på förfrågningsunderlaget med tonvikt på det objektspcifik tekniska beskrivningen, dess kalkylbarhet, struktur och tydlighet. Sträckan som har i denna rapport analyserat är byggnationen av godsstråket mellan Stenkumla – Dunsjö som är en del av hela sträckan mellan Hallsberg – Degerön. Intervjuer har utförts med entreprenörerna som har deltagit i anbudstävlingen. Syftet med intervjuerna har varit för att få entreprenörernas synpunkter på förfrågningsunderlaget som kan tas hänsyn till i kommande projekt.  Svaren kommer analyseras av Trafikverket och tas i hänsyn till utvecklingsarbetet av framtida förfrågningsunderlag inom totalentreprenader för anläggningsbranschen. OTB för just sträckan Stenkumla – Dunsjö, tillåts inte entreprenörerna komma med innovativa lösningar eftersom förfrågningsunderlaget innehåller många tekniska lösningar som angivits av Trafikverket. Entreprenörerna vill ha mer frihet i förfrågningsunderlagen för att kunna bidra med innovativa lösningar. En anledning till att det finns många tekniska lösningar i detta projekt är att det finns en beslutad järnvägsplan. Järnvägsplanen styr utformningen av anläggningen.

政府機關各項採購案，從前期採購投標須知之制定、上網公告資訊之登錄、契約稿之草擬；中段之領投標作業、開標作業、決標公告之登錄與傳輸；至後期簽約、驗收作業等，流程複雜且環環相扣，均有賴機關內部秘書（總務）單位之採購人員從頭至尾包辦，故政府採購執行順利與否，與採購人員之工作滿足感有密切之相關。政府採購之採購效率，除了採購人員本身因素外，其直屬主管之領導型態亦是一重要之影響因素，成功的領導型態或方式可以增加部屬之工作滿足，進而提升工作績效。 本研究旨在探討「政府採購法」暨相關法令實施後，採購人員之個人屬性及其直屬主管領導型態等變項，對於採購人員本身工作滿足感之影響，以臺北市政府所屬各機關學校內總務秘書單位實際從事採購工作之人員為研究對象，運用問卷調查之研究方法進行實證研究，並根據研究結果，提出建議，以供有關機關參考。本研究採問卷調查法收集初級資料，問卷內容計有「工作滿足量表」、「領導型態量表」及「個人基本資料」等三大部分。針對研究回收所得之問卷，以 SPSS 10.0 統計套裝軟體程式，採用信度與效度分析、描述性統計、相關分析、獨立樣本T檢定及變異數分析等方法，進行資料分析。 由本研究獲得以下發現： 一、臺北市政府採購人員工作滿足感之情況，在工作滿足各構面以對工作伙伴的滿足感最高，其次依序為對上司、整體工作滿足感、薪資福利及工作本身的滿足感，而對升遷的滿足感最低。 二、個人屬性變項與工作滿足感之關係： （一）採購人員職位不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著差異。 （二）採購人員官職等不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著差異。 三、主管領導型態與工作滿足感之關係： （一）採購人員直屬主管之領導型態不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著之差異。 （二）在「統合型管理（9,9型）」之直屬主管領導型態下，採購人員在工作本身、薪資福利、升遷、上司、整體工作滿足等構面的滿足感較高。 根據研究發現，提出建議如下： 一、對採購主管機關及各機關學校之建議 （一）健全人事升遷管道 （二）建立採購人員專業加給之獎勵制度 （三）適當配置各機關學校內採購人員之員額 （四）鼓勵採購人員直屬主管多採用「統合型管理（9,9型）」的領導型態 （五）強化採購人員專業訓練課程 （六）建構和諧的工作環境 二、對後續研究建議 （一）研究變項方面 影響工作滿足感的因素很多，建議後續研究者可就不同變項中，選取適合研究之主題，更深入的探討其與工作滿足感之間的關係。 （二）研究對象方面 後續研究者可將研究對象擴及至中央及其他縣市政府之採購人員，以進行研究及比較。或可反向探討何種人格特質類型之個人較適合從事採購工作，透過適才適所的人力資源配置，以提高機關學校採購人員的工作滿足感。 / All types of government procurements are a complex series of correlated procedures which are single handedly taken care of by procurement personnel who work at general administration departments. The success of the procedures, such as the establishment of procurement bidding information, the announcing of events on the Internet, or the drafting of contracts at the early stage; bid application, opening of the bid, the announcement and transaction of the bid during the mid-stage; to the signing of contracts and inspection during the latter stage are very closely related to the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel. The procurement efficiency of the government is not only affected by the procurement personnel, the leadership style of their direct executives is also an important factor. Successful leadership styles or methods will increase the job satisfaction of their staff and consequently their work performance. This research reviews the attributes of the procurement personnel and their executives and other related variants after the ”Government Procurement Act” and regulations are employed. The effects it has on the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel are also discussed. Our research subjects are procurement personnel working at general administration departments of schools that are under the jurisdiction of the Taipei City government. We used questionnaire investigation research methods and made suggestions to the related institutes for their reference according to our results. The questionnaires collected the initial data, which is divided into three parts:”Job Satisfaction Measurement” , “Leadership Style Measurement”, and ”Personal Information”. SPSS 10.0 statistic software was used to conduct reliability and validity analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, independent sample t test, and ANOVA on the data of the effective samples. The following are the discoveries of this research: 1. In regards to the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel in Taipei City government, we see that the subjects are most satisfied with their colleagues, followed by their executives, the overall job satisfaction, their salary, and the job itself. The least satisfactory factor is the promotion system. 2. The relationship between the personal attribute variant and job satisfaction （1）Procurement personnel of different titles had major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. （2）Procurement personnel of different ranks had major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. 3. The relationship between the leadership style of executives and job satisfaction. （1） Different leadership styles of the executives leading the procurement personnel caused major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. （2）The procurement personnel that were lead by the「Integrated management （type 9,9）」leadership style were more satisfactory in their work, salary, benefits, promotion, executives, and overall job compared to others. According to the results, we suggest the following to: 1. Procurement personnel executives and schools: （1）To have an integral promotion system （2）To establish a reward system for the procurement personnel. （3）Appropriately select, distribute, and control the number of procurement personnel. （4）Encourage executives of the procurement personnel to use the「Integrated management（9,9 type）」leadership style. （5）Reinforce procurement personnel professional training programs （6）Construct a harmonious working environment 2. Future researches: （1） Research variant Several factors influence job satisfaction; we recommend future researchers to select suitable themes from various variants to further review their relationship with job satisfaction. （2） Research subject Future researchers can expand their scope of research subjects to the procurement personnel of central governments and other city or county governments to make comparisons. They may also think in retrospect and find out which personal characteristics are most suitable for procurement work, which will increase the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel at schools or institutes via appropriate distribution of human resources.

It has always been a ‘mystery’, why the Danish building industry stagnated after the industrial breakthrough, and never was able to adapt the industrial production, business culture, buyer perception, and leadership and management, used in nearly all other Danish industries. This study offers a new approach to understanding the problem - by analysing systemic barriers to the industry’s transformation to a seller driven industry, in the context of a widespread neglect of the need for industrialisation (a problem addressed by relatively little literature) with the building remaining a manual, craft based industry, based on the old building process and its associated business model. Industrialisation has instead taken place in the building materials industry, which in a Danish context is a separate and highly industrialised industry. To analyse the barriers for transformation in the building industry a multidimensional approach is applied: First the building industry and modern industries are compared. Two archetype models are created using the above mentioned variables; one model for the building industry and its “Buyer Controlled Procurement Model” and one for modern industries and their “Seller Driven Marketing Model” with interrelated production and sale, enabling them to sell to unknown customers. Next the statistical productivity trends and other secondary data are examined to analyse, if the Seller Driven Marketing Model is performing better. Finally a Delphi Panel Consultation is conducted to discuss future development scenarios. Michel Foucault’s principles of historical analysis and his ‘episteme’ concept are used to analyse the outcome of the Delphi Panel Consultation.

Title: Modes of Public Tender Author: Ing. Adéla Kohoutová Department: Department of Business Law Supervisor: JUDr. Tomáš Horáček, Ph.D. In my diploma thesis I focus on the topic of public procurement, especially the modes of procurement. This issue is very topical mainly due to the existence of the new Law on Public Procurement which is currently in the middle of the legislative process. In the very first I deal shortly with the history of regulation of public procurement. Further I think of the status of procurement law in the legal system and I also introduce the basic principles of public procurement including its application on small-scale public tenders. In chapter three I try to give brief overview of all modes which can be used in public procurement according to the current legislation. For each of them I concentrate on its specific characteristics and highlight the peculiarities that distinguish it from others. It is not my intention to submit precise instruction for the procedure under the Law on Public Procurement or exhaustively comment on the statutory provisions. The most important chapter of the whole thesis is chapter four where I describe various innovations that will be brought by the new Law on Public Procurement which should apply soon. I focus on the most important changes and...

Sverige står inför en rad utmaningar och samhällsförändringar såsom sociala, miljömässiga och ekonomiska förändringar. Offentlig upphandling kan utgöra ett verktyg för en innovativ utveckling och innovativa lösningar blir allt viktigare för hantering av dessa. Upphandling innebär att en offentlig organisation köper in en lösning från marknaden istället för att ta fram en lösning genom egen regi. Innovationsupphandling utgör ett nytt sätt att arbeta med upphandling och kan innebära en riskfylld och komplicerad process att hantera. Staten bör därmed bistå upphandlande organisationer med stöd och nödvändiga resurser.   Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för vad som kan hindra och möjliggöra innovationsupphandling inom den offentliga sektorn. Syftet är även att få kunskap om vilket stöd statliga myndigheter kan bistå med för att öka offentlig innovationsupphandling i Sverige. För att möta syftet med studien applicerades en fenomenografisk metodansats. Detta gjordes för att studera olika synsätt av fenomenet offentlig innovationsupphandling samt för att skapa kunskap och förståelse om det. Studien resulterade i att hinder och möjligheter kunde tas fram kopplat till innovationsupphandling inom den offentliga sektorn. Dessa presenterades genom fem kategorier: kunskap och incitament, funktion och dialog, juridiska rädslor, finansiella medel samt samverkan. Upphandlingsmyndigheten, Vinnova och Sveriges kommuner och landsting är tre statliga myndigheter som samverkar för att stödja offentliga organisationer, för att öka innovationsupphandlingen i Sverige. De statliga stöden kan ges i form av delade kompetenser och erfarenheter, rådgivning och vägledning samt genom att bistå med finansiella medel och incitament. / Sweden is facing numerous challenges that come with current social, economical and environmental changes. In order to handle those changes, it has become important to develop innovative solutions. Public procurement can be used as a tool for such innovative development. Instead of producing new solutions on its own, the solutions can be obtained from actors on the market. When it comes to innovations, public procurement constitute a new way of using procurement, as it includes a risky and complicated process to handle. The government should therefore assist public organizations with the needed support as well as necessary and complementary resources, in order to raise their willingness, abilities and opportunities to procure innovations. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of what may prevent and enable public procurement of innovation in the public sector. The aim of the study is also to gain knowledge about the governmental support, aimed to increase the public procurement of innovation. A phenomenological methodology was applied on this study, with reason to look into different approaches of the phenomenon. A description of what may prevent and enable public procurement of innovation in the public sector could be identified as a result of this study. These could be categories as: knowledge and incitement, function and dialogue, legal fears, financial resources and collaboration. Upphandlingsmyndigheten, Vinnova and Sveriges kommuner och landsting, constitutes three governmental agencies that are collaboratively working towards supporting and increasing public procurement of innovation in Sweden. The support and resources that is given through these authorities can be described in terms of skills, advancement, counseling, guidance, knowledge and financial resources and incentives to procure innovations.