Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o valor proveniente do investimento em ações de caráter social, efetuados por empresas socialmente responsáveis. Para tal se vale da Teoria das Finanças Corporativas, especificamente o plano conceitual presente na métrica do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado - DCF, que trata da criação do valor ao longo do tempo, decorrente da execução de um projeto, em um determinado cenário. A estrutura de organização dos fatores de análise do valor é especifica em relação às características do objeto de análise, que gera benefícios sociais como seu resultado (em detrimento do lucro). Como principal inovação, esta adaptação da métrica do valor substitui o fluxo de caixa tradicional por um fluxo de custos e benefícios, gerados pela ação social. O principal problema presente neste movimento é a dificuldade de mensuração destes benefícios sociais em termos monetários. Para sua solução é proposta a utilização da Avaliação Social, instrumentalizada pela econometria, que têm o papel de proporcionar validade metodológica para a mensuração dos benefícios sociais, através da identificação dos beneficiários e da explicitação das necessidades atendidas, para a posterior agregação do valor em termos monetários. O desenvolvimento da perspectiva investigativa do trabalho é estruturado através da condução de uma pesquisa de campo junto aos beneficiários de uma ação educacional específica - a alfabetização de jovens e adultos - financiada por recursos privados. A construção do cálculo em termos financeiros é efetuada através da organização de uma matriz \'beneficiários versus necessidades atendidas\' que identifica as variações da renda do beneficiário, através de parâmetros propostos. Ao final da construção e análise quantitativa dos dados, permite o cálculo dos fluxos de custos e benefícios, para a obtenção do valor sócio-econômico. Esta informação em termos monetários encoraja o investimento em ações de caráter social, principalmente para as empresas, que buscam opções de investimento socialmente responsável mais transparentes e profissionais. / This work make efforts to built the analysis of the value created through the social development, brought by the social responsible investment in social actions. To achieve this objective applies the Corporative Finance Theory, specifically the conceptual basis of the metrics Discounted Cash Flow - DCF, which treats the value generation thru the time, provided by one Project in its own scenario. The structure of its value drivers is specific in terms of the analysi\' object characteristics, in this case related to results understood as social benefits, instead of profit. The approach proposed is the substitution oh the traditional DCF metrics by Benefits and Costs Analysis parameters representing the positive impact developed trough the social action in a certain point in time. The main content present in this movement is the social benefit measurement in monetary terms. The solution suggested is to apply the methodological considerations of Social Evaluation when identifying beneficiaries and explicating the social needs, which gives the condition to generate the data to aggregate those parameters in econometrics equations. The test of these metrics is organized with the use of survey in the beneficiary population of a specific social action: adult literacy, financed with entrepreneurial capital. The financial terms calculus is organized in a matrix of \'beneficiaries versus social needs attempt\', which indicates rent and social service access as the parameters of the socioeconomics value creation. This information, in monetary terms, encourages private capital investment in social action, because enables comparable decision making.

Os projetos globais de desenvolvimento de produtos passam pelas áreas de conhecimento da gestão tradicional de projetos e, adicionalmente, demandam maior atenção de diversos aspectos inerentes ao ambiente global, tais como: coordenação e controle; construção de confiança e cooperação entre as equipes dispersas geograficamente. Outro tema especialmente importante nesse contexto é o processo de comunicação que se torna bastante crítico à medida que os recursos tradicionais de comunicação em projetos (reuniões face-a-face, comunicação não-verbal, visualização do trabalho in loco, entre outros) passam a ser limitados e/ ou substituídos por outros baseados em meios eletrônicos (videoconferência, emails, mensagens instantâneas, entre outros). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de mapear as práticas de comunicação aplicadas aos projetos globais e analisar se essas práticas variam de acordo com o tipo e com algumas características do modelo de gestão dos projetos. A unidade de análise escolhida foram os projetos globais de desenvolvimento de produtos de empresas multinacionais brasileiras e o método de pesquisa, o estudo de casos múltiplos. Os resultados permitiram verificar que a freqüência da comunicação nos projetos globais diminui com a distância, o que dificulta o controle e a coordenação das equipes. Mas a distância por si só, apesar de impor desafios adicionais, não causa necessariamente problemas de comunicação, pois pode ser contornada pelo apoio das ferramentas eletrônicas de comunicação que formam as bases para os projetos acontecerem de forma dispersa. O estudo permitiu concluir que o uso das práticas de comunicação, bem como a importância dada a elas variam em função do tipo de projeto e de algumas características de gestão deles. Apesar de ter sido possível identificar tais variações, verificou-se que as práticas não ocorrem de forma padronizada nos projetos; ao contrário, são desenvolvidas de forma improvisada e circunstancial e não contam com um planejamento específico no início do projeto. / Global new product development projects go through the traditional knowledge areas of project management, and additionally they demand more attention related to the global environment aspects, such as coordination and control, and trust building and cooperation between geographically dispersed teams. Another important theme in this context is that the communication process becomes critical, as traditional communication resources employed in projects (face-to-face meeting, nonverbal communication, in locus work visualization, among others) undergo constraints or are replaced by those based upon electronic means (video conference, email, instant message). This research aimed to identify the communication practices applied to global projects and analyze whether these practices vary across some project characteristics and its management model. The unit of analysis adopted was the global new product development projects undertaken by Brazilian multinational companies, and the research method employed was the case study. The findings showed that the communication frequency in global projects diminishes as the physical distance increases. Athough it represents additional challenges, the distance itself does not cause communication problems. This is due to the support of electronic communication tools that create the basis over which projects are dispersedly held. This study allowed me to conclude that the use of communication practices along with the importance paid to them, vary according to the project type and some characteristics of its management. In spite of the variations, it has been also identified that communication practices are not used in projects in a standard way. On the contrary, these practices are employed in an improvised and contingent manner, and they are not planned since the beginning of the project.

As most of the project management models were developed for larger projects, there is a lack of understanding of what project managers in short duration projects do. Short-duration projects are projects in multi-project environments lasting for a number of weeks rather than a number of months. Even if they are common today, short-duration projects have not yet attracted the interest of project researchers. The present study aims to analyze what the project managers in short duration projects do and to develop a method for studying the project managers at work. A theoretical framework is built on earlier studies of managers’ work, suggesting three areas having impact on the project manager’s work. The impacting areas are the project, the project manager’s experience, and the organizational context of the project. The project manager and the assisting project manager were studied while managing a sub-project in a greater telecom system project. The project managers were studied one week each using participant observation and interviews. The findings indicate that much of the time at work was spent in meetings of different kinds, to deal with change, and to guard the production teams from being disturbed by changes in the environment. It was also found that studying a multi-project environment from the sub-project’s perspective gives a different view on multi-project environments that have earlier been presented as the project managers in the short-duration project constantly have to adjust to changes, inputs and demands from the surrounding projects and functional organizations. In the end some proposals on directions for further studies of managers of short-duration projects are made.

The broad objective of the study was poverty alleviation through the development of subsistence harvesters at Ngqushwa Municipality. The research objectives were to explore - ways of advancing from being subsistence level producers, opportunities available to these harvesters, if they, (subsistence harvesters), want to be commercialized and what actions do they need to take to become successful businesses. The study was conducted in the the coastal area of Ngqushwa Municipality. The researcher conducted face-to-face interviews with 2 key informants. The respondents provided information on the marine species harvested by the subsistence harvesters of the Ngqushwa Municipality and the type of tools they use for harvesting. They mentioned how subsistence harvesters could advance from subsistence level to producers, about opportunities available to these harvesters, and what actions they need to take if they want to become successful businesses. The key informants also informed the researcher that subsistence harvesters are now classified as Small Scale Fisheries and informed about villages that engage in subsistence harvesting within the Ngqushwa Municipality area. 15 subsistence harvesters were randomly sampled in Polar Park, Qolweni, Gcinisa and Wesley villages which fall under the Ngqushwa Municipality. These harvesters shared their willingness to move from subsistence to commercial fisheries. The use of storytelling interviews (4 subsistence), was also used by the researcher to get more information about their experiences and challenges. The survey was conducted over 7 days. One day in June, 2016 and 6 days in September, 2016. The total number of people interviewed was 21, made up of 2 key informants, 15 subsistence and 4 story telling interviews. The results showed that the community of subsistence harvesters is very discontented because they do not benefit from the sea and the marine resources although they live near the ocean. They also believe that in 22 years of democracy there is no way forward from the government. They are irate as they have witnessed the top down management style from the government. The current subsistence harvesters have little or no formal school education, (23% with no formal schooling at all, 23% with high school education between grades 8 - 12). Without the educational and skills programs from the government the subsistence harvesters will not be able to grow and create further employment opportunities for the rest of the community of Ngqushwa Municipality. The following recommendations have suggested that co-management must come from the community. It must not be people from parliament who do not feel the pain the communities are suffering. The top down approach should stop and a bottom up approach should be implemented, which will allow decisions to be made by the communities involved in harvesting. The government only needs to monitor. They (Government), have good policies, but are they are not monitored. The harvesters need training from the government. There is a need for the formulation of a development forum with learned people, churches, community leaders, young people, women, disabled, and the fishing community all represented. There is also need of support in terms of equipment, boats and education. The government needs to conduct training on fisheries and business management and provide financial support and assistance with business plans.

The problem that is researched relates to the tendency of rural people to abandon agriculture in favour of wage employment and non-agricultural informal activities, and the existence of large areas of underutilized arable land in rural communities. This study explored the specific role of agriculture in the rural communities. The need to improve the quality of life of rural households through the promotion of agriculture and industry gave rise to the implementation of the Siyazondla Homestead Food Production Programme. In this strategy it is envisaged that vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities and food security for all will be achieved. The main research question underpinning this study relates to the role of rural agriculture in Nkwalini-Bafazi in meeting the set objectives of the project; such as improving household food security; equipping farmers with necessary skills in order to promote agricultural productivity. The research question can further be captured in these two queries: i) other than the reasons already known for the decline of agriculture in rural areas of South Africa (e.g poor extension services, poor soils, lack of market and so forth); what other fundamental reasons may be there for the poor performance of agricultural production in the communal areas? ii) What role, positive or negative has the government and its agencies played in respect to agricultural development in communal areas. The study, through qualitative methodology, sampled households in Nkwalini-Bafazi who are part of the Siyazondla Food Production Programme. The study investigated the role of agriculture in improving the livelihoods of rural people; and what strategies are required to promote agriculture so as to make contributions for future policy directions. Although this programme has been successfully initiated, from the findings of the study it is evident that beneficiaries are facing many challenges. It is crucial for the South African government to implement mechanisms to ensure that farmers will obtain incentives for farming activities, promotion of food security and rural local economic development, in order to redress the imbalances of the former apartheid regime.

Actualmente , el sector de la construcción esta creciendo de una forma acelerada en todo el mundo desarrollando construcciones cada vez más complejas, exigiendo el uso de nuevas tecnologías y herramientas que faciliten la ejecución, marcando la diferencia entre proyectos constructivos tradicionales y las nuevas propuestas de mejora, aún más en retadores proyectos. Hoy en día contamos con nuevas herramientas, como “la metodología del Diseño Virtual y Construcción (VDC)” , la cual se viene aplicando como la forma más apropiada para obtener excelentes proyectos que cumplan con los tiempos establecidos, el menor costo del previsto y con una mayor calidad a lo deseado. En Perú observamos un paulatino crecimiento y reactivación en el sector de la construcción, los proyectos de edificaciones en general continúan con el sistema constructivo tradicional sin tener una ingeniería totalmente definida y sin implementar mejoras de tecnologías de gestión. La presente tesis demuestra que, logrando una gestión colaborativa en el proyecto utilizando herramientas como el BIM , involucrando a las subcontratas, especialistas y proyectistas en la etapa contructiva mediante sesiones ICE , se puede lograr una mejor productividad en procesos constructivos , menor desperdicio, optimizando el plazo de proyecto y reduciendo costos. / Currently, the construction sector is growing at an accelerated rate around the world, developing increasingly complex constructions, demanding the use of new technologies and tools that facilitate execution, making the difference between traditional construction projects and new improvement proposals. , even more in challenging projects. Today we have new tools such as the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) methodology, which for some years has been imposing itself as the most appropriate way to obtain better projects in time and at a lower cost than expected, also with higher quality than expected. expected. (ESAN, 2016). In Peru, we observe a gradual growth and reactivation in the construction sector, building projects in general continue with the traditional construction system without having fully defined engineering and without implementing improvements in management technologies. This thesis shows that, by achieving a collaborative management in the project using tools such as BIM, involving subcontractors, specialists and designers in the construction stage through ICE sessions, it is possible to achieve better productivity in construction processes, less waste, optimizing the project time and reducing costs. / Tesis

Background: Effort estimation is one of the cornerstones in project management with the purpose of creating efficient planning and the ability to keep budgets. Despite the extensive research done within this area, one of the biggest and most complex problems in project management within software development is still considered to be the estimation process. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis were threefold: i) firstly to define the characteristics for a large project, ii) secondly to identify factors causing inaccurate effort estimates and iii) lastly to understand how the identified factors impact the effort estimation process, all of this within the context of large-scale agile software development and from the perspective of a project team.Methods: To fulfill the purpose of this thesis, an exploratory case study was executed. The data collection consisted of archival research, questionnaire, and interviews. The data analysis was partly conducted using the statistical software toolStata.Results: The definition of a large project is from a project team’s perspective based on high complexity and a large scope of requirements. The following identified factors were identified to affect the estimation process in large projects: deficient requirements, changes in scope, complexity, impact in multiple areas, coordination, and required expertise, and the findings indicate that these are affecting estimation accuracy negatively. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that besides the identified factors affecting the estimation process there are many different aspects that can directly or indirectly contribute to inaccurate effort estimates, categorized as requirements, complexity, coordination, input and estimation process, management, and usage of estimates.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Construction projects for buildings, in the execution stage, show a variation of the real with respect to what is planned in the budget. The consequence of this lag presented usually causes large economic losses. Given this situation, in the construction industry, various control systems have been developed that have as a final deliverable a frequent management report, which serves to make decisions regarding the analyzed, whose results are applied and evaluated after a specific period of time. These management reports have good results at the time of their application; however, data processing, analysis execution, and decision making take approximately 30 days. In this sense, the present investigation proposes to develop a control system focused in real time, generated by the daily control in the execution stage. The results show a reduction of waste in the main resources of multi-family building projects, and this is in labor and materials, identifying the causes that originate them and suggesting generic solutions, at the end of the workday. / Revisión por pares

Background:The management of knowledge within organizations and projects has become increasinglyimportant. In addition, the number of transnational projects is on the rise. Moreover, projectsare considered the loci where new knowledge is generated. Further, the asset of knowledge ishighly related to the competitiveness and value creation of the organization. Yet, due to theintangible nature of knowledge, it is often considered difficult to manage. Literature review: Literature shows a growing interest in the topic of knowledge management and theenhancement of new knowledge creation. Additionally, structuring and managing this processwithin projects is highly complex due to the nature of projects as temporary organizations.Mitigating these challenges demands careful actions and thoughtfulness throughout the project.Moreover, the conversion between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge to generate newknowledge is vital. Managing tacit knowledge on an individual level is difficult, yet crucial forprojects and organizations to absorb knowledge into the core of the operations. Method:The methodology employed in this research is a constructionist research design with relativismas ontology. The standpoint of the study is therefore that several truths exist and that facts aredependent on the viewpoint of each observer. As the study aims to investigate the knowledgecreation process within an international multi-actor project, several perspectives with their ownunderlying reality, as well as truth, must surrender to the surface. The study follows aqualitative and abductive research approach. A single case study was carried out with purposivesampling. Primary data consists of six semi-structured interviews and one observation thatprovides the foundation for the findings. The seven steps of grounded theory were used toanalyze the empirical findings. Findings & Analysis: From the findings of the study, the starting point for the generation of tacit knowledge was seento be shared experiences. Additionally, to fully generate the tacit knowledge, a strategic purpose was seen to be critical. Further, to transform the generated knowledge into explicitknowledge, feedback loops internally among the different actors were identified. Yet, thedimension of feedback loops was not sufficient in itself to generate and transform into explicitand codified knowledge. The incorporation of practical instruments enabled the knowledge tobecome codified knowledge available to be absorbed on an organizational or project level.Finally, SACC-USA acting as a neutral facilitator was seen as a vital component for the successof the project. Further, they enabled the process to take place and bridged the differencesbetween the actors involved in the project. Conclusion:Compared to projects within organizations, projects with different actors and culturaldifferences do not share tacit knowledge as a starting point. They need to form theseexperiences together with respect to their shared interest and understanding of each other'sdifferences. To enable the process of tacit knowledge between the individuals responsible forthe project, shared experiences are crucial. Additionally, to discuss the strategic purpose createsa common ground between the actors and fulfills the generation of tacit knowledge.Furthermore, for the generation of new knowledge to take place, this needs to be converted intoexplicit knowledge through feedback loops internally and further transformed into practicalinstruments.

This specific study entitled: "Health Promotion Projects as part of Education'', consists of a theoretical part containing the voices of various authors on the issue of health promotion in schools. Firstly, the basic concepts that are contained in the body of my work were explained and thanks to this, the reader will be better acquainted with these. In the following chapter I described characteristics of health promotion projects and gave several examples. The principles of health promotion in schools was also dealt with because they are closely related to the topic. Since my primary focus was on how projects in schools are actually implemented, I covered this in a subsequent chapter by giving concrete examples of projects that have already been implemented in schools. It was also important to mention the implementation process of health education into the primary school curriculum and thus I finished the theoretical part of the work and followed it up with a practical part. I used interviews as a research method and these were conducted at primary schools where one of the health promotion projects had been implemented in the past. The thesis also has a practical component. It included my own proposal of a health promotion project. The aim of it was to evaluate efficiency of initiating the health...