With global climate change as the main driver, there is an increase towards including more variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in the electricity mix. Energy production from utilizing the photovoltaic effect, or PV power, is increasing rapidly and is visioned to cover 5 – 10 % of Sweden’s electricity demand in 2040. In addition to rooftop PV production, large- scale PV production in the form of ground-mounted PV parks is gaining ground. A higher share of VRE in the power system creates new challenges as to uphold the power system stability. For a PV park owner, achieving a preferable economic outcome is also a challenge, as the variable electricity output may not match electricity demand. Therefore, combining a PV park with an energy storage, which can store the PV production energy, is seen as a favorable solution. This way, the variability of the electricity production can be reduced and the stored energy in the battery can be used for services benefitting both the PV park owner and the power grid. This study aims to explore the economic potential of combining a PV park with an energy storage. This is achieved by simulating a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery storage combined with PV production modeled after a 3.5 MW PV park located in Fyrislund, Uppsala. Five cases with individually differing approaches are simulated, exploring how so-called service stacking can be applied with a battery. The investigated services included in the cases are 1) lowering the cost of connecting the PV park to the power grid, 2) lowering the cost of feeding in energy to the power grid, 3) increasing the revenue of selling electricity on the Nord Pool spot market, 4) increasing the revenue by performing energy arbitrage, 5) increasing the revenue by participating in the primary frequency regulating markets to help stabilize the 50 Hz grid frequency. The cases are evaluated by calculating the net present value (NPV) of the system over 10 years with an annual discount rate of 5 %. Battery capacities ranging from 0.1 MWh/0.1 MW to 8 MWh/2 MW are tested. The system configuration achieving the highest NPV occurs when all services are performed, and a 0.13 MWh/0.1 MW battery is used. This NPV is also higher than the NPV when not including a battery in the system. Conclusions include that the spot price impacts the choice of battery capacity to a high extent and that the battery investment cost motivates using a smaller-sized battery.

Solar energy industries are one of the fastest-growing industries in the global energy market. Between 2018 and 2019, installed capacity in Sweden increased by 70%. This is due to a combination of declining PV module and inverter costs, as well as  increased conversion to fossil-free energy production to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, solar PVs have a 25-year life span, and soon many deployed PVs would soon reach their end of life (EoL), it is, therefore, important to organize for the EoL of PVs in order to recover precious resources and recycle PV modules in a sustainable manner. Currently, less than 10% of global solar cell waste is recycled, due to the lack of incentives for recycling in most countries. In the European Union, used-up modules are governed by the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive, which requires the collection of 85% of solar cell waste, with at least 80% of the waste being prepared for reuse or recycling. Solar cell waste has not amounted to significant volumes in Sweden, due to the lack of no known systems for recycling. Used-up modules are currently collected and managed as electronic waste in one of two approved collection systems in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and assess methods of recycling waste solar panels in Sweden and is it economically viable to set up a solar waste recycling center before it reaches the right amount of waste. Moreover, the main focus is on the analysis and comparison of the environmental impacts of various recycling methods for crystalline silicon (c-Si) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) panels. To recycle solar panel waste, the elements of these panels must be assessed from both an economic point of view as well as environmental impacts. Today, the most common PV panels in the global market and also Sweden are c-Si and CdTe types. The results showed except for the pyrolysis method, the environmental impacts of both c-Si and CdTe PV panels from the thermal-based recycling methods, are lower than chemical methods. Furthermore, the extraction of Al, Si, and glass from c-Si and the extraction of glass from CdTe has a less environmental impact than the current techniques used in the recycling of PV panels. Finally, in this study, we revealed which materials can be prioritized for maximum economic and environmental advantages from recycling. In c-Si modules, these are Ag, Al, Si, and glass and in CdTe modules, these are Te, Cu, and glass. Currently, investing in a new solar module recycling center in Sweden is not economically viable. Because the possibility of such an investment requires economic and political incentives. Given that by 2042 the volume of Swedish solar waste will not reach the minimum level of profitability to build a new specialized center for the recycling of solar modules, the best decision is to modify the existing plants in Sweden to recover expensive and vital materials.

A sudden extreme change in the weather can result in significant impact onthe life system in the present-day scenario. A well-planned prediction for damage during extreme weather conditions can have minimal impact on the grid components and efficient response and recovery models. With technology advancements and innovation in smart grid technologies we can now have accesses to uninterrupted power supply with smart utilization of energy and reduce CO2 emissions. Artificial Intelligence plays a vital role insolving present day power issues. Large amounts of data and rapid usage of computational power has accelerated to use machine learning models topredict and forecast the energy demand. Hence this study aims to determine how machine learning will improve the microgrid operation at Tezpur University. The main application areas studied in this thesis are identified as demand and load forecasting, simulating Photovoltaic (PV)production in a Microgrid and power outages. This thesis is aimed to develop and compare different ML algorithms to test validate and predict the PV production, energy demand and power outages.

Solcellstekniken har funnits sedan lång tid tillbaka och har med en kontinuerlig utveckling vuxit fram till att bli ett rimligt alternativ för kraftförsörjning. Fördelen med solpaneler är dess installationsmöjligheter vilket tillåter installation på outnyttjade ytor så som fasader och tak. Västlänken är ett stort pågående projekt i Göteborg, projektet innefattar byggnation av nya tågstationer och förläggning av ny järnväg. Detta innebär upprättning av nya teknikhus i anslutning till järnvägen. I samband med detta väcker Sweco Sverige frågan om hur takytorna bäst kan användas på dessa teknikhus. Syftet med arbetet är att tillsammans med Sweco undersöka vilken effekt som kan genereras av en solcellsanläggning som installeras på teknikhus som är belägna i Göteborg, huruvida installation av ett PV-system är möjlig med den befintliga utrustningen som finns i ett teknikhus och hur stor del av utrustningen i ett teknikhus som kan drivas av den genererade effekten från PV-systemet. För beräknandet av potentiell uteffekt från PV-system användes ett simuleringsprogram framtaget av Energiforsk AB. Gällande installationsmöjligheter fördes direktkontakt med företaget som levererar rectiverters till Trafikverket. Resultatet visar att effekten från ett PV-system är direkt beroende av installationsytan samt verkningsgraden på solcellsmodulerna där uteffekten varierar från 0,10 kW vid lägst verkningsgrad och minst installationsyta till 1,62 kW vid högst verkningsgrad och störst installationsyta. Installation av ett PV-system är ej genomförbar till den befintliga utrustningen i teknikhusen utan måste kompletteras med tilläggsmoduler och solladdare för att systemet ska fungera på ett tillfredställande sätt. Med resultatet kunde lasteffekten för den avbrottsfria kraften och uteffekten från PV-systemet jämföras för Scenario 1 och Scenario 2, då det var för dessa två scenarier som lasteffekten var känd. Andelen av lasteffekten för den avbrottsfria kraften som kan tillgodoses av ett PV-system beräknades till 1,6 % ̶ 10,1 % för Scenario 1 och 2,3 % ̶ 18,2 % för Scenario 2. / Solar cell technology has been around for a long time and has with continuous development grown to become a viable alternative for power supply. The advantage of solar panels comes with the possibilities for installations on surfaces such as facades and roofs. Västlänken is a large ongoing project in Gothenburg, the project includes the construction of new train stations and the construction of a new railway. This includes the establishment of new signal boxes along the railway. In conjunction with this, Sweco Sweden has raised the question of how to best utilize the roof of these signal boxes. The purpose of this thesis is, in cooperation with Sweco Sweden, to investigate the potential output power that can be generated by a photovoltaic system once installed on the signal boxes located in Gothenburg, whether installation of a PV system is possible with the existing equipment in a signal box and how much of the equipment in the signal box that can be powered by the PV-system. For the calculation of potential output power from PV-systems, a simulation program designed by Energiforsk AB was used. Regarding the installation options a direct contact with the company that supplies rectiverters to the Swedish Transport Administration was established. The results shows that the output power of PV-systems depends on the installation area and the efficiency of the photovoltaic modules. The output power varies from 0.10 kW at the lowest efficiency and the smallest installation area to 1,62 kW at the highest efficiency and largest installation area. Installation of a PV-system is not feasible with the existing equipment in the signal boxes as additional modules and solar chargers are needed for a working system. With the result, the load for the uninterruptible power and the output power from the PV system could be compared for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, as the load was known for just these two. The part of the load that can be met by the PV-system was calculated to be 1,6 % ̶ 10,1 % for Scenario 1 and 2,3 % ̶ 18,2 % for Scenario 2

The diploma thesis follows up on the author's bachelor's thesis, in which was proposed the sixth educational area for the Framework Educational Program for Preschool Education entitled The Child and His Spirituality. At present, the concept of children's spirituality is unaccepted and therefore neglected in academic areas in preschool education. However, for several decades, many authors have spoken of children's spirituality as a scientifically substantiated thesis. Therefore, the work deals with concepts of how to grasp children's spiritual education and how it could be practiced in the Czech secular kindergarten. It is shown that the Czech legislation represented by the Education Act is on the side of this education and does not go against it. The essence of spiritual children's capacity and how spirituality is realized and perceived in human life are discussed. One of the essential points of the work also lies in explaining that it is necessary to distinguish religion from spirituality. This distinction is crucial when looking for ways to talk about spirituality. In order to be able to apply spiritual education to current school practice, a philosophical framework is proposed for how spiritual education can be included in the school curriculum for preschool education. Furthermore, the reasons...

The main focus of this thesis is to test a model that compares the present grid and a Smart Grid system. The thesis discusses the major issues faced by our electricity infrastructure and the possible solutions offered by the Smart Grid. Present grid limitations based on operational, technological, planning, and policy issues are covered. The thesis initially focuses on the limitations of our present grid, and describes severe limitations of our current grid during blackouts. The thesis outlines possible solutions for these problems offered by the concept of the Smart Grid, whose technology and features are described in detail. The thesis details Smart Grid technologies for power generation and the latest electronic devices available to aid the current aging power grid. Further, this thesis offers an analysis that compares the ‘present grid’ to a particular ‘Smart Grid’ configuration consisting of a Combined-Heat & Power (CHP) plant, a Photovoltaic system, and a Demand Response with real-time pricing. The analysis reveals the economic and operational benefit of the Smart Grid system under consideration.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) parks have proliferated all over the world as a result of the growing demand for electricity, and especially electricity from renewables. As these parks become larger and complex, it becomes increasingly important to develop accurate and efficient mathematical models that can be used to predict their performance and optimize their design. The inverter is an essential component of a solar PV system that converts the DC power generated by the solar panels into AC power that can be used by the grid or by local loads. This research paper presents a comparative study between a pre-existing reference model and a mathematical model, developed specifically for predicting the AC power output of photovoltaic systems. In addition, a hybrid model is included for comparative analysis. The performance of each model was evaluated using real-world data installed at Glava Energy Centre in Hillringsberg, Sweden. The reference and hybrid models showed similar trends in their calculated versus actual values, but the hybrid model outperformed the reference model slightly. The actual power values were found to be similar to the simulated values in all three models. However, the mathematical model was more specific and sensitive to the inverter under consideration, resulting in a comprehensive and accurate representation of the inverter's behaviour. The models take into account the inverter's characteristics, as well as environmental elements like temperature and solar irradiance that affect its performance. The results showed that the mathematical model outperformed the other models in terms of accuracy and reliability, achieving an R2 score of 0.9226, 0.9936, 0.9789, and 0.9736 for the months of February, April, July, and October, respectively. The mathematical model also had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values compared to the other models. The results of this study demonstrate the value of mathematical modelling in the design and optimization of solar PV parks and provide a framework for the development of more complex models in the future.

Integrating more renewable energy sources into the grid has caused increased instability due to the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Hence, the need for grid balancing strategies such as frequency regulation has intensified. Areim, a Nordic real estate investment company, through this thesis, aims to have an assessment conducted to estimate the environmental benefits or consequences of using their specific battery system as a participant in the Swedish frequency regulation market, using the lifecycle assessment framework. The study only considered the cradle-to-gate lifecycle scope, excluding the product disposal stage, and the impact categories used align with the Environmental Footprint assessment methodology. The functional unit is in per kilo-watthour delivered, and the batteries are expected to deliver 933 kWh of electric energy over the estimated lifetime of 15 years. The normalized carbon emissions caused by delivering 1 kWh of energy for frequency regulation using the status quo prequalified technologies primarily comprised of hydropower, combined heat and power, and battery energy storage produce 4.75 kgCO2eq. Introducing Areim's specific battery system 200 kW bid into the prequalified technologies mix by substitution produces 0.075 kgCO2eq fewer carbon emissions per kWh delivered. The sensitivity analysis further supports that Areim will yield added carbon emission savings by increasing its available prequalified re-source capacity in the market. The findings of this thesis can be used to support Areim and other companies interested in grid support services such as frequency regulation to decide whether it is beneficial to use their specific battery systems for such services from an environmental effect perspective.

As the world undertakes global climate goals to lower the emissions of greenhouse gases, more renewable energy sources are introduced in the electrical energy system, and fossil fuel driven combustion engines aims to be replaced by electric vehicles. New problems connected to the transition such as voltage fluctuations, production and consumption mismatch and high peak loads, requires new solutions. Such a solution could be to use smart charging algorithms and bidirectional charging for electrical vehicles in order to avoid further increased power demand during peak demand hours and to make the electric vehicle a resource more than solely as a mode of transportation. Such resource could be a battery storage for the home by using a vehicle to home strategy and for the electrical grid by using a vehicle to grid strategy. These strategies demand certain technology with only a few options available on the market today, but with a lot of recent and ongoing research on the way. In this thesis a smart charging algorithm is developed which aims to lower a households electricity cost by optimizing charging and discharging of an electric vehicle. The charging may come from the grid or the household’s photovoltaic system and the discharging may go to the house home appliances or back to the grid, utilizing vehicle to home and vehicle to grid strategies. The algorithm was tested in MATLAB for five different scenarios showcasing these possibilities and simulated in combination with five different user profiles. The results show that the charging peaks are moved to an area of less consumption and verify that the electricity costs can be lowered on daily and yearly basis.

No description available.