Oggetto della tesi è l'attività scientifica e didattica di Aristide Calderini (1883-1968), studioso di antichità classiche, papirologo, epigrafista, archeologo, fondatore e direttore di associazioni culturali e riviste, divulgatore della cultura classica. Sulla base del copioso archivio personale, del quale si è operato il riordinamento e si forniscono l'inventario e l'indice della corrispondenza, si ricostruisce un intenso e fecondo percorso culturale, sottolineandone i valori ispiratori e gli obiettivi raggiunti. Le molteplici relazioni dello studioso con importanti personalità e istituzioni contemporanee permettono di tracciare un affresco della realtà culturale lombarda durante sei decadi del Novecento. / This thesis is devoted to the scientific and didactic work of Aristide Calderini (1883-1968). Calderini was a scholar of the Classics, namely papyrologist, archaeologist and epigraphist. He was the founder and director of many cultural societies and journals and a populariser of ancient Roman and Greek culture. The main source of material for this research was Calderini's own copious personal archive, which has been reorganized by the author of this dissertation, resulting in a detailed inventory and the index of his letters. From these documents it is possible to follow the intense and fruitful cultural route of Calderini, perceive his inspiring principles and appreciate the results of his work. Moreover, from the study of his letters, it is possible to reconstruct Calderini's multiple connections with important personages and institutions of his time, disclosing an interesting overview, spanning six full decades of the 20th century, of the cultural milieu in Lombardy.

This dissertation identifies and addresses key issues in Septuagint lexicography using case studies from the Greek version of Judges. The first chapter outlines the state of the question on the textual history of Judges in Hebrew and Greek, and also presents my lexicographical method and related matters. Chapter two surveys the history of Septuagint lexicography. I demonstrate how data about the meaning of Septuagint vocabulary has been insufficiently or in appropriately derived, expressed, and/or documented. I also highlight debates over the nature of post-classical Greek and the language of the Septuagint, which has predisposed scholars against viewing the Septuagint corpus as part of post-classical Greek in general. By pointing out methodological flaws that have plagued Septuagint lexicography-as well as theoretical problems in a Hebrew-priority view of the language-I argue for a Greek-priority view that evaluates Septuagint vocabulary in light of contemporary sources and emphasizes the importance of documentary evidence. The following chapters provide case studies from Greek Judges that demonstrate the benefits of a Greek-priority view. Many cases of consistent vocabulary disagreement in the textual history of the book cannot be explained on the basis of the Hebrew text nor given the data available in current lexicons. Examination of post-classical Greek evidence demonstrates that the motivation for the language change is multifaceted, but clearly includes matters of style and semantics in Greek independent from the source text. Chapter three focuses on παρατάσσω and παράταξις; chapter four on παιδάριον, παιδίον, νεανίας, and νεάνισκος; and chapter five on ἀπάντησις and συνάντησις. Each chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evidence for Septuagint lexicography, the motivation underlying the revision of Greek Judges, and the potential of Septuagint vocabulary to inform Greek lexicography in general. Chapter six summarizes my lexical analysis and discusses the benefits of a Greek-priority approach and its value for Septuagint lexicography. I posit a time-frame for the translation and revision of Greek Judges based on linguistic evidence. I conclude by emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in Septuagint lexicography to incorporate literary and nonliterary post-classical Greek sources. To address this need, I provide several sample lexicon entries for words discussed in the preceding study.

Malgré le regain d'intérêt qu'ont connu ces dernières années les archives de Dioscore d’Aphroditê (Moyenne-Égypte, VIe s. après J.-C.), les documents coptes qu'elles contenaient sont restés curieusement sous-étudiés : en apportant des données nouvelles par rapport à la composante grecque, mieux étudiée, ils concourent à une meilleure compréhension historique de ces archives bilingues. Par ailleurs, faisant partie d'un ensemble majoritairement grec, ils posent le problème de l'usage et de la fonction du copte face au grec, langue de l'administration, autrement dit des rapports entre la langue nationale des Égyptiens et celle du pouvoir byzantin. Cette thèse constitue l’édition commentée d’un corpus de lettres coptes en grande partie inédit des archives de Dioscore. Il s’agit en effet du genre documentaire le mieux représenté du versant copte de cet ensemble archivistique. Le premier volume est constitué d’une synthèse qui pose le problème du rapport entre grec et copte dans un milieu villageois du VIe s. comme celui d'Aphroditê, qui traite des traits dialectaux, paléographiques et formulaires du copte en usage dans cette région et qui étudie les données historiques susceptibles de compléter celles livrées par les archives grecques. Le volume II contient les éditions commentées de ces vingt-et-une lettres, alors que le volume III contient les annexes (textes complémentaires, index, bibliographie et planches). / Despite the renewed interest in recent years in Dioscorus’ archives from Aphrodito (Middle Egypt, sixth century AD), the Coptic documents they contained have remained curiously understudied: by providing new data to that provided by the Greek texts, the best studied part of this archive, they contribute to a better historical understanding of these bilingual archives. Moreover, as part of a predominantly Greek dossier, they raise the issue of the use and function of Coptic in relation to Greek, the language of the administration, i.e., the relationship between the national language of the Egyptians and the one of Byzantine power. This thesis is the annotated edition of a corpus of Coptic letters, most of which have not previously been published, from Dioscorus’ archives. This text type is the documentary genre best represented in the Coptic component of this archival dossier. The first volume consists of a synthesis, which emphasizes the problem of the relationship between Greek and Coptic in a village like Aphrodito in the middle of the sixth century. It also deals with dialectal features, palaeographic and Coptic grammatical forms in use in the area, and studies historical data that complement those delivered by the Greek archives. Volume II contains the editions of twenty-one letters, with commentary, while volume III contains the appendices (complementary texts, indices, bibliography and plates).

No description available.

Au-delà de l’idée communément admise de la rareté du bois en Égypte, les documents grecs d’Égypte, grâce à la richesse et à la variété des informations qu’ils livrent, offrent les moyens de mieux appréhender la place qu’occupaient l’arbre et son bois aussi bien dans le paysage que dans l’économie du pays : depuis son rôle écologique ou ornemental, jusqu’à la production de fruits, de fourrage ou de combustible, l’arbre fournit aussi le bois alimentant les activités de menuiserie, de charpenterie ou de construction navale. Cette thèse présente ainsi une étude de l’exploitation de ces ressources par la société gréco-égyptienne au cours de la période couverte par la documentation papyrologique (de la fin du IVe s. av. J.-C. jusqu’au VIIIe s. ap. J.-C.), en partant de l’étude des papyrus et ostraca grecs pertinents, soit plusieurs centaines de documents édités. À la croisée des sources textuelles et archéobotaniques, une analyse lexicographique a ainsi permis de vérifier et d’établir dans la langue grecque d’Égypte les noms des principales essences locales exploitées pour leur bois (acacia, sycomore, perséa, saule, tamaris et jujubier épine-du-Christ). Outre les enjeux philologiques, cette étude a conduit à mettre en évidence des implications qui relèvent de l’histoire des paysages – introductions, abandons, répartition des espèces arborées –, de l’histoire économique – gestion, importation, distribution et consommation du bois –, de l’histoire culturelle – circulation des noms et sélection des essences –, mais aussi de la culture matérielle – travail du bois et usages des objets produits. / Beyond the common idea of wood scarcity in Egypt, the wealth of Greek documentation from Egypt provides solid ground to reevaluate the importance of trees and wood production in both the landscape and economy of the country : be they ornamental or ecologically functional, trees provide fruits, fodder and fuel, but also timber for woodworking, shipbuilding or charcoal. This dissertation thus contains a study of the exploitation of these natural resources by the Graeco-Egyptian society, from the end of the 4th century BC to the 8th century AD, based on the study of the relevant papyri and ostraca from Egypt, i.e. several hundreds of published documents. As a prerequisite for their right interpretation, a comprehensive lexicographical analysis was made, consisting of crossing textual and archaeobotanical sources, with the objective to crosscheck and establish the correct Greek names of the main local trees providing timber (acacia, sycamore, perséa tree, willow, tamarisk and nabk tree). In addition to these philological stakes, this study allowed as well to evidence implications in different fields, and in particular in the history of landscaping, like the introduction, abandonment, distribution of tree species, in the economy, like the production, importation, distribution and consumption of timber and fuel, in the cultural history, like flow of names and wood species selection, as well as in the art of wood crafting and culture of use of wooden artefacts.

The large cache of scrolls from Herculaneum were opened to scholars in spite of and because of the destruction of the volcano and damaging unfurling techniques. The fragments inherited have been studied closely by scholars. Digitization and technological work on the Herculaneum papyri, including the important infrared imaging completed by BYU in the early 2000s, and the 3-D imaging and inchoate virtual unwrapping technology by EduceLab, have amplified and aided scholarship on the scrolls and will continue to do so. P.Herc. 817 is a unique Latin text within the collection that has been heavily studied by scholars due to its fascinating subject matter on the Battle of Actium and Cleopatra and its readability. This fragment serves as a case study to demonstrate the value of each set of digital images in transcription and interpretation research, which suggests at the value of the varying digital images for other Herculaneum fragments. I closely compare digital surrogates of P.Herc. 817 including the early 2000s infrared images, 1960's era negatives, and recent 3-D images with the original artifacts as seen at the Biblioteca Nazionale in July 2023. This autopsy of versions of P.Herc. 817 substantiates the need for scholars to use all available digital images in concert with the original papyri when doing scholarly work. It also reinforces the need for digital stewardship and preservation of each distinct image set. Finally, a hypothetical case study is offered to show the loss to scholarship if the digital images and originals were lost and solely secondary sources remained. Each image set offers value and captures a moment in time of the papyri. As technology continues to progress and excitingly unlocks unseen papyri, care needs to be taken to safeguard and digitally preserve the new along with the older data sets.

In this paper, I would like to explore the new ways of perceiving Papyri und Papyrology i.e. papyrological studies from Egyptian-Arabic perspectives. The paper will shed light on three main and, from my point of view, intertwined ways of thinking about this discipline that has been newly of importance just because of the new media. First, one should consider the question of legal status of papyri presented online, including their provenance, and the Egyptian (legal) point of view in this regard. Most, if not all, the available, papyri databases, which presents papyri online, suffice themselves with just a note about the purchase of a certain piece from unknown Egyptian, sometime known and famous like M. Nahman, without any indication about on which government, circumstances, regulations und laws this “supposedly” legal purchase has been conducted. I would suggest putting up a Wikipedia link or any other mean to give the “Egyptian” Science citizen, a further reading lists and short justifications about the transportation of this artefact from his country to Europe or the United States, where most of the papyri, presented in the moment online, are kept. Second, The provenance of the same pieces are in many cases given either with transliterated names that doesn’t exist on Arabic modern maps which one find through e.g. Google or with names that mix the archeological site with its nearby village or town. A similar database, in cooperation and with the help of with the Egyptian Universities’ students of Archeology, would solve this problem. Such links would also serve as a start for more specialized research that connects Archeology and Papyri with modern as well as recent Egyptian History. Third, an Arabic translation of the Papyri presented online, again with the help of Egyptian students of History, Classics and Archeology departments, would be a basis for more further analysis of these texts, whether they are written in Egyptian (with all its script) Greek, Latin or Coptic. These are some chances, which may seem easier to achieve, thanks to the new digital media, especially the social ones, but the challenges that would face any implementation of the above-mentioned idea in the current Egyptian academia are tremendous. This include but not limited to financial and legal matters that control the education system in Egypt.

Le recensement provincial est une institution centrale de l’Empire romain. Né avec le Principat, il était destiné à estimer les ressources humaines et matérielles des territoires sous domination romaine, et s’est imposé comme la clé de voûte de la fiscalité provinciale. Néanmoins, il demeure mal connu. Cette situation vient de la faiblesse numérique des sources et de leur nature. En dehors de l'Égypte, les cens provinciaux sont essentiellement connus grâce à des inscriptions dédiées aux sénateurs et chevaliers ayant participé à ces opérations. Pour étudier le recensement à l'échelle de l'empire, il nous donc a paru nécessaire de diversifier les points de vue et de ne pas nous limiter à l'approche la plus fréquemment adoptée dans les études consacrées au census, l'analyse prosopographique. Bien que cette dernière s'impose comme la plus naturelle étant donné la nature de la documentation qui nous est parvenue, elle limite le champ d'étude aux seules provinces dans lesquelles sont attestés des censiteurs impériaux et peine à rendre compte de la logique d'ensemble de l'institution comme des modalités selon lesquelles l'information était collectée. Notre objectif était d'écrire une histoire fiscale et politique du recensement, mais aussi une histoire de ses procédures et non pas seulement de ses agents. Nous avons donc choisi d’élargir l’angle d’approche et d'inclure dans notre corpus toutes les sources littéraires, papyrologiques et juridiques susceptibles de nous éclairer sur cette institution. La première partie est consacrée aux aspects fiscaux et tente de comprendre le fonctionnement de l’impôt provincial. Dans quelles mesures le recensement se prêtait-il à la collecte des informations nécessaires à la levée des tributa ? La deuxième s'intéresse au déroulement des opérations dans les diverses provinces. Notre objectif est d'identifier les différents niveaux de collecte de l'information tout en rendant compte des différences régionales dont témoignent les sources. Au coeur de cette partie se trouve une réflexion sur la complémentarité entre le niveau local et le niveau provincial et sur les documents qui étaient produits aux divers échelons. Enfin, nous abordons dans un troisième temps les aspects institutionnels et politiques afin de comprendre dans quelles mesures cette institution était caractéristique du nouveau régime qui vit le jour avec Auguste. Cette partie est également consacrée à l'étude des relations entre les agents en charge des opérations et les provinciaux qui y étaient soumis. / The provincial census is a key institution of the Roman Empire. Instituted by the first Princeps, Augustus, it was aimed at estimating the human and material resources of the territories which were under Roman control, and thus proved to be a cornerstone of the Roman fiscal system. Nevertheless, it remains mostly unknown to this date, which can be explained by the lack of sources and by their nature: apart from Egypt, provincial censuses are mostly attested through inscriptions dedicated to senators and knights who took part in these operations. In this dissertation, we chose to tackle the subject from novel perspectives and not to limit ourselves to the prosopographic approach that remains so far the most frequently adopted one. Despite its relevance given the nature of the sources, it restricts the study to the provinces in which census officials are known, and fails to give a comprehensive idea of the institution and of the methods through which information was collected. Our goal was not only to write a fiscal and political history of the census, but also to describe its process and identify its agents. To this end were included into our corpus all the literary, papyrological and juridical sources that might improve our understanding of this institution. Firstly, we focused on the two main provincial taxes, i.e. tributum soli and tributum capitis, in order to describe the fiscal system at work in the provinces and to identify the criteria on which these tributa were imposed. Secondly, we studied the way information was collected during the census. Our goal was to unravel the levels (local, provincial) through which data transited, their interactions, and the documents each one of them produced. At the same time, we wanted to emphasize the differences that existed between provinces, and to explain them. Finally, we addressed the institutional and political aspects of the provincial census: to what extent was this institution representative of the new regime that appeared with Augustus, and an opportunity for the provincials to initiate a dialog with the Princeps through his representatives?

La présente thèse a pour sujet la question du système des prépositions en latin vulgaire, ainsi que des morphèmes liés à ces dernières dans les langues indo-européennes (préverbes et préfixes). Notre objectif a été d’évaluer quelles ont pu être les spécificités relatives à l’emploi des prépositions (et des morphèmes connexes) dans la langue ordinaire, sur le plan sémasiologique comme onomasiologique. Est bâti pour ce faire le corpus le plus large possible de documents « autographes », c’est-à-dire de pièces portant une inscription directement réalisée par un latinophone (graffites, ostraca, tablettes de cire, defixiones, papyri documentaires), rédigés entre 1 et 395 p.C. La construction même de ce corpus et l’établissement d’une référenciation stable ont constitué un objectif secondaire de ce travail. La première partie établit les outils terminologiques nécessaires. Sont donc passées en revue toutes les théories relatives aux prépositions et à leur sémantisme depuis l’Antiquité, dans le but de souligner les manques et les imprécisions de la tradition terminologique. L’attention est ensuite portée sur le problème récurrent du « latin vulgaire », appellation nécessairement tolérée, même si elle demeure insatisfaisante et embarrassante. La question est spécifiquement posée au regard de la particularité du corpus, sur le plan matériel comme théorique. La notion « d’autographie » est en effet très floue, du fait de l’immixtion d’intermédiaires humains (comme les scribes, professionnels ou non), de la question de la « formularité » et des text types, et des problèmes complexes liés aux différentes formes de littératies à travers les provinces romaines. Cette partie se clôt sur les choix terminologiques et méthodologiques opérés, relativement au processus sous-jacent de collecte des données. La seconde partie présente les données. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées sous l’angle quantitatif, avec prudence ; il s’agit d’abord d’établir quels sont les morphèmes encore en usage, quels sont ceux qui déclinent et quels sont ceux qui ont déjà disparu. Il s’agit également de comprendre quels écarts peuvent se manifester entre les données et nos attentes. On souligne ce faisant les différents processus de développement, en synchronie ou en diachronie, de certains morphèmes ou usages ; la notion de « préfixation pré-nominale », jusqu’ici peu envisagée dans les études latines, et ainsi étudiée. Le second chapitre de cette partie étudie ce matériel, sur un plan phonétique, morphosyntaxique et lexical. Il s’agit alors non seulement de découvrir les signes d’un possible renouvellement dans certaines zones de la langue (il est fait ici usage du concept de sermo castrensis, mais aussi de celui – encore peu envisagé – de sermo mercatorius) ; il s’agit en outre de comprendre pourquoi ce corpus manifeste une véritable résistance à l’égard des vulgarismes, et pourquoi l’on ne constate aucun véritable fossé entre la langue normée et celle du corpus.Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur le problème déjà ancien, mais complexe, de la chute des <-m> (et accessoirement, des <-s>) en latin vulgaire, et sur la conséquence de celle-ci au sein des groupes prépositionnels. Ce problème a une histoire (depuis Diehl), qui est rappelée afin d’expliquer comment se mélangent ici les niveaux graphiques, phonologiques et grammaticaux. Il s’agit de comprendre dans quels cas la disparition de <-m> peut être attribuée à une pure convention graphique, dans quels cas elle est relative à l’analphabétisme ou à la faible littératie des scripteurs, et dans quels cas elle constitue effectivement le premier signe (mesuré) d’un effondrement des systèmes flexionnels, dans une perspective romane. Ce chapitre s’interroge ine fine sur la capacité des locuteurs semi-lettrés, à un moment de la diachronie, à faire usage d’un « système polymorphique » (Banniard), et à choisir ainsi, bien qu’ils fussent relativement conscients des règles morphologiques, de marquer ou non le cas accusatif. / In this thesis, we deal with the question of prepositional systems in Vulgar Latin, and the linguistic material wih which it is usually associated, in indo-european languages, i.e. preverbs and prefixes. Our work aims to evaluate how specific usages of prepositions (and related material) in colloquial speech may have been, in both semasiological and onomasiological ways. For this purpose, we draw on the largest corpus of « Autographical » documents, i.e. directly inscribed artifacts, such as graffiti, ostraca, wax tablets, defixiones, documentary papyri, etc., from 1 to 395 a.D. Moreover, as a second objective ot the dissertation, we set up a fully-ordered and well-referenced corpus of our archaeological material.The first part of the thesis tries to lay the methodological tools of such the said design. Theories of prepositions and prepositional meanings from Antiquity to present reviewed are reviewed, in order to understand the lack and fuziness of inherited terminological displays. We then consider the customary problem of utilising and defining the terme « Vulgar latin » (which we tolerate, as embarrassing and unsatisfying as it is) and most specifically the peculiarity of our corpus, in a theorical and practical ways : « autography » is indeed a messy concept, due to the involvement of human go-betweens (like professional or casual scribes), the question of formularity and « text types », and the complex pattern of literacy, throughout the Roman provinces. This chapter ends with terminological and methodological choices, referring to the undergoing process of the data report.In second part of the thesis we lay out the data itself. We first deal with this data quantitativly by cautiously using statistical approaches, we try to establish which morphemes were still in use, recessing, or had already disappeared. Furthermore, we examine what kind of discrepancies could arrise between our expectation and the data. We stress, by doing so, the synchonical and diachronical expansions of certain morphemes or usages, and more specifically the question of « Pre-nominal prefixation », on which little has yet been written in classical tradition. The second part of this chapter studies the dynamics of our material phonetically, morphosyntaxically and lexically. Not only do we try to catch sight of linguistic renewals in some areas of language (dealing with the concept of sermo castrensis, or the yet unexplored sermo mercatorius), but also the evidence of a structural dragging into vulgarisms and linguistical changes in our corpus, questioning the lack of an expected « gap » between litterary standards and the language that our documents are using.The third part of our thesis deals with the very well known but very intricate problem of falling /-m/ (and, casually, falling /-s/) in Vulgar Latin, and their consequences in the prepositionnal phrases. The problem’s history (from Diehl’s work) shows up, explaining the entanglement of graphical, phonological and grammatical levels in such an inquiry. We then try to establish which part of the disappearing <-m>, in prepositional phrases, could be assigned to graphical convention, which part goes to real illiteracy (or « low-level literacy ») and which part shows the evidence for a real (but limited) starting point toward a future collapse of nominal flection, from a romance perspective. We conclude this chapter by questioning the ability of semi-literate latin-speakers, at some point of the diachronic evolution of latin language, to deal with « polymorphic » systems (as proposed by Banniard), who ware quite aware of morphological rules but choosing to mark or not mark or to omit the accusative case.

MAREK DOSPĚL Bīr Shawīsh, Small Oasis: Ostraka and Other Inscribed Material ABSTRACT The present dissertation is primarily a publication of a group of primary sources. These sources come from the recent archaeological exploration by Charles University in Prague of the site of Bīr Shawīsh in the Baḥrīya Oasis ("Small Oasis" in Classical Antiquity) in Egypt's Western Desert and consist of inscribed material written in Hellenistic Greek or koinē. Their majority belongs in the family of documentary texts, while a smaller group consists of informal inscriptions. Both texts and inscriptions are written or incised on fired potter's clay supports and can be dated to around 400 CE. The core of this dissertation consists of an annotated edition of these texts and inscriptions (Chapter 3), immediately followed by a synthetic and interpretative Chapter 4 in which the cardinal issues inherent to the published material are treated in detail. An important part of the edition are the analytical indices and appendices. Chapter 1 serves as a general introduction to the work; Chapter 2 presents the historical and archaeological context of the edited inscribed material. The dissertation ends with Reference Bibliography and Plates of individual text-bearing artifacts. This work is the first comprehensive treatment of a group of...