Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before. Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before.

La parròquia, poc valorada per la historiografia medieval, fou una la institució fonamental per a l'ordenació de la societat rural del bisbat de Girona entre els segles X i XIV. Constituïa un territori ben delimitat, els habitants del qual rebien els sagraments eclesiàstics dels clergues que regien l'església i, a través de l'obreria i dels obrers, participaven en la gestió del temple i de la seva economia. La parròquia va incidir directament en l'ordenació del poblament rural a través tant dels nuclis eclesials o "celleres" com dels masos dispersos pel terme d'una parròquia. A més, la parròquia era una important font de rendes: a través de la documentació generada pel bisbe de Girona, el delme era una renda en mans, sobretot, de senyors feudals, cavallers i importants institucions eclesiàstiques; els clergues parroquials només rebien les primícies i altres drets de menor valor. Finalment, la parròquia contribuí enormement a la configuració de les comunitats rurals de bona part del bisbat de Girona. / The parish, undervalued by the medieval historiography, was a fundamental institution for the arrangement of the rural society of the diocese of Girona between the 10th and the 13th centuries. It was a well delimited territory, whose inhabitants received the ecclesiastic sacraments of the clergymen who ruled the church and, across the fabric fund and the churchwardens, they took part in the management of the parish and of its economy. The parish influenced directly in the organisation of the rural settlement not only through the ecclesiastical villages, or "celleres", but also through the isolated manses into the boundaries of the parish. Besides, the parish was an important source of revenues: through the documentation generated by the bishop of Girona, the tithe appears as a revenue mainly in hands of feudal lords, gentlemen and important ecclesiastic institutions; the parochial clergymen only were receiving the first fruits, or "primícies", and other rights of minor value. Finally, the parish contributed significantly in the rural communities configuration of most of the diocese of Girona.

A la vegueria de Girona, entre 1486 i 1730, es produeix el procés de formació històrica d'un grup social que sorgit de la pagesia s'anirà diferenciant progressivament d'aquesta: els senyors útils i propietaris de masos. Aquest grup social basa el seu poder econòmic i polític en l'acumulació de masos: font de rendes i font de l'estatus social assolit dins la parròquia i la universitat on fixa la seva residència. El seu pes social el manifesta a través dels seus espais de sociabilitat (especialment la parròquia, veritable espai de representació), però també manifesta la seva posició de preeminència, fet que pot abocar als conflictes amb el conjunt de la comunitat. Un conflicte que es planteja en termes de diferenciació dels uns i d'igualtat dels altres. És l'enfrontament entre dues visions de la societat: l'individualisme enfront el comunitarisme. / In the "vegueria" of Girona - a traditional Catalan territorial circumscription -, between 1468 and 1730, the process of historical formation of a social group takes place. Arising from peasantry, it will progressively differ from its origins: the useful masters and farmhouses' owners. The economic and political power of this social group is based on the accumulation of farms: source of incomes and source of social status attained in the parish and at university, where they fix their residence. Their social importance is shown through their sociability spaces - mainly the parish, real space of representation -, but they also show their position of pre-eminence, though this may imply conflicts with the whole community. A conflict which is expressed in terms of differentiation of ones and equality of others. It is the confrontation of two visions of society: individualism versus communitarism.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2008. / Abstract and vita. Description based on Print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-280).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2008. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-280).

Thesis (M.C.A.-Res.)--University of Wollongong, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 49-54.

The author of the diploma work Parish and dean library in Velké Meziříčí. A list of manuscripts and old prints aimed to organize a part of the book collection and to present one of the forgotten church libraries in Moravia. The introduction presents shortly individual parts of the work with the criticism of used sources and literature, then four chapters succeed and the conclusion that evaluates the defined targets. The first chapter tells the historical story of the parish of Velké Meziříčí from the beginnings to the present days in the context of history of the same domain. The second chapter deals briefly with the history of church libraries in Moravia focusing on the parish libraries. The history of book culture in the parish and history of the parish and dean library itself are the topics of the third chapter. In the last fourth chapter the list of manuscripts and old prints is analysed in terms of language, time, place, topic, edition, palaeography, art and provenance. The final conclusion is followed by the list of used abbreviations, the list of used sources and literature and the supplements that include not only tables, graphs and photographs but also an extensive list of manuscripts and old prints with the commentary itself.

This is a hermeneutical study of an attempt to inculturate a Redemptorist parish mission in a black township parish. The purpose of Redemptorist parish mission is conversion and renewal. This study is influenced by - - the spirit of St. Alphonsus Liguori (1696-1787) founder of the Redemptorists - Vatican II (1962-1965) and by - the African Synod (1994); and it uses the systemic stage model of Rambo and the spiral model of Costas, as a framework to understand conversion. The conversion experiences of ten parishioners of St. Peter's parish are used as data for the study. A theological reflection on the ten conversions confirmed the following: that cultural context is important for understanding conversion; that conversion is both a distinct moment and a continuous process; that it is imperative to understand conversion from the perspective of the convert him/herself. For 'mission preaching' to effect genuine conversion it must be inculturated. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / Th. M. (Missiology)

The purpose of this work is to chart, in what extent has the political system influence on religious life of parishioners; what were the relations between the parish and the leaders of this village, its fraternities; what were the relations between parish and school; how the parishioners have lived their faith in different time periods of 20th century. The work is divided into several topics that describe particular spheres of 20th century. This work is compiled on the basis of researches in the archives.

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.