No universo das pequenas empresas o planejamento estratégico, realizado como processo contínuo de interação da empresa com o ambiente, que permite estabelecer os objetivos e as potencialidades da empresa, além de orientar o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos utilizados pela organização, é pouco utilizado, e tais organizações apresentam-se ineficientes no processo estratégico, seja pela complexidade desta ferramenta, seja por suas características de gestão. Assim, faz-se necessário abordar o planejamento estratégico de forma menos complexa e formal e, principalmente, considerando-se as suas principais características de gestão: estruturais, comportamentais e contextuais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e avaliar a utilização de um roteiro para auxiliar o pequeno empresário na elaboração do planejamento estratégico, considerando suas especificidades de gestão. O roteiro, construído com base nos modelos de planejamento propostos pelos principais autores da área, possui a peculiaridade que lhe deve ser atribuída – ser prático no auxílio ao pequeno empresário na elaboração do planejamento estratégico, implicando a especificação dos tópicos essenciais e a forma de desenvolvê-los. O roteiro demonstrou ser de fácil utilização e, nas empresas onde foi aplicado, auxiliou o pequeno empresário na adoção desta ferramenta como incremento de competitividade à medida que a utilização desta proporciona reflexões e diretrizes para as atividades da organização, como também possibilita adaptação e capacidade de resposta às mudanças do mercado. Esta pesquisa visa também colaborar para um melhor entendimento do processo estratégico nas pequenas organizações / In the universe of the small businesses, strategic planning should be accomplished as a continuous process of interaction between the company and its environment, allowing the company to establish its objectives and potentialities, besides guiding the best use of resources. However, strategic planning is not broadly used in small businesses, due to the complexity of the tool or because of their management characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to approach strategic planning in a less complex and formal way and, mainly, considering its principal characteristics of management: structural, environmental and behavioural. The main goal of this research was to develop and to evaluate the use of a guideline to assist small entrepreneurs in the elaboration of strategic planning, considering their management specificities. The guideline was built starting from the planning models proposed by the main authors of the area and it has kept its peculiarity - to be practical in the assistance to the small entrepreneur in the elaboration of strategic planning, implying in the specification of the essential topics and the form of developing them. The guidelines demonstrated to be easy to be used and, in the companies where it was applied, it aided the small entrepreneur in the adoption of this tool as increment of competitiveness, as the use of its provides reflections and directions for the activities of organization, as well as making possible to adapt and respond to the changes of market. This research also seeks to collaborate for a better understanding of the strategic process in small organizations

Cette thèse vise à apporter des éléments de compréhension sociologique des particularités alimentaires des enfants présentant des troubles autistiques. Ce sujet est encore peu étudié dans la littérature, alors même que les particularités alimentaires et les comportements problématiques à table associés aux troubles autistiques ont des conséquences sur la santé et la vie sociale de l’enfant ainsi que sur celles de l’entourage familial. À travers l’analyse d’entretiens avec des experts et des parents, de questionnaires, d’observations ethnographiques et de témoignages publiés de parents, ce travail observe les tensions qui jalonnent la construction du répertoire alimentaire. Sur un fonds biologique et psychologique commun, les analyses montrent comment l’écart autistique à la norme donne à voir des identités alimentaires qui se construisent et se diversifient au fil de l’âge et au gré des contextes. La thèse fait alors apparaître que des phénomènes, souvent identifiés comme spécifiques à la socialisation alimentaire en population autistique, relèvent en partie de déformations de la construction de la néophobie alimentaire et de son processus, au point qu’il soit nécessaire de parler de néophobies alimentaires au pluriel. L’alimentation particulière des enfants permet de souligner la dimension éminemment sociale du processus d’individualisation alimentaire. L’analyse des pratiques alimentaires spécifiques éclaire enfin la redéfinition des rôles et donne à voir les ajustements sociaux ainsi que le travail domestique, parental et de care pour y faire face. De la sorte, les perturbations liées aux troubles autistiques sont l’occasion d’observer les processus de néophobie sous un angle nouveau et de mettre au jour les enjeux individuels, familiaux, sociétaux et sanitaires de la socialisation alimentaire chez l’enfant. / This thesis aims at bringing elements for a sociological understanding of autistic children’s eating particularities. The scientific literature remains limited on that subject even though eating particularities and problematic behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorders have consequences on the child’s health and social life, as well as on the family circle’s. Through the analysis of interviews with experts and parents, a quantitative survey, ethnographic observations and published testimonies, this research explores the strains of the building process of alimentary repertories. On a biological and psychological common basis, the autistic deviation from the standard reveals the construction and diversification of eating identities throughout aging and the different contexts in which children evolve. The dissertation shows that some phenomena, often identified as specific of the food socialization in autistic population, are partly due to distortions of the food neophobia construction and its process, so that it is necessary to talk about neophobias in the plural. The eating particularities emphasize the eminently social dimension of children’s eating individualization process. Furthermore their understanding highlights the redefinition of parents’ roles and the social adjustments implemented to cope with them, resulting in a combination of domestic, parental and care strategies. Thus, perturbations linked with autism disorders are the opportunity to study the neophobia process from a new angle and to uncover individual, familial, societal and health stakes implied in children’s food socialisation.

No universo das pequenas empresas o planejamento estratégico, realizado como processo contínuo de interação da empresa com o ambiente, que permite estabelecer os objetivos e as potencialidades da empresa, além de orientar o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos utilizados pela organização, é pouco utilizado, e tais organizações apresentam-se ineficientes no processo estratégico, seja pela complexidade desta ferramenta, seja por suas características de gestão. Assim, faz-se necessário abordar o planejamento estratégico de forma menos complexa e formal e, principalmente, considerando-se as suas principais características de gestão: estruturais, comportamentais e contextuais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e avaliar a utilização de um roteiro para auxiliar o pequeno empresário na elaboração do planejamento estratégico, considerando suas especificidades de gestão. O roteiro, construído com base nos modelos de planejamento propostos pelos principais autores da área, possui a peculiaridade que lhe deve ser atribuída – ser prático no auxílio ao pequeno empresário na elaboração do planejamento estratégico, implicando a especificação dos tópicos essenciais e a forma de desenvolvê-los. O roteiro demonstrou ser de fácil utilização e, nas empresas onde foi aplicado, auxiliou o pequeno empresário na adoção desta ferramenta como incremento de competitividade à medida que a utilização desta proporciona reflexões e diretrizes para as atividades da organização, como também possibilita adaptação e capacidade de resposta às mudanças do mercado. Esta pesquisa visa também colaborar para um melhor entendimento do processo estratégico nas pequenas organizações / In the universe of the small businesses, strategic planning should be accomplished as a continuous process of interaction between the company and its environment, allowing the company to establish its objectives and potentialities, besides guiding the best use of resources. However, strategic planning is not broadly used in small businesses, due to the complexity of the tool or because of their management characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to approach strategic planning in a less complex and formal way and, mainly, considering its principal characteristics of management: structural, environmental and behavioural. The main goal of this research was to develop and to evaluate the use of a guideline to assist small entrepreneurs in the elaboration of strategic planning, considering their management specificities. The guideline was built starting from the planning models proposed by the main authors of the area and it has kept its peculiarity - to be practical in the assistance to the small entrepreneur in the elaboration of strategic planning, implying in the specification of the essential topics and the form of developing them. The guidelines demonstrated to be easy to be used and, in the companies where it was applied, it aided the small entrepreneur in the adoption of this tool as increment of competitiveness, as the use of its provides reflections and directions for the activities of organization, as well as making possible to adapt and respond to the changes of market. This research also seeks to collaborate for a better understanding of the strategic process in small organizations

This research was developed with the purpose of evaluating the existence of specific particularities in the management model applied on a solidary economy business. Every organization presupposes the existence of a formal or informal set of management practices, principles, rules and tools that hold their management operations and processes, which are understood as their administration model. This work was developed through the case study method, by means of a qualitative research of exploratory character. The interviewees for the study were all part of the Collegiate Commission that administrates the organization and, with the objective of polishing the model study, the number of people interviewed was broadened to the other collaborators, partners and associates of the Project, totaling 17 statements. The collection of the data was made through semi-structured interviews, direct observation and documental exam. The data were analyzed based in the content analysis. In terms of the result evaluation one should recognize that it is still needed evaluation indicators and that it is much harder to measure and control development and results within non-profit organizations than in companies. Regardless, this work made it possible to identify the principles and practices adopted in the business administration, with the enlightenment of the theoretical fundamentation used for the study case, and to identify the seven particularities of the late management model, highlighting the following: theoretical and practical foundations of the Project constitution, with the adequate adaptations to the local peculiarities; formation practices that will guide the entrance of the associates into the organization; emphasis in the direct commercialization of the production by the own producers, without mediators; collegiate administration through management practices built by the own producers; project administration by means of Commissions; participative administration of the trade points by the own producers plus contribution and importance of the partnerships for the good development of the business / Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o propósito de avaliar a existência de particularidades específicas no modelo de gestão aplicado em um empreendimento de economia solidária. Toda organização pressupõe a existência de um conjunto formal ou informal de práticas, princípios, normas e ferramentas de gestão que sustentam as suas operações e os seus processos de gestão, que são entendidos como o seu modelo de administração. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através do método estudo de caso, por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório. Os entrevistados para o estudo foram todos os integrantes da Comissão Colegiada que administra a organização e, com o objetivo de aprofundar o estudo do modelo, o número de entrevistados foi ampliado para outros colaboradores, parceiros e associados do Projeto, totalizando 17 depoimentos. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observação direta e exame documental. Os dados foram analisados com base na análise de conteúdo. Com relação à avaliação de resultados deve-se reconhecer que ainda se carece de indicadores de avaliação e que é muito mais difícil medir e controlar desempenho e resultados nas instituições sem fins lucrativos do que nas empresas. Assim mesmo o trabalho permitiu identificar os princípios e as práticas adotadas na administração do empreendimento, à luz da fundamentação teórica utilizada para o estudo de caso e identificar as sete particularidades do atual modelo de gestão merecedoras de destaque: embasamento teórico e prático da constituição do Projeto, com as adequadas adaptações às peculiaridades locais; práticas de formação que orientarão o caminho de ingresso dos associados na organização; ênfase na comercialização direta da produção pelos próprios produtores, sem intermediários; administração colegiada a partir de práticas de gestão construídas pelos próprios produtores; administração do projeto por meio de Comissões; administração participativa dos pontos de comércio pelos próprios produtores; e contribuição e importância das parcerias para o bom desenvolvimento do empreendimento

This thesis depicts and clarifies the consumer behaviour of the Chinese. It primarily focuses on current trends and new opportunities arising on the Chinese market. It enables the reader to gain initial knowledge on this topic and to understand the basic concept of a sucessful marketing strategy for China. The thesis also briefly describes the particularities of business negotiation and trade with the Chinese in order to provide a more complex view on doing business in this country.

The aim of this research is to study the French language used in Belgium, to describe the linguistic situation and some peculiarities of the language there, and to compare it with French language used in France. The author lived in Belgium for nearly six years and compared her experience of the differences between the French language in Belgium with the one used in France. To explore her impressions, she has studied and analysed different sources on the topic and summarised the most important differences. The research is divided in two parts. One gives more general information on Belgium, describes the history of the territory and the linguistic situation of the country to help understand the situation of the French language there. The other, more important part on the language itself describes the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical particularities of Belgian French. The basic conclusion of this paper is that Belgian French is slightly different from French used in France but the differences are not great enough to make understanding between the two nations difficult.

Abstract   (The Algerian French: Neologisms and Borrowings)  A dead language is not in motion but all modern languages are in perpetual evolution. They are constantly renewed. The renewal process can be achieved mainly through lexical enrichments. Creating new words and borrowing words are two of the lexical enrichment processes. In Algeria, like in many other French speaking countries, neologisms and borrowings allow users of different varieties of French, basilectal, acrolectal, mesolectal, to describe their own realities.   The main purpose of this study is to classify the different characteristic features of the Algerian’s French according to previous studies (among others Queffélecet al. , 2002, and Benzakour,  Cherrad-Benchefra & Queffélec., 1995) and then to examine the lexical particularities namely neologisms and borrowings of words. Most of the examples are primarily found in the Algerian press of French expression. We can say that the Algerians have adapted and shaped French in order to increase their lexicon and to make themselves better understood, to convey their messages in a more accurate way and to better understand each other.

This paper presents a reflection on some particularities of written French in Algeria and Ivory Coast. French language was implanted and imposed in both countries at the time of the colonization. Today written French, in Algeria and Ivory Coast, does not always follow standardized French. Some writers like Ahmadou Kourouma and Yasmina Kadra have added new expressions, neologisms and metaphors in order to better convey their messages and place their work in their cultural contexts. The main purpose of this study is to classify some of the different characteristics of Ivorian and Algerian French according to previous studies, then to identify those features in Ahmadou Kourouma’s novel Les soleils des indépendances and Yasmina Khadra’s Les agneaux du seigneur and finally to compare the features of their works. We realize, through those writers, that Ivorian and Algerian French have some convergences and divergences. We noticed that the characteristics of both works exhibited similarities on the derivational morphology level and on the semantic level. But they have some divergences on the syntactic, phonetic and morphologic level. Keywords: French, lexical particularities, neologisms, borrowings of words, new expressions, French characteristics, convergences, divergences, derivational morphology, semantics, syntax, phonetics, morphology

Cette thèse représente le résultat d’une analyse linguistique et d’une description lexicographique des variantes topolectales du français de la Louisiane telles que relevées dans un corpus de théâtre cadien contemporain. Nous présentons nos résultats sous la forme d’un glossaire dont les articles sont conçus selon l’approche de la lexicographie historico-comparative et différentielle. En analysant ces lexèmes et leurs emplois dans une triple perspective : diachronique, diastratique et diatopique, nous effectuons un classement rigoureux de chaque régionalisme sur les axes historique et différentiel.À travers notre traitement lexicographique, nous portons une attention spéciale aux mots d’origine inconnue et aux anglicismes, qui ont trop souvent été traités d’une manière sommaire par le passé. Nous présentons l’histoire de chaque particularité, et expliquons la raison d’être de chaque néologisme, information jusqu’à aujourd’hui non disponible pour la plupart de ces lexèmes. / This doctoral thesis represents the result of a linguistic analysis and a lexicographic description of topolectal variants of French in Louisiana selected from a corpus of contemporary Cajun theater. We present our findings through the form of a glossary whose articles are conceived in the approach of comparative, historical and differential lexicography. Analyzing these lexemes and their usage in a triple perspective: chronological, stratificational and topological, we carry out a rigorous classification of each regionalism on the historical and differential levels.Through our lexicographical treatment, will pay special attention to words of unknown origin and to Anglicisms, which have too often been treated in the past in a summary manner. We present the history of each particularity, and explain the reason behind each neologism, information which has been missing until now for the majority of these terms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Giacomeli Nunes Massud.pdf: 1110890 bytes, checksum: e4b492fcf06926736dbb3cffae5f2bbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Two major factors should be highlighted for a thematic overview of this study: (i) the revolution of language studies (linguistic turn) and its great repercussion on the interpretation and establishment of a legal reality, having its peak with the proposal for cognitive isolation, the so called abyss of knowledge; and (ii) the appreciation of legal precedents in shaping the legal-tax relations and in the construction of the normative senses, with the projection for the legitimate future expectations, rationalizing the jurisdictional rendering through its programmed mechanization and thereby distancing from the factual particularities of concrete cases. A combination of the arising phenomena of these categorical axes, a legal-philosophical and dogmatic integration in the study of res judicata and rescission in tax matters by alteration of precedent cases was accomplished, in light of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015, having its methodological counterpoint on the guidance disseminated by the Legal Opinion PGFN nª 492/2011 / Dois grandes fatores se destacam numa síntese temática do trabalho: (i) a revolução dos estudos da linguagem (linguistic turn) e sua grande repercussão em matéria de interpretação e constituição da realidade jurídica, com ápice na proposta de isolamento cognitivo do ser, o chamado abismo do conhecimento; e (ii) a valorização dos precedentes na conformação das relações jurídico-tributárias e na construção dos sentidos normativos, com a projeção para as legítimas expectativas futuras, racionalizando-se a prestação jurisdicional por meio de sua mecanização programada e, com isso, distanciando-se das particularidades fáticas dos casos em concreto. Aliando os fenômenos decorrentes destes eixos categóricos, procuramos realizar uma integração jurídico-filosófica e dogmática no estudo da coisa julgada e da rescisória em matéria tributária por alteração de jurisprudência, à luz do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, tendo como contraponto metodológico as orientações veiculadas e difundidas pelo Parecer PGFN n.º 492/2011