An accurate estimation of the charging time of an automotive traction battery is possible only with the knowledge of different parameters of the battery and the vehicle. If this information is not available to the driver, the full time needed for charging of the battery may have to be assessed only from experience. A long route planning and estimation of required service life of the vehicle are therefore only roughly possible. Furthermore, with a better knowledge of estimated charging time, better management of public charging stations and better utilization of charging equipment can be achieved. An algorithm based on Matlab/Simulink model is made in the present thesis to estimate the charging time of a Li-ion battery pack which consists of 32 cells with 40 Ah each, as well as to investigate the impact of different cell balancing methods and different charging strategies on charging process. The theoretical background of the battery and charging modelling is investigated and different battery models are compared to get the best trade-off between the model accuracy and computation complexity. In the end, an electrical equivalent circuit model from reference [1], consists of a series resistor and two ZARC elements, is chosen to represent the battery cell. The parameters of the equivalent circuit are updated according to the SOC, current and temperature changes during the charging process. The whole simulation model of the algorithm consists of a charging controller (implementing the charging strategy), cell balancing logic controller, and cell balancing hardware simulation circuit and battery cell models. Different balancing criteria: based on SOC (with PWM drive) and based on terminal voltage (with/without advance) are implemented in the cell balancing logic controller, as well as different balancing windows, to investigate their impact on charging time. As for charging strategy, traditional CCCV is investigated, further investigation is conducted into improved CCCV method. The impact of initial SOC, charging rate and aging factor on charging behavior are investigated as well. Experiment results are validated by the comparison of the results with the ones got from a Hardware-in-the-loop simulation system. / En noggrann estimering av laddtiden hos batterier avsedda för traktionsapplikationer kräver kunskap kring batteriets och dess tillhörande laddsystems parametervärden. Utan tillgång till denna information kan laddtiden endast uppskattas från fordonsägarens tidigare erfarenheter vilket försvårar t.ex. ruttplanering. En estimering av laddtiden med tillräcklig noggrannhet kan även möjliggöra bättre utnyttjade av laddutrusting inklusive nyttjandet av publika laddstationer. I detta examensarbete har en algoritm, implementerad i Matlab/Simulink, för att estimera laddtiden hos ett litiumjonbatteripack bestående av 32 celler på vardera 40 Ah tagits fram. Med hjälp av modellen har olika laddstrategier och metoder för att balansera cellerna studerats. Ett antal olika batterimodeller har jämförts i termer av noggrannhet och krav på beräkningsprestanda. En elektriskt ekvivalent krets från referens [1], bestående av en serieresistans samt två ZARC-element, valdes slutligen för att representera battericellen. Den ekvivalenta kretsens parametrar uppdateras vid förändringar i SOC, ström och temperatur. Hela simuleringsmodellen består av en laddregulator (i vilken laddstrategin är implementerad), cellbalanseringregulator och modeller för cell och cellbalanseringens hårdvara. Ett antal metoder för att balanser cellerna har jämförts med hänsyn till påverkan på den resulterande laddtiden. En traditionell samt modifierad CCCV laddstrategi har implementerats och jämförts med avseende på variationer i inledande SOC, total laddtid samt åldring. Experimentella resultat från en hardware-in-the-loop simulering har använts för att delvis kunna verifiera de framtagna resultaten.

I dagens samhälle används Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) alltmer, särskilt inom IoT-enheter (Internet of Things). Detta ökar behovet av säker kommunikation och att identifiera samt åtgärda potentiella sårbarheter. Problemet som denna studie adresserar är risken för passiv avlyssning och säkerhetsbrister i BLE-kommunikation, vilket kan leda till datamissbruk och integritetsintrång. Detta arbete fokuserar på att undersöka säkerheten inom BLE-signalering och presenterar även en praktisk laboration för att öka kunskapsnivån inom analys och hantering av blåtandstrafik. Säkerhetsbrister utvärderas genom att analysera trafiken mellan BLE-enheter, med specifik fokus på passiv avlyssning och de potentiella riskerna med detta. Genom praktiska experiment med tre olika blåtandsenheter, inklusive smarta LED-lister och ett smart hopprep, undersöktes hur signaleringsdata kan extraheras och missbrukas. Resultaten visar att även om nyare versioner av blåtand tillhandahåller förbättrade säkerhetsmekanismer, utnyttjas dessa inte alltid korrekt i produkter med lägre säkerhetskrav. Arbetet ger insikter i hur befintliga säkerhetsmekanismer kan förbättras och betonar vikten av kontinuerliga säkerhetsuppdateringar från tillverkare. / Today, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is increasingly used, particularly in IoT devices (Internet of Things). This increase raises the need for secure communication and identifying as well as addressing potential vulnerabilities. The problem addressed by this study is the risk of passive eavesdropping and security flaws in BLE communication, which can lead to data misuse and privacy breaches. This work focuses on examining the security of BLE signaling and also presents a practical lab to enhance knowledge in analyzing and managing Bluetooth traffic. Security vulnerabilities are evaluated by analyzing the traffic between BLE devices, with a specific focus on passive eavesdropping and its potential risks. Through practical experiments with three different Bluetooth devices, including smart LED strips and a smart jump rope, the study investigated how signaling data can be extracted and misused. The results show that although newer versions of Bluetooth provide improved security mechanisms, these are not always correctly implemented in products with lower security requirements. The study provides insights into how existing security mechanisms can be improved and emphasizes the importance of continuous security updates from manufacturers.

Die ukrainische Sprache, die zu den Nominativ-Akkusativ-Sprachen gehört, weist sowohl historisch als auch synchron Abweichungen vom kanonischen Lizensierungsmuster dieser beiden Kasus auf. So kennt das Ukrainische resultative, inkongruente, in den Finitheitsmerkmalen neutralisierten Passiv-Partizipien auf -no, -to, die wie finite Aktiv-Verben ihrem internen Argument Akkusativ zuweisen, aber historisch auch Nominativ am Patiensargument lizensierten. Solche Kasus-Zuweisung am Patiens passivischer und impersonaler Verben bei fehlender oder Default-Kongruenz stellt einen wichtigen Prüfstein für die theoretische Erfassung von Kasus, Finitheitsmerkmale und Subjektmarkierung dar. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, über die etymologische Fragestellung hinaus, ein korpus-basiertes und quantifizierbares Bild des diachronen grammatischen Wandels der -no, -to-Formen im Mittelukrainischen zu erstellen. Synchron sind -no, -to bereits gut erforscht: die Struktur erlaubt eine overte Agensangabe im Instrumental und eine optional eingesetzte overte Kopula. Diagnostische Subjekteigenschaften wie Kontrolle in die Infinitiv- und Partizipialkontexte, sowie die Bindung von Reflexiva greifen nicht. Historisch dagegen bestehen noch große empirische Lücken und Beschreibungsdesiderate. Es wurden einige der empirischen Lücken in der Diachronie der -no, -to auf der Grundlage eines elektronischen, diachronen (1500-1800) mittelgroßen Korpus literarischer und administrativer Texte geschlossen: die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Kongruenz und Transitivität der -no, -to und untersucht sie parallel zu den morphologisch identischen passiven kongruierenden -no, -to. / The Ukrainian language belongs to the nominative-accusative languages and demonstrates both historically and synchronically the deviations from the canonical case licensing pattern. That is, Ukrainian has resultative, non-agreeing and non-finite passive participles ending in either -no or -to that assign accusative to their internal argument, just like finite active verbs do. Historically -no, -to forms licensed the nominative on the patience argument as well. Accusative case assignment on the patience in impersonal verbs that lack agreement represents an important touchstone for the theoretical understanding of case, finiteness and subject marking. Along with the etymological questions, the aim of this investigation was to obtain a corpus-based quantifiable picture of the diachronic grammatical change of -no, -to forms in Middle Ukrainian. The modern -no, -to structure has already been properly investigated: it is clear that the structure allows for an overt agent phrase in instrumental and for an optional copula. Diagnostic subject properties like control into the infinitival and participial contexts, as well as the binding of reflexives do not apply. Historically however, there are large empirical gaps and desiderata as to the development of -no, -to. The thesis closes several of the empirical gaps in the diachrony of -no, -to on the basis of a middle-sized electronic corpus of literary and administrative texts from 1500-1800. The thesis deals with the agreement and transitivity of non-agreeing -no, -to that have been investigated parallel to the morphologically identical to them agreeing passive -no, -to.

<p>Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) was explored as a means for physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterisation of small drug molecules. Special attention was paid to the characterisation of acid-base and lipophilic properties of drug compounds by analysing their migration behaviour in different CE systems. The thesis comprises an overview of the field together with separate studies on the different topics.</p><p>The utility of CE for the determination of pK_a of labile drug compounds was investigated. A general methodology was developed comprising key steps such as the use of a stabilising sample diluent, electromigration injection, and analyte characterisation by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The methodology was successfully applied for two sets of drug compounds, labile at low and high pH, respectively.</p><p>CE was also evaluated for experimental modelling of passive intestinal membrane permeability by studying analyte migration in liposomal, microemulsion and micellar electrolytes. Good correlation is reported between CE migration and Caco-2 cell absorption estimates and for in vitro inhibition of thrombin. Interestingly, a slightly better correlation was obtained for liposomal electrolytes.</p><p>The utility of liposomes in CE was further extended by developing a novel procedure for immobilising liposomes inside fused silica capillaries. This approach enabled direct on-line coupling of liposome CE to high sensitivity mass spectrometry. The utility of liposome-coated capillaries is demonstrated for estimating drug passive intestinal membrane permeability. Its use in biopharmaceutical drug profiling is discussed.</p><p>Utilising advanced molecular descriptors, commonly applied to in silico prediction of passive intestinal membrane permeability, migration of analytes in micellar CE systems could be well predicted. The novel approach was based on hierarchical multivariate analytics and use of molecular descriptors for both analytes and micellar media surfactants. Demonstrated results propose that the CE format could be useful to validate how representative molecular descriptors are for describing molecular behaviour in complex liquid media, e.g. physiological systems.</p>

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) was explored as a means for physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterisation of small drug molecules. Special attention was paid to the characterisation of acid-base and lipophilic properties of drug compounds by analysing their migration behaviour in different CE systems. The thesis comprises an overview of the field together with separate studies on the different topics. The utility of CE for the determination of pKa of labile drug compounds was investigated. A general methodology was developed comprising key steps such as the use of a stabilising sample diluent, electromigration injection, and analyte characterisation by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The methodology was successfully applied for two sets of drug compounds, labile at low and high pH, respectively. CE was also evaluated for experimental modelling of passive intestinal membrane permeability by studying analyte migration in liposomal, microemulsion and micellar electrolytes. Good correlation is reported between CE migration and Caco-2 cell absorption estimates and for in vitro inhibition of thrombin. Interestingly, a slightly better correlation was obtained for liposomal electrolytes. The utility of liposomes in CE was further extended by developing a novel procedure for immobilising liposomes inside fused silica capillaries. This approach enabled direct on-line coupling of liposome CE to high sensitivity mass spectrometry. The utility of liposome-coated capillaries is demonstrated for estimating drug passive intestinal membrane permeability. Its use in biopharmaceutical drug profiling is discussed. Utilising advanced molecular descriptors, commonly applied to in silico prediction of passive intestinal membrane permeability, migration of analytes in micellar CE systems could be well predicted. The novel approach was based on hierarchical multivariate analytics and use of molecular descriptors for both analytes and micellar media surfactants. Demonstrated results propose that the CE format could be useful to validate how representative molecular descriptors are for describing molecular behaviour in complex liquid media, e.g. physiological systems.

No description available.

Det här examensarbetet undersöks hur en kommunal förskola och ett föräldrakooperativs bemötande och åtgärder ser ut när det gäller barn som blivit utsatta för fysiska övergrepp. Arbetet utgår från frågeställningarna: Har de två förskolorna riktlinjer för att hantera problematiken kring fysiska övergrepp mot barn? Vilka likheter finns det i riktlinjerna när det gäller bemötande och åtgärder? Vilka skillnader finns det i riktlinjerna när det gäller bemötande och åtgärder? En jämförelse mellan de två förskolorna görs genom en textanalys av två dokument, föräldrakooperativet har en kris och beredskapsplan och den kommunala har ett policydokument som belyser anmälningsplikten. Analyserna kommer att sker ur ett hermeneutiskt synsätt samt i en kvalitativ bearbetning. Arbetet tar även upp anmälningsplikten förskolan står inför när misstanke eller oro uppkommer hos personalen. Här kan man även läsa om hur Socialtjänstlagen 14 kapitel 1§ lyder inför anmälningsplikten. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader mellan förskolorna när det gäller bemötande och åtgärder men även att det finns osäkerhet i hur personalen ska agera. / This thesis explores how a local nursery school and a parents cooperative attitude and actions looks like when it comes to children who are victims of physical abuse . Work is based on the questions: Have the two preschools guidelines for dealing with the problem of physical abuse of children? What similarities are there in the guidelines when it comes to attitude and actions?  What are the differences in the guidelines when it comes to attitude and actions? A comparison between the two preschools done through a textual analysis of two documents , parents' cooperative has a crisis and contingency plan and the municipal has a document in which an obligation. The analyzes will be conducted from a hermeneutic approach and in a qualitative processing. The work also deals with notification requirements preschool faced suspicion or concern arises among staff. Here you can also read about how the Social Services Act 14, Chapter 1, § reads before notification. The results show that there are differences between the preschools regarding treatment and measures but also that there is uncertainty in how staff should act

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are global environmental contaminants and a need for monitoring levels has arisen due to their persistency and their ability to bioaccumulate. One relatively novel method of monitoring for both long and short time intervals and generating time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations is passive sampling for which no power, maintenance and supervision is required. The polar organic compound integrative sampler (POCIS) with a weak anion exchange (WAX) sorbent and the POCIS with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) adsorbent were calibrated for PFASs in a laboratory uptake experiment, and applied at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Stockholm, Sweden.   In the calibration study, all of the 14 studied PFASs were taken up by both passive samplers. Two and three out of the 14 studied PFASs had reached equilibrium after 28 days using POCIS WAX (PFBA and PFTeDA) and POCIS HLB (PFBA, PFPeA and PFTeDA), respectively. The sampling rate (Rs), which is the extracted water in liters per day, ranged between 0.003 and 0.10 L day-1 for the POCIS WAX and between 0.00052 and 0.13 L day-1 for the POCIS HLB. In general, Rs increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain-length (C4 to C8) and for a perfluorocarbon chain-length longer than C8, Rs decreased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain-length (C8 to C13) for both passive samplers. FOSA had the highest Rs-value (0.10 and 0.13 L day-1) for both POCIS WAX and POCIS HLB, respectively. The POCIS WAX had a higher uptake for the short-chained PFASs PFBA (134 ng after 28 days), PFPeA (410 ng) and PFHxA (834 ng), compared to the POCIS HLB (0.5 ng, 58 ng, and 373 ng, respectively). For all other compounds, the accumulated amounts in the POCIS HLB were in the same range as in the POCIS WAX.   The application of the passive samplers at the DWTP showed that both passive samplers could detect ultra-trace (pg to ng L-1) levels of PFASs. A comparison of the TWA concentration showed that the two passive samplers had a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.63), but the TWA concentrations derived by POCIS WAX was approximately 40% higher compared to POCIS HLB. A comparison between the passive samplers and the grab samples did not show a correlation (R2 = 0.24 for POCIS WAX and R2 = 0.10 for POCIS HLB). The application also included a comparison of the removal efficiency in the conventional DWTP and a pilot plant with additional treatments steps of granulated activated carbon (GAC) and nanofiltration (NF). For the full-scale DWTP the average removal efficiency was 32% and high removal efficiency was observed for PFBA (81%). For the pilot plant, the removal efficiency was 100% for all the detected PFASs in the raw water. / Perfluoroalkylsubstanser (PFAS) har blivit uppmärksammade som globala miljöföroreningar, och ett behov av att övervaka dessa ämnens förekomst i miljön har uppkommit på grund av hög persistens i kombination med hög förmåga att bioackumulera. En relativt ny metod för tidsintegrerad provtagning är så kallad passiv provtagning. En adsorbent placeras i fält och ackumulerar PFAS från vattnet. Tillgång till elektricitet behövs inte, och behov av övervakning och underhåll är minimalt. I denna studie kalibrerades en så kallad ’polar organic compound integrative sampler’ (POCIS) för mätning av PFAS genom upptagsexperiment med två olika adsorbenter: en svag anjons adsorbent (WAX) och en hydrofil-lipofil balanserad adsorbent (HLB). Metodiken tillämpades sedan på vatten från ett dricksvattenverk i Stockholm, Sverige.   Upptagsexperimenten utfördes med 14 PFAS och samtliga togs upp av båda adsorbenterna. Två respektive tre av de studerade PFAS uppnådde jämvikt efter 28 dagar för WAX (PFBS och PFTeDA) samt HLB (PFBA, PFPeA och PFTeDA). Upptagshastigheten (Rs), det vill säga den volym som extraheras per dag, varierade mellan 0,003 och 0,1 L dag-1 för WAX och mellan 0,00052 och 0,13 L dag-1 för HLB. Generellt ökade Rs med en ökande längd på kedjan av perfluorerade kol upp till C8, för att sedan avta med ökande kedjelängd. FOSA hade det högsta Rs-värdet (0,10 och 0,13 L dag-1) för både WAX och HLB. WAX hade ett högre upptag (upp till 134, 410 och 834 ng) för PFAS med kort perfluorerad kolkedja (PFBA, PFPeA respektive PFHxA) jämfört med HLB (upp till 0,5, 58, och 373 ng). Den ackumulerade mängden för alla andra PFAS överensstämde väl mellan de båda provtagarna.   Mätning av PFAS halter i dricksvattenverket med hjälp av POCIS WAX och POCIS HLB visade att även PFAS kunde detekteras även vid miljörelevanta halter. En jämförelse mellan de båda passiva provtagarna visade på ett linjärt samband (R2 = 0,63), men där POCIS WAX hade en tendens att överskatta koncentrationen med ca 40%. En jämförelse mellan de passiva provtagarna och traditionell uppsamlingsprovtagning visade på låg överrensstämmelse (R2 = 0.24 för POCIS WAX och 0.10 för POCIS HLB). Vid tillämpningen gjordes även en beräkning för reningseffektiviteten av PFAS i dricksvattenverket och i en pilotanläggning där ytterligare rening med granulerat aktivt kol (GAC) och nanofiltration (NF) används. I dricksvattenverket var den genomsnittliga reningen 32%, med den högsta reningseffektiviteten för PFBA (81%). I pilotanläggningen var reningen 100% för alla upptäckta PFAS i råvattnet.

The aim of this study is to systematize and advance the Systemic-FunctionalLinguistic method of analysing Ergativity such as it has potential to be employedfor linguistically oriented Critical Discourse Analysis. By applying the termMetaphor of Ergativity, and distinguishing and defining a variety of suchMetaphors, different realizations of Ergativity can be identified and categorized.The method is subsequently adopted for an analysis of a newspaper material. Theanalysis reveals that Ergativity is realized differently depending on which Agent isassociated with an Ergative process, and that different Metaphors of Ergativity tendto be used with slightly different functions. Such differences may carry significancefor Critical Discourse Analyses, and the method could therefore be a usefuladdition to future linguistically oriented Critical Discourse Analyses.

Luftvärnsradarns lokalisering av flygföretag genom emittering av energi gör den sårbar för fientliga motmedel och verkan. Passiva radarsystem, som inte sänder egen energi utan parasiterar på icke-kooperativa sändarantenner undersöks i detta arbete som potentiellt komplement tillluftvärnsförbandets befintliga aktiva radarsystem. Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva hur användandet av passiva sensorer påverkar luftvärnets förmågor inom ramen för luftförsvaret över Sverige. Arbetets frågeställningar är:- Hur skulle en implementering av passiva radarsystem påverka luftvärnets grundläggande förmågor? - Vilken militär nytta har passiva radarer inom ramen för luftvärnsförbandet För att besvara frågeställningarna har MUAFT-metoden använts som en teoretisk ramverksmodell för att analysera och bedöma passiva radarers militära nytta genom att analysera deras påverkan på luftvärnsförbandets grundläggande förmågor. Inledningsvis konstruerades två spelkort utifrån nuvarande luftvärnsorganisation med och utan tillförd passiv radar, vilket presenterades i en SWOT-analys. Därefter bedömdes det passiva systemet påverkan utifrån de militära grundläggande förmågorna, samt faktorerna DOTPMFLI för att slutligen kunna bedöma systemets militära nytta. Resultaten från studien pekar mot att passiva radarer påverkar samtligagrundläggande förmågor, dock främst förbandets uthållighet och överlevnad. Vidare slutsatser tyder på att implementering av passiva radarsystem skulle ge militär nytta inom ramen för luftvärnsbataljon när de nyttjas i synergi med befintligt aktivt radarsystem / In the search of hostile aircraft air defence radars emit electromagnetic waves making them vulnerable to enemy countermeasures and effects. Passive radars, lacking dedicated transmitters utilize the electromagnetic radiation of non-cooperative transmitters. The possible introduction of passive radars is examined in this report as a potential complement to the currently used active radars of the Swedish Air Defence. The purpose of this study is to explore how the utilization of passive radars within the Swedish Air Defence effects the military capabilities regarding Air Defence over Sweden. The research questions of this report are:- How would an implementation of passive radars affect the military capabilities of the Swedish air defence?- Would passive radars within the Swedish Air Defence provide military utility? To answer the questions, the MUAFT-method has been used as a theoretical framework model to analyze and assess the military utility of passive radars and their impact on the Air Defence’s military capabilities. Initially, two conceptual technical systems were presented based on the current organization of the Swedish Air Defence. One system with and one without added passive radar. Both systems were then subjected to a SWOT-analysis. Thereafter, the passive radar system was assessed on the basis of its impact on the military capabilities, as well as its footprint according to DOTPMFLI. Finally, the military utility of passive radars in Air Defence was assessed. The results indicate that an implementation of passive radar would impact all of the military capability factors, although most prominently regarding endurance and survivability. Conclusions regarding the implementation of passive radars indicate that the system does have military utility within the Air Defence unit, provided they are used as intended, in synergy with existing active radars.