本研究在於探討國中校長家長式領導與教師組織承諾之關係，根據文獻分析，及採用問卷調查法；以瞭解國中教師對校長家長式領導與教師組織承諾之現況、差異情形及其相關，並探討工作滿意是否為校長家長式領導與教師組織承諾的中介變項。 本研究以台北縣國中教師為對象，以分層隨機方式抽取樣本，計590位受試者，回收有效問卷468份，佔全部問卷問卷的79.3%，將所得有效樣本資料編碼，分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及典型相關等統計方法進行資料的分析與處理，獲得以下結論： 一、國中校長展現中度家長式領導行為，以「德行領導」為最高。 二、國中教師對於組織承諾表現中度以上的程度，尤其是「情感性承諾」最佳。 三、國中教師對於工作滿意表現中度以上的程度，其中「內在滿意」最高。 四、男性、教師兼任主任知覺校長家長式領導較高。 五、41歲以上且在本校服務11~20年的導師其組織承諾較高。 六、校長表現高德行、高仁慈則教師們會產生較高的「情感性承諾」、「規範性承諾」。 七、校長展現低威權會使老師們有較高「情感性承諾」、但是「持續性承諾」、「規範性承諾」也會降低。 八、工作滿意對於家長式領導與教師組織承諾有中介效果。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between principal’s paternalistic leadership and teacher’s organization commitment in Junior High Schools. according to the analysis of references and adaptation of questionary survey method to understand the current situation of principal’s paternalistic leadership and teacher’s organization commitment, as well as the correlation and the difference between them,and to discuss the mediating effects of job satisfaction toward principals’ paternalistic leadership and teachers’ organizational commitment. This study took the teachers junior high school in Taipei County as population,and got samples by stratified random sampling. 468 samples are effective among 590 teachers and the rate of retrieve is 79.3 %. After analyzing the data by statistical methods of mean, standard deviation, t test, one-way ANOVA and canonical correlation, the results of this study were as follow： 一、Principals of junior high schools performed above moderate level of paternalistic leadership behavior，especially the performance of moral leadership. 二、Junior high school teachers’ performance in organization commitment was above the average, especially in affective commitment. 三、Junior high school teachers showed above moderate level of Job satisfaction, among which the intrinsic satisfaction was perceived most. 四、Teachers who are males and part-time rectors show higher perception of principal’s paternalistic leadership. 五、Homeroom teachers who are over 41 years and with 11-20 years of service has more organization commitment. 六、While principals perform high morale, benevolent leadership, teachers may have high affective commitment and normative commitment. 七、Principals perform low authoritarian leadership promotes teachers’ affective commitment. However, teachers’ continuance commitment and normative commitment will demote. 八、Job satisfaction does have mediating impact on principal’s paternalistic leadership and teachers’ organization commitment.

In this dissertation an attempt has been made to investigate the means by which God is at work in our world. The researcher has acted on the assumption that God rules in our world, but investigates the content of such a belief. The question whether God acts in our world from a basis of control, or from a motivation of shared interest is currently brought to the surface. Istrumental is the use of Critical Theory to investigate the above mentioned problem. With this instument oppressive perspectives (paternalistic views) are identified and unmasked as well as new perspectives (stewardship) implemented. Biblical stewardship seems to be a perspective on how God wants to use the local church to assist in his plan of salvation for those in need. Authority with others rather over others seems to be the stewardship strategy God wants us to participate in. / In hierdie verhandeling word ondersoek ingestel na die wyse waarop God in die wereld betrokke is (Missio Dei). Daar word uitgegaan van die veronderstelling dat God in die wereld regeer en wat hierdie navorsing poog om te verstaan hoe God in die wereld regeer. Die problematiek wat deurgaans in hierdie studie hanteer word, hou verband met die vraag of God vanuit 'n beheerstelsel (pantokratiese stelsel) in die wereld betrokke is en of sy werksaamhede eerder vanuit 'n bestuurstelsel (oikonomos) verstaan moet word. In 'n poging om bogenoemde probleem op te los word gebruik gemaak van die Kritiese Teorie. Met hierdie instrument word enersyds gepoog om onderdrukkende perspektiewe (soos God as Pantokrator) te weerle, wat onderdrukkende ideologie instand hou. Andersyds word die Kritiese Teorie as instrument gebruik om alternatiewe te ondersoek (soos God as bestuurder van ons heil) wat nuwe perspektiewe daar kan stel. Bybelse rentmeesterskap hou gevoglik daarmee verband dat God die mens/kerk medeverantwoordelik maak in bogenoemde bestuursproses ten einde God se Missio Dei deelnemend te bestuur. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Title in English and Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In this dissertation an attempt has been made to investigate the means by which God is at work in our world. The researcher has acted on the assumption that God rules in our world, but investigates the content of such a belief The question whether God acts in our world from a basis of control, or from a motivation of shared interest is currently brought to the surface. Instrumental is the use of Critical Theory to investigate the above mentioned problem. With this instrument oppressive perspectives (paternalistic views) are identified and unmasked as well as new perspectives (stewardship) implemented. Biblical stewardship seems to be a perspective on how God wants to use the local church to assist in his plan of salvation for those in need. Authority with others rather over others seems to be the stewardship strategy God wants us to participate in. / In hierdie verhandeling word ondersoek ingestel na die wyse waarop God in die wereld betrokke is (Missio Dei). Daar word uitgegaan van die veronderstelling dat God in die wereld regeer en wil hierdie navorsing poog om te verstaan hoe God in die wereld regeer. Die problematiek wat deurgaans in hierdie studie hanteer word, hou verband met die vraag of God vanuit 'n beheerstelsel (pantokratiese stelsel) in die wereld betrokke is en of sy werksaamhede eerder vanuit 'n bestuurstelsel (oikonomos) verstaan moet word. In 'n poging om bogenoemde probleem op te los word gebruik gemaak van die Kritiese Teorie. Met hierdie instrument word enersyds gepoog om onderdrukkende perspektiewe (soos God as Pantokrator) te weerle, wat onderdrukkende ideologie instand hou. Andersyds word die Kritiese Teorie as instrument gebruik om alternatiewe te ondersoek (soos God as bestuurder van ons heil) wat nuwe perspektiewe daar kan stel. Bybelse rentmeesterskap hou gevolglik daarmee verband dat God die mens/kerk medeverantwoordelik maak in bogenoemde bestuursproses ten einde God se Missio Dei deelnemend te bestuur. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th.(Missiology)

本研究旨在探討教育行政機關之主管家長式領導、行政人員情緒勞動及職業倦怠之關係，以瞭解目前我國教育行政機關主管領導型態，並進一步分析行政人員知覺家長式領導與其情緒勞動及職業倦怠之關係。研究方法以文獻分析及問卷調查法為主，係以臺北縣市教育局之行政人員為對象，隨機抽樣400位行政人員，回收有效樣本260人，回收率達65%。問卷調查結果採用描述性統計、單因子變異數分析以及多元迴歸分析法進行分析，獲得研究結論如下： 一、教育行政機關行政人員在知覺主管家長式領導中，「德行領導」之程度最高。 二、教育行政機關行政人員在情緒勞動中，以「深層偽裝」較高。 三、教育行政機關行政人員在職業倦怠中，以「情緒耗竭」最高。 四、不同背景變項之教育行政機關行政人員在知覺主管家長式領導、情緒勞動及職業倦怠等變項上或分向度上有顯著差異。 五、教育行政機關行政人員知覺主管不同之家長式領導類型程度分別與其情緒勞 動有顯著差異。 六、教育行政機關行政人員知覺主管不同之家長式領導類型程度分別與其職業倦 怠有顯著差異。 七、教育行政機關行政人員情緒勞動與其職業倦怠有顯著差異。 八、教育行政機關行政人員知覺主管家長式領導中之「威權領導」及其情緒勞動皆可有效預測其職業倦怠。 根據上述研究結論，本研究提出下列建議： 一、對教育行政機關主管之建議 （一）發揮仁慈領導，主動關懷提供支援之環境， （二）重視德行領導，以身作則俾利型塑使命感。 （三）慎用威權領導，展現理性的人治手段。 （四）建立職場情緒腳本，並納入公務人員訓練課程之中。 （五）加強甄選機制，篩選具合適人格特質之行政人員。 二、對教育行政機關行政人員之建議 （一）主動積極請主管指引政策擬辦方向，以減少情緒勞動。 （二）向資深同仁請益，以有效轉化情緒勞動。 （三）找尋適當的情緒表達管道，以降低表層偽裝的情緒勞動。 （四）瞭解公部門服務之本質，以提升專業效能。 三、對未來研究之建議 分別就研究對象、研究變項及研究方法等方面提出進一步之建議，俾使未來相關研究更臻完善。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among paternalistic leadership of supervisors, emotional labor and job burnout of administrators, to realize the status in Taiwan. The research method this study adopted were literature analysis and survey research which data were collected from random sample of 400 administrators of Department of Education Administration Authority in Taipei City and County. The valid samples were 260, and usable responses rates were 65%. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical methods of descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. And the findings of this study are as follows: 1. Among the perception from the administrators of supervisors’ paternalistic leadership, “moral leadership” is the highest. 2. As to the emotional labor of administrators, “deep acting” is higher. 3. As to the job burnout of administrators, “emotional exhaustion” is the highest. 4. The administrators with different background variables have significant differences in perceptions of supervisors’ paternalistic leadership, their emotional labor and job burnout. 5. The administrators with different level of perceptions of supervisors’ have significant differences in emotional labor. 6. The administrators with different level of perceptions of supervisors’ have significant differences in job burnout. 7. The administrators with different level of emotional labor have significant differences in job burnout. 8. The levels of administrators’ perceptions of supervisors’ “authority leadership” and administrators’ emotional labor can effectively predict the job burnout of administrators. Based on the above findings, this study makes the following recommendations: 1. For supervisors of education administration authority (1) Play a benevolent leadership to provide the supported environment. (2) Emphasis on moral leadership to make a sample for shaping the missions. (3) Use authoritarian leadership carefully to show a rational person. (4) Establish the workplace emotional scripts, and add them in the public service training curriculum. (5) Strengthen the selection mechanisms to select the administrators with appropriate personality traits. 2. For administrators of education administration authority (1) Proactively get the guidelines of proposed direction from the supervisors in order to reduce the emotional labor. (2) Ask senior colleagues to effectively transform the emotional labor. (3) Find the appropriate ways to express emotions in order to reduce the “surface acting” emotional labor. (4) Realize the nature of public sector services in order to promote the professional performance. 3. For future studies: This study provide suggestions on research subjects, variables and methods for future studies as well.

本研究旨在探討國民中學校長家長式領導層面、學校組織健康與教師組織公民行為關係。研究方法為文獻分析與問卷調查法。研究對象為我國國民中學教師，共發出923份問卷，回收率76%，有效樣本共702份。問卷回收後分別以信度分析、描述統計、皮爾森積差相關、集群分析、變異數分析、多元迴歸及結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析。根據研究結果與分析歸納之研究結論如下： 壹、 國民中學教師感受較少校長威權領導行為、中等程度仁慈領導行為、較多德行領導行為。 貳、 國民中學學校組織健康程度尚佳。 參、 國民中學教師組織公民行為程度良好。 肆、 不同背景變項國民中學教師對校長家長式領導層面、學校組織健康及教師組織公民行為看法具顯著差異。 伍、 威權領導與仁慈領導、德行領導、學校組織健康、教師組織公民行為間具有顯著負相關；仁慈領導、德行領導、學校組織健康、教師組織公民行為間則具有顯著正相關。 陸、 國民中學校長家長式領導取向可區分為二種，且各取向在學校組織健康上具顯著差異。 柒、 國民中學校長家長式領導層面可顯著預測學校組織健康程度。 捌、 國民中學校長家長式領導層面及學校組織健康可顯著預測教師組織公民行為程度。 玖、 家長式領導層面、學校組織健康與教師組織公民行為因果關係模式適配度尚佳，其中仁慈領導對學校組織健康之整體效果最高，學校組織健康則對教師組織公民行為之整體效果最高。 最後，本研究依研究結論分別提出以下建議： 壹、 對國民中學校長領導的建議 一、強化仁慈領導程度。 二、強化德行領導程度。 三、轉變威權領導。 貳、 對教育工作者的建議 一、提升學校自主性。 二、校長應致力營造高倡導高關懷的組織氣候。 三、提升校長影響力並作好行政支援教學工作。 四、適時激勵教師工作士氣，營造對學校的認同感。 參、 對後續研究的建議 分別對研究對象、變項及方法等方面，對未來研究提出建議。 / This study is focused on investigating the relationship among paternalistic leadership, organizational health, and organizational citizenship behavior in public junior high schools. The research process includes literature review and questionnaire survey. The population of this study is the junior high school teachers across Taiwan. 923 questionnaires were distributed, and 76% of them about 702 questionnaires were returned. The data is analyzed through reliability analysis, descriptive statistic, Pearson product-moment correlation, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, multipack regression and SEM. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. Junior high school teachers show low level of perception in authoritarianism leadership, median level of perception in benevolence leadership , high level of perception in moral leadership, high level of perception in organizational health, and very high level of perception in organizational citizenship behavior. 2. Junior high school teachers with different background show different opinions in paternalistic leadership, organizational health, and organizational citizenship behavior. 3. Authoritarianism leadership has a negative correlation with benevolence leadership, moral leadership, organizational health, and organizational citizenship behavior; there is a positive correlation among benevolence leadership, moral leadership, organizational health, and organizational citizenship behavior. 4. There are two approaches of paternalistic leadership, and they have different impact on organizational health. 5. The paternalistic leadership can predict organizational health significantly; the paternalistic leadership together with organizational health can predict organizational citizenship behavior significantly. 6. The structure relation among paternalistic leadership, organizational health, and organizational citizenship behavior is good. The suggestions of the study are as follows: 1. The suggestions for junior high school principals. (1)Improving the benevolence leadership ability. (2) Improving the moral leadership ability. (3)Transforming the authoritarianism leadership. 2. The suggestions for junior high school educators. (1)Raising the school integrity. (2)Principals should try their best to create a organizational climate with high level of consideration and initiating structure. (3) Principals should boost their influence on their supervisors, and provide teachers with sufficient resources. (4)Inspiring teacher’s moral in time, and boosting their identification with schools. 3. The suggestions for further studies. This study advises some implications on research subjects, variables, and methods.

The dissertation is a biography of the industrialist and statesman Christian Lundeberg, a leading and stongly pronounced conservative actor in Swedish political life during the decades around1900, but nowadays almost forgotten. The purpose is to identify the main forces – convictions as well as external factors – behind his actions. He was very influential within  a range of important sectors, i.a. compulsory national service, repeated interventions to keep the iron ore of Norrland under Swedish ownership,  establishment of a regular conservative party and the decision on the vote to right (for men) in 1907. His most well-known action was as Swedish Prime Minister and head architect behind the peaceful dissolution in 1905 of the union with Norway. However for a long time biographies have not been regarded as ”real” scientific work within the concerned academic Swedish circles. For this reason the introductory chapter analyses these discussions  and  concludes that time now is ready for the genre to come in from the cold , enumerating six criteria regarded to be of paramount importance. These are being observed in the consecutive parts of the study. The following chapter studies the concept of paternalism as defined within Swedish professional circles, forming a background to the remaining parts of the dissertation. In their turn these present thorough reviews both of Lundeberg’s activities as a paternalistic foundry proprietor in the local family owned community of Forsbacka and of his contributions on the central political level. The final chapter summarizes the driving forces behind Lundeberg’s activities in stating that he was not an ultraconservative person, a priori opposing all progress.  Instead as the years passed he developed a clear readiness for compromise solutions. Three key concepts are said to be central to the understanding of his person: “Fatherland”, ”Responsibility” and “Duty”.  Throughout all his life he adhered to many of the paternalistic principles and values he learnt at an early age in Forsbacka. His present anonymity is explained  by the fact that he in a retrospective very often is considered as being defeated in a number of political convictions now regarded as important.

Submitted by Lucas Zarconi (lucaszarconi@fgvmail.br) on 2015-01-14T17:13:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucas Zarconi.pdf: 980672 bytes, checksum: 57853f381a70a6a319523ec2e4ddd3cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-01-16T11:52:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucas Zarconi.pdf: 980672 bytes, checksum: 57853f381a70a6a319523ec2e4ddd3cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-01-19T16:16:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucas Zarconi.pdf: 980672 bytes, checksum: 57853f381a70a6a319523ec2e4ddd3cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-19T16:17:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucas Zarconi.pdf: 980672 bytes, checksum: 57853f381a70a6a319523ec2e4ddd3cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / Research on paternalistic leadership (PL) has been based exclusively on national cultures´ differences. However there are cues that other contextual variables can add to the explanation of this construct. Due to its capacity to influence expectations of individuals in organizations, organizational culture can contribute to fill this gap. To test if organizational culture influences the effectiveness of leadership style, we conducted two experimental studies using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, comparing effects of paternalistic and transformational leadership on followers’ outcomes. Using video clips and vignettes, we found that PL is better related to followers´ outcomes in cultures oriented to people than outcome, and that TL has a better relationship in cultures oriented to innovation than stability. The results suggest that organizational culture helps in explaining PL endorsement, and that further analysis of the influence of this variable to PL can provide a better understanding of the expression of this leadership style in organizations.

In this dissertation an attempt has been made to investigate the means by which God is at work in our world. The researcher has acted on the assumption that God rules in our world, but investigates the content of such a belief. The question whether God acts in our world from a basis of control, or from a motivation of shared interest is currently brought to the surface. Istrumental is the use of Critical Theory to investigate the above mentioned problem. With this instument oppressive perspectives (paternalistic views) are identified and unmasked as well as new perspectives (stewardship) implemented. Biblical stewardship seems to be a perspective on how God wants to use the local church to assist in his plan of salvation for those in need. Authority with others rather over others seems to be the stewardship strategy God wants us to participate in. / In hierdie verhandeling word ondersoek ingestel na die wyse waarop God in die wereld betrokke is (Missio Dei). Daar word uitgegaan van die veronderstelling dat God in die wereld regeer en wat hierdie navorsing poog om te verstaan hoe God in die wereld regeer. Die problematiek wat deurgaans in hierdie studie hanteer word, hou verband met die vraag of God vanuit 'n beheerstelsel (pantokratiese stelsel) in die wereld betrokke is en of sy werksaamhede eerder vanuit 'n bestuurstelsel (oikonomos) verstaan moet word. In 'n poging om bogenoemde probleem op te los word gebruik gemaak van die Kritiese Teorie. Met hierdie instrument word enersyds gepoog om onderdrukkende perspektiewe (soos God as Pantokrator) te weerle, wat onderdrukkende ideologie instand hou. Andersyds word die Kritiese Teorie as instrument gebruik om alternatiewe te ondersoek (soos God as bestuurder van ons heil) wat nuwe perspektiewe daar kan stel. Bybelse rentmeesterskap hou gevoglik daarmee verband dat God die mens/kerk medeverantwoordelik maak in bogenoemde bestuursproses ten einde God se Missio Dei deelnemend te bestuur. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Title in English and Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In this dissertation an attempt has been made to investigate the means by which God is at work in our world. The researcher has acted on the assumption that God rules in our world, but investigates the content of such a belief The question whether God acts in our world from a basis of control, or from a motivation of shared interest is currently brought to the surface. Instrumental is the use of Critical Theory to investigate the above mentioned problem. With this instrument oppressive perspectives (paternalistic views) are identified and unmasked as well as new perspectives (stewardship) implemented. Biblical stewardship seems to be a perspective on how God wants to use the local church to assist in his plan of salvation for those in need. Authority with others rather over others seems to be the stewardship strategy God wants us to participate in. / In hierdie verhandeling word ondersoek ingestel na die wyse waarop God in die wereld betrokke is (Missio Dei). Daar word uitgegaan van die veronderstelling dat God in die wereld regeer en wil hierdie navorsing poog om te verstaan hoe God in die wereld regeer. Die problematiek wat deurgaans in hierdie studie hanteer word, hou verband met die vraag of God vanuit 'n beheerstelsel (pantokratiese stelsel) in die wereld betrokke is en of sy werksaamhede eerder vanuit 'n bestuurstelsel (oikonomos) verstaan moet word. In 'n poging om bogenoemde probleem op te los word gebruik gemaak van die Kritiese Teorie. Met hierdie instrument word enersyds gepoog om onderdrukkende perspektiewe (soos God as Pantokrator) te weerle, wat onderdrukkende ideologie instand hou. Andersyds word die Kritiese Teorie as instrument gebruik om alternatiewe te ondersoek (soos God as bestuurder van ons heil) wat nuwe perspektiewe daar kan stel. Bybelse rentmeesterskap hou gevolglik daarmee verband dat God die mens/kerk medeverantwoordelik maak in bogenoemde bestuursproses ten einde God se Missio Dei deelnemend te bestuur. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th.(Missiology)

Cette thèse est consacrée à l‘étude de la relation entre la croissance économique et l’environnement, en tenant compte des décisions altruistes des ménages envers leurs enfants en termes de legs économique, éducatif et environnemental. Ce travail s’articule autour de trois chapitres. Le premier se focalise sur les premiers stades de développement, marquant un tournant majeur de cette relation, et met en exergue le rôle des interactions des sphères économique, démographique et environnementale dans l’émergence d’un processus d’industrialisation polluante. Il illustre également les grandes disparités observées historiquement avec des économies piégées dans une trappe à pauvreté et d’autres se développant au prix d’une pollution élevée. Les chapitres suivants s’intéressent à des économies développées. Le deuxième chapitre prend en compte l’endogénéité des préférences environnementales pour analyser une politique environnementale composée d’outils usuels (taxe sur la pollution et dépenses de dépollution) et d’un outil éducatif visant à sensibiliser les ménages à l'environnement. Nous montrons qu’un tel "policy mix" peut permettre à la fois d’éviter des inégalités intergénérationnelles, provenant de fluctuations des préférences, et de favoriser la croissance économique. Le troisième chapitre traite des effets de la pollution sur l’espérance de vie et de l’aspect inégalitaire de leur répartition au sein de la population. Nous trouvons qu’il existe une trappe à inégalités, où les disparités empirent constamment mais qu’une politique environnementale peut permettre d’échapper à cette trappe et d’augmenter la croissance de l’économie, par ses effets sur la santé et l’éducation. / This thesis is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between economic growth and the environment, when considering the altruistic choices of parents toward their children, through environmental, economic and educative bequests. This work is organized around three chapters. The first focuses on the first stages of economic development, corresponding to a major turning point of this relationship. It highlights the role of interactions between economic, demographic and environmental spheres in the emergence of a polluting industrialization. Moreover, it illustrates the great disparities, historically observed, with economies stuck in a poverty trap and others developing at expense of their environment. The others chapter deals with developed economies. The second chapter takes into account the endogeneity of environmental preferences in order to analyze the implications of an environmental policy composed of usual tools (pollution tax and abatement activities) and an educative tool aiming to raise households’ environmental awareness. We show that such a policy mix may allow to avoid intergenerational inequalities, coming from fluctuations in preferences, and to enhance economic growth. The third chapter considers the effects of pollution on longevity and their unequal repartition across population. We highlight that there exists an inequality trap, where disparities are persistently widening, but also that an environmental policy may allow an economy to escape from this trap and to improve economic growth, through its positive effects on health and on the returns to education.