O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as mudanças políticas, sociais e econômicas ocorridas no Haiti entre os anos de 2004 e 2008, desde o estabelecimento de uma operação de manutenção da paz da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no país. Para que os efeitos da Missão de Estabilização das Nações Unidas no Haiti (MINUSTAH), como é chamada tal operação, sejam conhecidos, uma análise bibliográfica é realizada. A ela, soma-se a análise de documentos e informações - estes, por sua vez, recolhidos através de trabalho de campo realizado durante viagem de estudos da pesquisadora ao Haiti. O trabalho apresenta, em um primeiro momento, um panorama da situação haitiana, com vistas à construção de um aporte teórico que possibilite o estudo do caso. Tendo a debilidade estatal como variável explicativa da crise social, econômica e política instaurada no Haiti no ano 2000 - crise esta que embasa a intervenção internacional - o processo de construção do Estado haitiano e a interação entre poder, autoritarismo e cultura da força são abordados. O intuito é demonstrar como essas variáveis se combinam, dando origem à crise e colocando-se como obstáculos à sua resolução. Em um segundo momento, são estudadas as operações de manutenção da paz da ONU como um todo. A ênfase é dada às operações ocorridas no período pós Guerra Fria, devido a seu caráter multidisciplinar, do qual a MINUSTAH é representante. Neste ponto, são analisados os desafios impostos pelas mudanças ocorridas no mecanismo, com vistas à sua equiparação posterior ao caso haitiano. Por fim, em um terceiro momento, a Missão de Estabilização das Nações Unidas é estudada em maior profundidade; determinando-se seus antecedentes e condicionantes, para que, em seguida, sua atuação durante os primeiros quatro anos seja analisada. Através deste trabalho, é possível perceber a importância da presença da MINUSTAH em território haitiano. A missão teve, de fato, papel relevante para o alcance e a manutenção de um ambiente estável e seguro no país, além de ter proporcionado oportunidades de diálogo político entre as partes conflitantes. No entanto, muitos ainda são os obstáculos que se impõem ao sucesso da missão, não apenas nos quesitos securitários e políticos, mas principalmente no que diz respeito aos desafios sociais e econômicos impostos ao Haiti. / The present study seeks to present the political, social and economical changes in course in Haiti between the years 2004 and 2008, since the establishment of a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operation in the country. In order to show the effects of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), as the mission is called, a bibliographical analysis is carried out. To it, it is added an analysis of documents and information - these, in their turn, gathered through a work in the field carried out during a study trip of the researcher to Haiti. The study presents, at a first moment, a view of the Haitian situation, in order to construct a theoretical approach that makes the study of the case possible. Considering the state weakness as an explicative variable of the social, economical and political crisis set up in the country in the year 2000 - a crisis that serves as a basis to the international intervention - the process of construction of the Haitian state and the interaction between power, authoritarianism and culture of force are brought to study. The objective is to demonstrate how these variables go together, originating the crisis and becoming obstacles to its resolution. At a second moment, the UN peacekeeping operations are studied as a whole. The emphasis is given to the operations that are carried out during the post-Cold War period, due to its multidisciplinary character, of which MINUSTAH is representative. At this moment, the challenges imposed by the changes in the mechanism are studied, in order to subsequently equate them to the Haitian case. Finally, at a third moment, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is deeply analyzed; its records and restrictions are determined, so that its actions in the field during the first four years can be analyzed next. Through this study, it is possible to understand the importance of the presence of MINUSTAH in the Haitian territory. The mission had, in fact, a relevant role in reaching and maintaining a stable and secure environment in the country, besides having provided opportunities of political dialogue between the conflicting parts. However, there are still many obstacles to the success of the mission, not only to security and politics aspects, but specially to the social and economic challenges imposed to Haiti.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matijascic_vb_me_mar.pdf: 427096 bytes, checksum: f3fc2ea8baf38e6a4af5a835efe387fd (MD5) / Esta dissertação é uma aálise do contexto e dos fatores que levaram à aprovação e envio da primeira operação de manutenção de paz das Nações Unidas ao Haiti no início da década de 1990, bem como busca verificar se os pontos do mandato aprovado pelo Conselho de Segurança foram cumpridos e sob quais condições. Analisamos as negociações mediadas por atores internacionais - como a Organização das Nações Unidas, a Organização dos Estados Americanos e os Estados Unidos - e os resultados obtidos pelas partes envolvidas no conflito: Jean-Bertrand Aristide e autoridades militares e políticas haitianas. / This thesis is an analysis of the context and factors that led to the approval and sending of the first UN peace-keeping operation in Haiti at the beginning of the 1990's, as well as it is an attempt to certificate if the goals of the mandate approved by the Security Council were accomplished and under what conditions. We reviewed the negotiations mediated by United States - and the results achieved by thr parties in conflit: Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Haitian political and military authorities.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as mudanças políticas, sociais e econômicas ocorridas no Haiti entre os anos de 2004 e 2008, desde o estabelecimento de uma operação de manutenção da paz da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no país. Para que os efeitos da Missão de Estabilização das Nações Unidas no Haiti (MINUSTAH), como é chamada tal operação, sejam conhecidos, uma análise bibliográfica é realizada. A ela, soma-se a análise de documentos e informações - estes, por sua vez, recolhidos através de trabalho de campo realizado durante viagem de estudos da pesquisadora ao Haiti. O trabalho apresenta, em um primeiro momento, um panorama da situação haitiana, com vistas à construção de um aporte teórico que possibilite o estudo do caso. Tendo a debilidade estatal como variável explicativa da crise social, econômica e política instaurada no Haiti no ano 2000 - crise esta que embasa a intervenção internacional - o processo de construção do Estado haitiano e a interação entre poder, autoritarismo e cultura da força são abordados. O intuito é demonstrar como essas variáveis se combinam, dando origem à crise e colocando-se como obstáculos à sua resolução. Em um segundo momento, são estudadas as operações de manutenção da paz da ONU como um todo. A ênfase é dada às operações ocorridas no período pós Guerra Fria, devido a seu caráter multidisciplinar, do qual a MINUSTAH é representante. Neste ponto, são analisados os desafios impostos pelas mudanças ocorridas no mecanismo, com vistas à sua equiparação posterior ao caso haitiano. Por fim, em um terceiro momento, a Missão de Estabilização das Nações Unidas é estudada em maior profundidade; determinando-se seus antecedentes e condicionantes, para que, em seguida, sua atuação durante os primeiros quatro anos seja analisada. Através deste trabalho, é possível perceber a importância da presença da MINUSTAH em território haitiano. A missão teve, de fato, papel relevante para o alcance e a manutenção de um ambiente estável e seguro no país, além de ter proporcionado oportunidades de diálogo político entre as partes conflitantes. No entanto, muitos ainda são os obstáculos que se impõem ao sucesso da missão, não apenas nos quesitos securitários e políticos, mas principalmente no que diz respeito aos desafios sociais e econômicos impostos ao Haiti. / The present study seeks to present the political, social and economical changes in course in Haiti between the years 2004 and 2008, since the establishment of a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operation in the country. In order to show the effects of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), as the mission is called, a bibliographical analysis is carried out. To it, it is added an analysis of documents and information - these, in their turn, gathered through a work in the field carried out during a study trip of the researcher to Haiti. The study presents, at a first moment, a view of the Haitian situation, in order to construct a theoretical approach that makes the study of the case possible. Considering the state weakness as an explicative variable of the social, economical and political crisis set up in the country in the year 2000 - a crisis that serves as a basis to the international intervention - the process of construction of the Haitian state and the interaction between power, authoritarianism and culture of force are brought to study. The objective is to demonstrate how these variables go together, originating the crisis and becoming obstacles to its resolution. At a second moment, the UN peacekeeping operations are studied as a whole. The emphasis is given to the operations that are carried out during the post-Cold War period, due to its multidisciplinary character, of which MINUSTAH is representative. At this moment, the challenges imposed by the changes in the mechanism are studied, in order to subsequently equate them to the Haitian case. Finally, at a third moment, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is deeply analyzed; its records and restrictions are determined, so that its actions in the field during the first four years can be analyzed next. Through this study, it is possible to understand the importance of the presence of MINUSTAH in the Haitian territory. The mission had, in fact, a relevant role in reaching and maintaining a stable and secure environment in the country, besides having provided opportunities of political dialogue between the conflicting parts. However, there are still many obstacles to the success of the mission, not only to security and politics aspects, but specially to the social and economic challenges imposed to Haiti.

As operações de manutenção da paz da Organização das Nações Unidas vêm sendo empregadas há mais de 60 anos com o objetivo de assegurar a paz e a segurança internacionais. A partir dos conflitos da Somália, Bósnia e Ruanda ocorridos na década de 1990, caracterizados pelas massivas violações de direitos humanos e pela incapacidade da Organização de impedi-las, esta deu início a uma série de debates acerca de como melhor operacionalizar suas peacekeeping operations, a fim de que violações como aquelas não mais voltassem a ocorrer. Ademais, o entendimento, por parte do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, de que violações de direitos humanos e estabilidade internacional guardam estreita relação, colaborou para que esses debates se desenvolvessem. O presente trabalho tem como obejtivo analisar as propostas sugeridas com vistas ao aperfeiçoamento do modus operandi das peacekeeping operations em virtude das citadas violações de direitos humanos e a verificar se tais propostas estão sendo aplicadas nas operações de manutenção da paz atuais / The peacekeeping operations of the United Nations have been used for over 60 years with the goal of ensuring international peace and security. From the conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda occurred in the 1990s, characterized by massive human rights violations and the inability of the Organization of preventing them, United Nations have initiated a series of debates about how to best operationalize its peacekeeping operations, in manner that those violations no longer occur. Moreover, the understanding by the United Nations Security Council that human rights violations and international stability are closely related, contributed to the development of these discussions. The present work aims, therefore, to assess the proposals suggested for the improvement of the modus operandi of peacekeeping operations in view of the aforementioned human rights violations and to verify whether they are being applied in todays peacekeeping operations.

Alors que le renseignement et l’ONU apparaissent encore comme un oxymore du fait d’une vieille méfiance remontant à la guerre froide et de tentatives clandestines d’instrumentalisation des Nations Unies par ses Etats membres, le renseignement d’intérêt militaire est désormais peu à peu devenu un facteur essentiel d’efficacité opérationnelle des déploiements des Casques bleus. L’analyse de plusieurs cas d’OMP depuis une vingtaine d’années démontre qu’elles sont considérées comme impliquant des missions de renseignement dont l’activité principale est la recherche de l’information par l’observation, en totale conformité avec les principes du maintien de la paix. La multiplication des OMP dans des contextes fortement dégradés et soumis à des menaces asymétriques, rend les OMP dépendantes du renseignement d’intérêt militaire qui est désormais un formidable multiplicateur d’effets et de forces. Ce phénomène induit aussi une augmentation exponentielle des informations recueillies ainsi que la nécessité de mieux les exploiter et les stocker, tant au niveau opératif que stratégique. L’émergence du concept de protection des civils, placé au cœur de chaque mandat d’OMP, rend la détention d’une capacité autonome de renseignement incontournable afin de permettre aux autorités de l’ONU de disposer de l’ensemble des informations pour décider d’agir en toute connaissance de cause. Certes la nature même du renseignement n’est pas compatible avec l’état de multilatéralité car il repose sur une relation de confiance approfondie entre les différents producteurs et consommateurs du renseignement. Acquérir une capacité autonome de recueil et d’analyse nécessite donc de développer un corpus doctrinal adapté aux Nations Unies et de formaliser les actions de renseignement afin de rassurer ses Etats membres. / While Intelligence and the UN still appear as an oxymoron because of an old mistrust that goes back to the Cold war era and secret attempts of instrumentalization of the United Nations by its member States, Military Intelligence has been gradually considered as an essential factor of operational efficiency of peacekeepers deployments. The analysis of former PKOs shows that they are valued as intelligence missions, of which the main activity is the collection through information by observation, in total conformity with peacekeeping principles. The multiplication of the PKOs in strongly deteriorated contexts, and additionally subjected to asymmetric threats, makes PKOs strongly dependent on Military Intelligence, which is henceforth widely considered as a great multiplier of effects and strengths. This phenomenon also leads to an exponential increase of gathered information as well as the necessity of better exploiting them and of storing them, just as well at the operational level, as at the strategic one. The emergence of the concept of protection of the civilians, placed at the core of each and every PKO mandate, makes inescapable the holding of an autonomous Intelligence capacity, in order to allow the senior UN authorities to decide and to act with full awareness. Indeed the nature of Intelligence is hardly compatible with the state of multilateralism, for it relies on a deep relationship of trust between the various producers and consumers of Intelligence. Acquiring an autonomous capacity of collection and analysis thus requires to develop a doctrinal corpus adapted to the United Nations and to formalize the actions of Intelligence in order to reassure its member States

Responding to the inequal impact of women in conflict and their contribution to peace processes, the Security Council has adopted eleven resolutions within the Women, Peace, and Security agenda, which further defined gender mainstreaming strategy within the field of peace and security. The strategy calls for integrating gender perspectives and considerations in all peacekeeping structures. Framed with the liberal feminist approach, this work aims to analyse how five of the current UN peacekeeping operations reflect gender mainstreaming strategy, both in their mandates and operational practice. Using the content analysis method, the study examines the missions' mandates to evaluate gender mainstreaming references from the establishing resolutions to the current one and is further supplemented by the review of their implementation process. The findings reveal a significant gap within the establishing mandates, as UNISFA and MONUSCO included minimal gender references in their authorizing resolutions while UNMISS covered almost all gender considerations. Such disparities have become less evident within the current mandates. The analysis of the operational practice further suggests a two-track gap between the mission's mandate and the situation in the field, as the evidence gathered shows that...

聯合國維持和平行動自1948年至今（2004），已經成立了五十九次行動。本文為這五十九次行動的內容作一分類，提出「維持和平」（Peace-keeping）、「製造和平」（Peace-making）、「重建和平」（Ppeace-building）三大類型。每一次的聯合國維和行動其任務內容有涵蓋一類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋兩類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋三類者，再進一步根據維和行動的成立背景、聯合國安理會的授權、與維和行動執行的實際內容，來歸納整理這三類型的維和行動。 本文除了序論與結論外，內容簡介如下： 第二章簡述聯合國維持和平行動的發展，從其起源到冷戰期間和後冷戰期間的轉變。 第三章回顧有關維和行動的相關類型定義。有關維和行動的類型定義多見於和平研究中，並且在後冷戰時期始多這方面的研究。本章並整理歸納各家的分類及其定義，以為「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」下一個通盤的定義。 第四章至第六章則分別探討「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的內涵。每一類型再劃分其執行的次要類項，在每一個次要類項中逐一探討每一次聯合國維和行動的成立背景和經過、安理會的授權內容和實際上的運作情形。「維持和平」的次要類項包括監視停火/停戰/撤軍/脫離戰鬥協議、駐守緩衝區/安全區/非軍事區、監視警察的值勤、預防部署部隊；「製造和平」的次要類項包括提供安全維護/使用武力、監視自由公平的民主選舉、監視/協助國家行政單位的正常化、協助恢復法律與秩序、監視人權/建立保護人權能力、提供人道援助/清除地雷、解除武裝/復員/遣返/重新安置和重返社會；「重建和平」的次要類項包括透過選舉成立民主新政府、臨時統治/行政機構、民事行政管理、協助建立現代化軍隊、協助建立民警部隊/司法體系、建立人權保障制度、基礎設施/經濟重建、資訊/宣傳 第七章則進一步探討影響維和行動內容演變的因素，分聯合國內、外因素來一一加以說明。最後並比較「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的演變過程。

Le rôle de la communauté militaire internationale dans le cadre des opérations de maintien de la paix (OMP) s’est profondément transformé depuis la fin de la Guerre froide. En effet, elle intervient de plus en plus fréquemment dans des guerres civiles ou intra-étatiques, particulièrement lorsque les autorités en place ne sont plus en mesure d’assurer la sécurité de la population. Par ailleurs, le rôle des militaires ne se limite plus à la fonction traditionnelle de combattants. Ils doivent maintenant assumer des tâches qui visent beaucoup plus le développement de relations avec la population civile dont la coopération est un élément essentiel à la réussite de ce type d’intervention. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser l’opinion de la population civile de la région de Bihać par rapport à l’intervention des militaires dans le cadre de l’OMP en Bosnie-Herzégovine. L’historique du conflit dans cette région, l’état des connaissances sur les sources d’insatisfaction de la population par rapport au déroulement des OMP en général, ainsi que des entrevues avec des informateurs-clés nous permettent d’identifier deux problématiques distinctes, soit : (1) l’écart important entre les attentes et les besoins de la population et le mandat confié par l’ONU; et (2) la dichotomie entre la formation de base des militaires et ce qui est attendu d’eux dans le cadre de ces interventions. / The role of the international military community in the peacekeeping operations (PKOs) has been transformed dramatically since the end of the Cold War. Indeed, the community is called to intervene more and more frequently in civil wars, especially when local authorities in the country are no longer able to guarantee citizens’ safety. Furthermore, the role of the military is no longer limited to traditional combat. It must now undertake tasks aimed at developing a relationship with the civilian population whose cooperation is essential for the success of this type of intervention. The goal of this thesis is to examine the opinions of the civilian population from the Bihać area with respect to the military intervention as part of the PKO in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The history of the conflict, the state of knowledge about the sources of dissatisfaction of the population during PKOs, and interviews with expert witnesses enable us to identify two distinct issues: (1) the large gap between the expectations and the needs of civilians and the mandate given by UN, and (2) the insufficient training of militaries as regards what is expected from them during these operations.

Le rôle de la communauté militaire internationale dans le cadre des opérations de maintien de la paix (OMP) s’est profondément transformé depuis la fin de la Guerre froide. En effet, elle intervient de plus en plus fréquemment dans des guerres civiles ou intra-étatiques, particulièrement lorsque les autorités en place ne sont plus en mesure d’assurer la sécurité de la population. Par ailleurs, le rôle des militaires ne se limite plus à la fonction traditionnelle de combattants. Ils doivent maintenant assumer des tâches qui visent beaucoup plus le développement de relations avec la population civile dont la coopération est un élément essentiel à la réussite de ce type d’intervention. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser l’opinion de la population civile de la région de Bihać par rapport à l’intervention des militaires dans le cadre de l’OMP en Bosnie-Herzégovine. L’historique du conflit dans cette région, l’état des connaissances sur les sources d’insatisfaction de la population par rapport au déroulement des OMP en général, ainsi que des entrevues avec des informateurs-clés nous permettent d’identifier deux problématiques distinctes, soit : (1) l’écart important entre les attentes et les besoins de la population et le mandat confié par l’ONU; et (2) la dichotomie entre la formation de base des militaires et ce qui est attendu d’eux dans le cadre de ces interventions. / The role of the international military community in the peacekeeping operations (PKOs) has been transformed dramatically since the end of the Cold War. Indeed, the community is called to intervene more and more frequently in civil wars, especially when local authorities in the country are no longer able to guarantee citizens’ safety. Furthermore, the role of the military is no longer limited to traditional combat. It must now undertake tasks aimed at developing a relationship with the civilian population whose cooperation is essential for the success of this type of intervention. The goal of this thesis is to examine the opinions of the civilian population from the Bihać area with respect to the military intervention as part of the PKO in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The history of the conflict, the state of knowledge about the sources of dissatisfaction of the population during PKOs, and interviews with expert witnesses enable us to identify two distinct issues: (1) the large gap between the expectations and the needs of civilians and the mandate given by UN, and (2) the insufficient training of militaries as regards what is expected from them during these operations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bigatao_jp_me_mar.pdf: 926328 bytes, checksum: e21bd217f05a3026e0ecf71a9b7876c7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com base no histórico das atividades de manutenção da paz e resolução de conflitos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), analisamos de que maneira esta instituição reagiu à proliferação dos conflitos armados intra-estatais durante a década de 1990. O caráter multidimensional desses conflitos, que em certa medida não são tão novos quanto possam parecer, impôs uma série de dificuldades aos mecanismos tradicionais de manutenção da paz da ONU, que até então se restringiam ao envio de soldados desarmados ou fracamente armados para manter a paz entre Estados, com base nos fundamentos do respeito à soberania, imparcialidade, consentimento de todas as partes em conflito e uso da força somente em autodefesa. A partir do estudo das mudanças conceituais e operacionais das missões de paz da ONU na década de 1990, apontamos as dificuldades enfrentadas por esta organização para responder adequadamente aos conflitos intra-estatais, assim como discutimos os limites de sua atuação frente aos princípios tradicionais do sistema westfaliano – soberania, independência e não-intervenção / Considering the historical development of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations, we analyze how this international institution faced the proliferation of intra-state armed conflicts during the 1990’s. The multidimensional character of these conflicts, that are not as new as it seems, imposed a series of difficulties to the UN’s traditional peacekeeping mechanisms, which were limited to sending light armed troops to create space for States to resolve their conflicts peacefully, according to the principles of consent, impartiality and minimum use of force. Following the study of the conceptual and operational changes in the UN peacekeeping missions in the 1990’s, we examine the difficulties that this institution faced to adequately deal with intrastate conflicts, as well as we discuss the limits of the UN actions considering the traditional westphalian system principles – sovereignty, independence and non-intervention