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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Mortalidade e avaliação das características clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes oncológicos infectados: cinco anos de experiência da UTI Pediátrica do Hospital A.C. Camargo / Mortality and clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients infected with cancer: five years of experience in Pediatric ICU, Hospital AC Camargo

Carla Francine Aricó Mori 24 August 2010 (has links)
A mortalidade decorrente de processos infecciosos em pacientes oncológicos, livres ou não de doença, ainda é alta. Teve-se como objetivo além da avaliação da mortalidade e das características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes pediátricos oncológicos infectados, admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) do Hospital A.C. Camargo no período de 1º de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de dezembro de 2008, avaliar a associação dessas características à mortalidade. Estudou-se 148 internações de 97 pacientes, sendo que 31 indivíduos foram internados mais de uma vez (1-6 internações por indivíduo). 52,6% da população era do sexo feminino, a idade média foi de aproximadamente 8 anos, 67% dos pacientes encontravam-se eutróficos na primeira internação e 50,5% das neoplasias eram leucemias (34/97) e linfomas (15/97). Dos pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas, 40,8% internaram mais de uma vez, enquanto 29,9% daqueles portadores de tumores sólidos tiveram internações repetidas. Foi utilizado teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para analisar a associação entre duas variáveis categóricas, teste t de Student para as variáveis contínuas e teste t de Student pareado para as associações dependentes. Empregou-se a regressão logística para calcular a Razão de Chances (Odds Ratio - OR) para as medidas de associação. Dos 97 pacientes, 17 morreram durante a internação na UTIP, ou seja, 11,5% das 148 internações evoluiram para óbito. Observou-se uma mortalidade maior no grupo de pacientes que tiveram mais de uma internação 32,3% (p=0,012), com chance de óbito de 4 em relação a quem internou apenas 1 vez (OR=4,01[IC95%:1,35 -11,90]). Também foi encontrada associação significativa entre estado hemodinâmico (choque séptico, sepse grave e sepse) à admissão na UTIP com evolução para alta e óbito (p=0,001). Quando o paciente apresentava choque na admissão o risco de óbito foi de 11 vezes em relação a quando não apresentava (OR=11,4[IC95%:2,5-51,9]). A variação na dosagem da proteína C reativa 24 horas pré-admissão e à admissão na UTI, também demonstrou associação estatisticamente significativa com a evolução para óbito (p= 0,029). Não houve associação entre sexo, doença de base, estado nutricional, intervalo de quimioterapia, contagem de neutrófilos, sítio de infecção, variação de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial média e óbito. Esse trabalho demonstrou que existe uma associação entre estado hemodinâmico à admissão na UTIP e óbito, o que incita a realização de novos estudos para descoberta de fatores que possam prever a evolução de um quadro infeccioso para choque séptico e selecionar os pacientes que devam ser transferidos mais precocemente para UTIP a fim de aumentar a chance de sobrevida. / The mortality due to infectious processes in oncologic patients, with or not active disease, is still high. The objective of this study is evaluation of mortality and clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric oncology infected admitted to the Hospital AC Camargo\'s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the period from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2008, and association of these characteristics with mortality. One hundred and forty eight admissions in 97 patients were analyzed. Thirty one patients were hospitalized more than once (2-6 admissions per individual). 52.6% of the population was female, the average age was approximately 8 years, 67% of patients were eutrophic during the first hospitalization and 50.5% were leukemias (34/97) and lymphomas (15/97). Among patients with hematologic disease, 40.8% were hospitalized more than once, while 29.9% of those patients with solid tumors had repeated hospitalizations for infection during the study period. It was used the Pearson chi-square test to analyze the association between two categorical variables, Student t test for continuous variables, a variant of Student t test to measure the variation between two paired measurements from the same individual. Logistic regression was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR) for measures of association. Among 97 patients, 17 died during hospitalization in PICU, ie 11.5% (17/148) of the admissions lead to death. A higher mortality in patients who had more than one hospitalization 32.3% (p = .012), with OR = 4.01 [95% CI: 1.35 -11.90] was observed. It was also found a significant association between hemodynamic status (septic shock, severe sepsis and septic) for admission to the PICU with evolution to discharge and death (p = 0.001). Septic shock and death were observed with a OR 11.4 [95%CI: 2 0.5 to 51, 9]. The variation of C-reactive protein dosage 24 hours pre-admission and admission to the ICU, also showed a significant association with progression to death (p = 0.029). There was no significant association between sex, underlying disease, nutritional status, interval of chemotherapy, neutrophil count, site of infection, changes in heart rate, respiratory rate variation, variation in medium blood pressure and death. This data demonstrates that there is an association between hemodynamic status on admission to the PICU and death, which encourages new studies to discover factors that might predict the course of an infection to septic shock and select patients who should be transferred earlier PICU in order to increase the chance of survival.
32

Die belewenis van 'n kind in 'n intensiewesorgeenheid

Oberholzer, Annemarie Elizabeth 11 February 2014 (has links)
M.Cur. / It is a well known fact that the environment plays an important rol in the development of the individual. In an intensive care unit, a child is exposed to an enormous amount of stimuli that is confusing and frightening and also has no meaning for the child. The experience of a child in an intensive care unit, upon whom major procedures are performed, is observed. The purpose of this study is to examine and describe the intensive care experience of children between the ages of 3 and 12 so that guidelines for the nursing of these children can be provided. This is a qualitative study and the phenomenological method of research was used. Interviews were conducted with the help of three photographs. These were shown to the respondents and they were asked to tell a story about the child in the photo. Fieldnotes were taken immediately after each interview to describe the situation and the researchers impressions. A taperecording was made of each interview and was transcribed verbatim. The transcriptions were analised and conclusions were reached. Guidelines can thus be drawn up for the nursing of a child in an intensive care unit.
33

Die verpleging van die baba met surfaktantterapie

Van Heerden, Hendrina 26 May 2014 (has links)
M.Cur. (Intensive General Nursing) / The purpose of this study is to identify nursing guide-lines for the nursing of babies that received exogenous surfactant. In view of the fact that the exogenous surfactant therapy is still a very new therapeutic approach for the treatment of hyaline membrane disease there is still a lot to learn about the complications of the treatment. The professional nurse monitors the baby after medication was given, and it is therefore necessary to set out nursing guidelines to guide her in her treatment of the baby. Ten case-studies were done on 10 babies that have already been submitted to the therapy. They were selected from Provincial hospitals in the Johannesburg region. Recurrent events/incidents were identified and used as data from which nursing guide-lines were compiled. A literature study was done to consult other authors' findings on this topic. Recommendations were made at the end of the study concerning applications to practise, education and further research needed.
34

Föräldrars upplevelse av att ha ett barn som vårdas inom intensivvård : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Wijk, Johanna, Wiklander, Elin January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund: Att ha ett barn som vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning innebär att föräldrar tvingas lämna sitt barn i händerna hos vårdpersonal och detta är för de flesta föräldrar en ny situation som är förenad med upplevelser av stress och oro. En ökad kunskap om föräldrarnas upplevelse av tiden barnet vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning kan bidra till ett bättre omhändertagande av föräldrarna. Syfte: Att beskriva föräldrars upplevelse av att ha ett barn som vårdas inom intensivvård. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats och ett induktivt förhållningssätt där 13 artiklar inkluderades till resultatpresentationen. Resultat: Resultatet visar att föräldrar upplevde oro och stress i samband med att barnet lades in på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Intensivvårdsavdelningen, som är en högteknologisk miljö med mycket personal runt barnet, beskrevs som en ny och okänd miljö av föräldrarna och upplevdes föra dem längre ifrån barnet. Rädsla för barnets framtid och oro för att barnet skulle dö beskrevs av föräldrarna. Föräldrar upplevde att stöd från vårdpersonal i form av kontinuerlig information, en god kommunikation och att tillåtas vara delaktiga var betydelsefullt. Slutsats: Att vårdteamet inkluderade och involverade föräldrarna i vården var viktigt och hade betydelse för att minska föräldrarnas stress och oro. Det ökade även föräldrarnas känsla av trygghet och  säkerhet i sin roll som förälder vilket har betydelse för föräldrarnas upplevelse av delaktighet samt för föräldrarnas förmåga att finnas där för sitt barn. Med ett familjeperspektiv och familjecentrering i vården av barnet ses familjen som en helhet och vidare forskning skulle kunna öka förståelsen för föräldrar i en utsatt situation och studera vad implementeringen av den familjecentrerade vården skulle innebära för föräldrarnas upplevelse. / Background: Having a child in an intensive care unit means that parents are forced to leave their child in the arms of the healthcare staff and for most parents this is a new situation and is associated with experiences of stress and anxiety. An increased knowledge of the parents' experience of the time their child is admitted to an intensive care unit can contribute to better care for the parents. Aim: To describe the parents’ experience of when their child is being admitted to an intensive care unit. Method: A systematic literature study with a qualitative approach and an inductive approach where 13 articles was included in the presentation of the result. Results: The result shows that parents’ experienced anxiety and stress when their child was admitted to the intensive care unit. The intensive care unit, which is a highly technical environment (with high technology) and a lot of people surrounding the child, was described by the parents as an new and unknown environment that separated them from their child. A fear of the future on the child's behalf and anxiety for the childs’ death was described by the parents. Parents’ experienced support from healthcare staff in the form of continuous information, good communication and being involved was meaningful. Conclusion: The healthcare teams’ ability to include and involve the parents in caring was important and of significance for reducing the parents’ stress and anxiety. It also increased the parents’ sense of comfort and security in their role as parents which is of significance in the parents’ experience of involvement and their ability to be there for their child. With a family-perspective and family-centered care in the care for the child the family was seen as an entirety och further research could increase the understanding of parents in a vulnerable situation and study what the implementation of family-centered care would mean for the parents’ experience
35

Revue rétrospective de l’utilisation de l’olanzapine dans l’unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques.

Dambrun, Manon 08 1900 (has links)
Mise en contexte : Le délirium est une pathologie largement décrite dans la littérature scientifique chez les adultes, et elle est maintenant bien reconnue en pédiatrie. Les antipsychotiques sont fréquemment utilisés pour traiter le delirium, tant chez l’enfant que chez l’adulte, malgré le peu d’évidence supportant leur utilisation. L’objectif de cette étude est de décrire l’utilisation de l’olanzapine, un antipsychotique de deuxième génération, dans l’unité de soins intensifs pédiatrique au CHU Sainte-Justine, d’identifier les facteurs de risque prédisposants l’utilisation de cette médication, et son impact sur les doses de médicaments concomitantes, ainsi que sur les scores de delirium, de sédation et de douleur. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective monocentrique. Une collecte de données a été réalisée sur l’ensemble des patients admis pendant une durée de 2,5 ans. Les caractéristiques des patients recevant de l’olanzapine ou non ont été comparées en utilisant les tests statistiques de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Khi-2, et de Student. Puis, une analyse multivariée par le biais de régression logistique a permis d’identifier les facteurs de risque prédisposants l’administration d’olanzapine. Finalement, les épisodes de delirium ont été isolés et évalués de plus près. Afin de décrire l’impact de l’olanzapine sur la prise de médicaments analgésiques et sédatifs et sur les scores de delirium et d’agitation, les tests de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney ont été utilisés pour comparer les valeurs 24 heures avant la première dose d’olanzapine, et 24, 48 et 72 heures suivant cette dose. Résultats : Environ 6% des admissions aux soins intensifs pédiatriques et 21% des épisodes de delirium ont été traités avec de l’olanzapine. Les facteurs de risque prédisposants l’administration de l’olanzapine inclus le sexe masculin, le delirium, la ventilation non-invasive ainsi que l’administration de benzodiazépines, de kétamine, de dexmédétomidine et de clonidine. Nous avons observé une diminution du score de delirium des patients (le Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium, CAPD) à la suite de l’administration de l’olanzapine, mais également chez les patients non traités. Toutefois, les patients ayant reçu de l’olanzapine ont eu un épisode de delirium plus prolongé. Conclusion : À la lumière des résultats obtenus, des études randomisées sont nécessaires afin de démontrer l’efficacité de l’olanzapine dans le traitement du delirium pédiatrique. / Context: Delirium is a pathology widely documented in the scientific literature in adults, and increasingly recognized in pediatrics. Despite few evidence supporting their use, antipsychotics are often used to treat delirium in adults and children. This study aims to describe the use of olanzapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, in a pediatric intensive care unit at CHU Sainte-Justine, to identify the factors associated with the use of this medication, and its impact on concomitant drug doses, as well as delirium, sedation and pain scores. Method: This is a single-center retrospective study. Data were collected on all patients admitted to the CHU Sainte-Justine Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for a period of 2.5 years. Characteristics between patients receiving or not olanzapine were compared using the nonparametric statistical tests of Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Chi-2 and Student test. Subsequently, a multivariate analysis using logistic regression made it possible to identify the factors associated with the administration of olanzapine. To describe the impact of olanzapine on analgesics and sedatives administration and delirium and agitation scores, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used comparing values prior to first dose and 24, 48, and 72 hours post-dose. Results: Nearly 6% of admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit and 21% of delirium episodes were treated with olanzapine. The factors associated with its use included male sex, delirium, non-invasive ventilation and administration of benzodiazepines, ketamine, dexmedetomidine and clonidine. We demonstrated a decrease in delirium scores (Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium; CAPD) following the administration of olanzapine, but also in untreated patients. However, the length of the delirium episode was longer in children receiving olanzapine. Conclusion: In the light of the results obtained, randomized studies in children are needed to demonstrate olanzapine’s efficacy in pediatric delirium.
36

Identification d'interventions infirmières auprès de parents dont un enfant a subi une réanimation cardiorespiratoire à l'unité des soins intensifs pédiatriques

Houle, Karine January 2008 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
37

O uso de indicadores antropométricos na avaliação nutricional seqüencial de crianças e adolescentes gravemente doentes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / The use of anthropometric indicators in the nutritional sequential assessment of critically ill children and adolescents admitted to an intensive care unit

Santos, Patricia Zamberlan dos 15 September 2009 (has links)
Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, a subnutrição ainda permanece muito prevalente nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP). Crianças gravemente doentes apresentam maior risco nutricional devido às modificações no metabolismo intermediário, ocasionadas pelo estresse, e que se caracterizam por aumento da taxa metabólica basal e intenso catabolismo protéico. Estudos mostram que uma intervenção precoce, indicada com base em avaliação nutricional, pode prevenir a subnutrição, bem como, minimizar suas complicações. A avaliação nutricional antropométrica (ANA) de crianças e adolescentes em estado grave é particularmente difícil, e a discussão sobre a sua efetividade torna importante um estudo sobre a utilização de indicadores antropométricos nestes pacientes. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo para classificar lactentes, pré-escolares, escolares e adolescentes segundo o seu estado nutricional à admissão e durante a internação em UTIP de nível de atendimento terciário, por intermédio de indicadores antropométricos. Foram avaliados 256 pacientes no período de janeiro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006, admitidos na UTIP do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A ANA foi realizada nas primeiras 24 horas de admissão e repetida semanalmente até a alta da UTIP e contemplou peso (P), estatura/comprimento (E), circunferência do braço (CB), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB) e área muscular do braço (AMB). A classificação nutricional foi realizada com o escore Z nas relações peso/idade (P/I), estatura/idade (E/I), peso/estatura (P/E), índice de massa corpórea/idade (IMC/I), circunferência do braço/idade (CB/I) e circunferência do braço/estatura (CB/E), tomando como referencial os valores do National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS, 2000) para crianças maiores de cinco anos, e os da OMS/2006 para as crianças com idade inferior. O grau de gravidade dos pacientes foi determinado pelo escore Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM). As médias, medianas e os desvios-padrão do escore Z foram obtidos em todos os indicadores. Nas crianças avaliadas seqüencialmente, foi realizada análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos à admissão e o sétimo dia de internação com o teste t de Student emparelhado, visando identificar modificações dos indicadores antropométricos ao longo do tempo. O estado xvii nutricional e suas relações com a gravidade, mortalidade e tempo de internação foram analisados por métodos de correlação e regressão linear, com cálculo do coeficiente de Pearson e da tendência de evolução. A mediana de idade foi de 58 meses e as faixas etárias predominantes foram as de escolares e menores de dois anos, sendo que 84,76% dos pacientes apresentavam doença de base. A mediana do tempo de internação foi de quatro dias e a do PIM 10,7. Durante a evolução ocorreram 38 óbitos (15% dos casos). Houve subnutrição à admissão em 37% dos pacientes pelo indicador Z E/I; 23% por Z P/I; 12,7% por Z P/E; 15,6% por Z IMC/I; 43,2% por Z CB/I; 23,8% por Z CB/E; 28,5% por DCT; 43% por CMB e 43% por AMB. Não houve alteração estatisticamente significante nos indicadores antropométricos durante o período de internação, bem como não houve correlação entre o PIM, o tempo de internação e os indicadores nutricionais utilizados. O indicador CB/E apresentou boa correlação com a mortalidade. Os resultados sugerem que a antropometria foi útil na avaliação nutricional de crianças gravemente doentes em UTIP, sendo as medidas do braço as que puderam melhor discriminar a subnutrição e predizer a mortalidade nestes pacientes à admissão. / Despite technological progress, malnutrition is still very prevalent in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting. Critically ill children are at higher nutritional risk due to changes in intermediary metabolism caused by stress, which is characterized by increased basal metabolic rate and intense protein catabolism. Nutritional care studies have proposed that early intervention, targeted for nutritional assessment can prevent and minimize the complications of malnutrition. Although the anthropometric nutritional assessment (ANA) is particularly difficult to be performed in critically ill children and adolescents, the study of its effectiveness is of utmost importance for these patients. To classify infants, pre-school children, school children and adolescents according to their nutritional status, on admission and during their PICU stay, a prospective study was carried out. We evaluated 256 patients from January 2005 to January 2006, admitted to the PICU of Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. ANA was performed within the first 24 hours after admission and was repeated on a weekly basis until discharge from the PICU and included weight (W), height/length (H), arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold (TS), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and arm muscle area (AMA). The nutritional classification was performed with the Z-score for weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A), weight/height (W/H), body mass index/age (BMI/A), arm circumference/age (AC/A) and arm circumference/height (AC/H), adopting the reference values of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS, 2000) for children over five years, and the WHO/2006 for those under five years old. The severity of the patients condition was assessed by the score Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM). Mean values, median and standard deviation of Z-scores were obtained for all indicators. Sequential evolution in children was performed by means of comparative analysis between admission and the seventh day of hospitalization with the paired Student t test, to identify changes in anthropometric indicators over time. Nutritional status and its correlation with severity, mortality and length of hospitalization were analyzed by linear correlation and regression, using the Pearson\'s coefficient and the evolution trend. The median age was 58 months and the predominant age groups were school children and those under the age of two, and 84.76% of patients had an ailment. The median period of xix hospitalization was four days and the PIM score was 10.7. There were 38 deaths (15% of cases), and malnutrition was found on admission in 37% of patients by the indicator Z H/A, 23% for Z W/A, 12.7% for Z W/H, 15.6% for Z BMI/A, 43.2% for Z AC/A , 23.8% for Z AC/H, 28.5% for TS , 43% for AMC and 43% for AMA. There were no statistically significant changes in anthropometric indices during the period of hospitalization, and there was no correlation between the PIM, the time of hospitalization and the nutritional indicators used. The indicator AC/H correlated to mortality. The results suggest that anthropometry is useful in nutritional assessment of critically ill children in the PICU setting, and the arm measurements can predict mortality and malnutrition in these patients at admission.
38

Avaliação das concentrações de citocinas e suas relações com o estado metabólico e nutricional na criança gravemente doente / Evaluation of serum concentration of cytokines and its correlation with the metabolic and nutritional status in critically ill children

Delgado, Artur Figueiredo 18 August 2005 (has links)
As crianças gravemente doentes freqüentemente apresentam uma resposta inflamatória generalizada, com liberação de mediadores (citocinas e quimiocinas) que são importantes como mecanismo de defesa contra as lesões infecciosas e traumáticas. Entretanto esta resposta inflamatória sistêmica produz modificações no metabolismo intermediário com característico catabolismo protéico. Apesar de existirem na literatura estudos que preconizem a necessidade de uma intervenção nutricional precoce para prevenir a depleção do substrato protéico, pouco é conhecido a respeito das alterações inflamatórias e suas conseqüências nutricionais na criança e no adolescente gravemente doentes, desnutridos e eutróficos, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva. Há controvérsias quanto às características e intensidade da resposta inflamatória na criança desnutrida gravemente doente, podendo apresentar-se semelhante ou diminuída em relação ao paciente eutrófico. A ausência de um consenso que determine os melhores indicadores para a avaliação da resposta inflamatória, metabólica e nutricional nessas crianças, desnutridas e eutróficas, torna importante o estudo das concentrações das principais citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias, assim como uma avaliação nutricional clínica e laboratorial sistematizada. Para identificar e caracterizar a evolução da resposta inflamatória e das alterações nutricionais destes pacientes gravemente doentes foi realizado um estudo prospectivo e analítico, comparando duas amostras de conveniência seqüenciais. Foram analisadas 29 crianças e adolescentes, sendo 14 eutróficos (grupo 1) e 15 desnutridos (grupo 2), de ambos os sexos, de dois meses a 16 anos de idade, que possuíam indicação de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Instituto da Criança \"Prof. Pedro de Alcantara\" do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de setembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2004. Os seguintes indicadores foram analisados em todos os pacientes no primeiro, quinto e décimo dias (após estabilização hemodinâmica): peso; estatura; prega cutânea tricipital; circunferência muscular do braço; área muscular do braço; concentrações séricas de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (fator de necrose tumoral alfa, interleucina-6, interleucina-8) e anti-inflamatória (interleucina-10); concentrações séricas de albumina, pré-albumina e proteína C-reativa. As concentrações do lactato plasmático e da uréia sérica e urinária foram determinadas no primeiro e no quinto dia do estudo. A classificação nutricional foi realizada com o escore Z nas relações peso/idade (P/I) e peso/estatura (P/E). Todos os pacientes receberam terapia nutricional padronizada e precoce (nas primeiras 72 horas do estudo) do tipo parenteral e/ou enteral. O grau de gravidade dos pacientes foi determinado pelos escores \"Pediatric Risk of Mortality\" (PRISM) e \"Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System\" (TISS). Uma análise estatística comparativa entre os grupos (desnutridos e eutróficos) foi realizada com o teste t de Student não emparelhado para todas as interleucinas e outra emparelhada intra-grupos visando o acompanhamento das modificações destes indicadores ao longo do tempo. Outros dados antropométricos e laboratoriais (albumina, pré-albumina, proteína C-reativa, uréia sérica e uréia urinária) foram analisados de forma não paramétrica (teste de Mann-Whitney). As concentrações de citocinas e suas relações com indicadores nutricionais foram analisadas com os métodos de correlação e regressão linear. Não houve diferença significante entre os valores de PRISM e TISS nas três avaliações entre os grupos. Houve quatro óbitos no grupo de desnutridos e um no de eutróficos. Os desnutridos apresentaram média de escore Z na relação P/I de -3,11 (DP 1,97) e os eutróficos de 0.22 (DP 0,86) no primeiro dia do estudo. Apenas os eutróficos apresentaram piora dos indicadores antropométricos no decorrer do estudo. Houve aumento significante das concentrações séricas de pré-albumina e redução das de proteína C-reativa no decorrer do estudo, em ambos os grupos. As concentrações de lactato plasmático não foram diferentes entre os grupos. As concentrações de citocinas pró-inflamatórias foram semelhantes no primeiro e no quinto dia em ambos os grupos, havendo manutenção de níveis significantemente mais elevados no décimo dia nos desnutridos. A interleucina anti-inflamatória IL-10 apresentou evolução semelhante em ambos os grupos. Os resultados sugerem que as crianças desnutridas e gravemente doentes apresentam resposta inflamatória inicial semelhante aos eutróficos, porém de evolução mais prolongada e persistente. Considerando o hipercatabolismo protéico, a atuação dos mediadores pró-inflamatórios, a redução das concentrações de proteína C-reativa e a elevação das de pré-albumina pode-se concluir que houve benefício com a intervenção nutricional / Critically ill children have a systemic inflammatory response frequently and release inflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines) which are very important for the immune response against infection and traumatic injuries. However systemic inflammatory reponse provokes metabolic alterations with proteolysis (hypercatabolism). Some studies have suggested an early nutritional therapy to prevent protein breakdown but there is not sufficient information about inflammatory response and possible nutritional consequences in malnourished or well nourished critically ill children and adolescents in the intensive care unit. Some authors have studied the systemic inflammatory response intensity in the malnourished critically ill children that can be similar or lower when compared with the well nourished patients. There are not established parameters to study inflammatory, metabolic and nutritional response in malnourished and well nourished children at the same time. Because of this it is very important to examine serum concentrations of the main pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and evaluate the nutritional status by clinical and laboratory procedures. To characterize inflammatory and nutritional evolution a Cohort prospective study was carried out. Twentynine critically ill children and adolescents aged between two months and sixteen years old were studied in two groups: Group I, with fourteen well nourished and Group II, with fifteen malnourished patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, between September of 2003 and December of 2004. After hemodynamic stabilization, clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed on the first, fifth and tenth days in all patients: weight; height; triceps skinfold thickness; upper arm muscle circumference; upper arm muscle area; serum concentrations of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10) cytokines; serum levels of albumin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin and C-reactive protein. Plasma lactate and serum and urine urea were measured on the first and fifth days only. Zscores were calculated for body weight/age and weight/height. All patients received early parenteral and/or enteral nutrition with standardized calories and proteins. The severity of patient\'s condition was assessed by the PRISM Score (Pediatric Risk of Mortality) and TISS (Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System). The data were tabulated and analysed. Cytokines concentrations in malnourished and well nourished patients were compared using Student\'s t test. A parallel analysis with Student\'s t paired test was carried out and a linear regression in each group was included to follow possible alterations during the period of study. Anthropometric data and other laboratory parameters were analysed with Mann-Whitney test. PRISM and TISS scores produced similar results in both groups throughout the study. One well nourished and four malnourished patients died during the evaluation. Mean (± SD) Z- scores were for weight/age (-3.11 ± 1.97) for malnourished and (0.22 ± 0.86) for well nourished on the first day. Z-scores results worsened only in well nourished patients during the period of study. There was an increase in serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding prealbumin and a decrease of C-reactive protein in both groups. Plasma lactate was similar in malnourished and well nourished children and adolescents. Levels of cytokines were similar on first and fifth days in both groups. There was a significant decline of proinflammatory cytokines only in well nourished while malnourished had persistent elevations of these mediators on the tenth day. IL-10 showed similar evolution in both groups. Malnourished and well nourished patients responded appropriately on first and fifth days. Thus the duration of the inflammatory response was increased in the malnourished patients. Considering the increased protein breakdown, cytokines concentrations, lower levels of C-reactive protein and the increased levels of thyroxine-binding prealbumin on tenth day it was possible to conclude that early metabolic support yields clinical benefits in those conditions
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Prática em transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos e índice de oxigenação em um centro de terapia intensiva pediátrico / Red blood cell transfusion practice and oxygenation index in a pediatric intensive care unit.

Mendes, Cibele 06 August 2007 (has links)
A anemia é a causa primária de indicação de transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos e é especialmente prevalente e esperada em centros de terapia intensiva. Os benefícios das transfusões incluem aumento da oxigenação tissular, diminuição de hemorragias, tratamento da anemia e da hipovolemia. Os poucos estudos publicados têm demonstrado variações significativas nas práticas de transfusões de glóbulos vermelhos e o melhor momento para a indicação destas transfusões ainda não foi identificado. Objetivos Descrever a população de crianças que recebeu transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos com relação à faixa etária, concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) e taxa de hematócrito (HT), uso de saturação venosa central de oxigênio (SvO2), lactato sérico arterial, procedimentos terapêuticos e presença de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas (DMOS). Métodos Estudo retrospectivo observacional, realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrico (CTIP) do Instituto da Criança da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, em 2004, com crianças que receberam transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos. Descrevemos o número de pacientes, faixa etária, motivo de internação no CTIP, presença de doença de base e de DMOS, uso de SvO2, lactato sérico arterial, Hb, HT e procedimentos terapêuticos (ventilação mecânica, drogas vasoativas e métodos de substituição renal). Resultados A transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos foi realizada em 50% dos pacientes internados. A idade mediana foi de 18 meses e o principal motivo de internação foi insuficiência respiratória (35% dos casos). Doença de base estava presente em 84% dos casos e DMOS em 47% dos casos. Foram realizadas coletas de Hb e HT em todos os casos e de SvO2 e lactato sérico arterial em 24% dos casos. A mediana de Hb pré-transfusional foi de 7,8 g/dl. Os pacientes transfundidos estavam sendo submetidos a algum procedimento terapêutico em 82% dos casos. Conclusões São realizadas transfusões de glóbulos vermelhos em todas as idades. A concentração de hemoglobina e a taxa de hematócrito são os principais dados utilizados para a indicação destas transfusões. O lactato sérico arterial e a SvO2 são pouco utilizados para se indicar a transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos. A maioria dos pacientes transfundidos recebe algum procedimento terapêutico e, em muitos casos, são realizadas transfusões em pacientes que apresentam DMOS. / Anemia is the primary cause of red blood cell transfusions and it is especially prevalent and even expected in critical care settings. The benefits of red blood cell transfusions include increase in tissue oxygenation, treatment of anemia and hypovolemia. There are substantial variations in transfusion practices and the optimal transfusion practice for various types of critically ill patients with anemia has not been established. Objectives To describe the clinical, hematological and therapeutic characteristics of children who received red blood cell transfusion in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Methods Retrospective observational study, performed in the PICU of ?Instituto da Criança?, Medicine School of University of São Paulo, in 2004, with one hundred children who received red blood cell transfusion. We described the number of patients included in the study, age, reason for admission to the PICU, presence of baseline illness and multiple organ system failure (MODS), use of oxygen central venous saturation, arterial lactate, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HT) and therapeutics procedures (mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs and renal replacement methods). Results The red blood cell transfusion occurred in 50% of the patients. Median age of patients was 18 months. The most common reason for admission was respiratory failure, in 35% of the cases. Baseline illness was present in 84% of the cases and MODS in 47% of the cases. Hb and HT were collected in all the cases and oxygen central venous saturation and arterial lactate were collected in 24% of the cases. The median pre-transfusion hemoglobin concentration was 7.8 g/dl. The patients were receiveing therapeutics procedures in 82% of the cases. Conclusions Red blood cell transfusions are performed in children of all ages. The hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are the main reason to indicate the red blood cell transfusion. Arterial lactate and oxygen central venous saturation are rarely utilized. The majority of patients receive therapeutic procedures and, in many cases, patients with MODS are given red blood cell transfusions.
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Eventos adversos medicamentosos em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica / Adverse drug events in pediatric intensive care unit

Silva, Dafne Cardoso Bourguignon da 13 December 2012 (has links)
Objetivos: descrever incidência de eventos adversos medicamentosos em crianças sob terapia intensiva, avaliar fatores de riscos e métodos de detecção. Métodos: busca ativa em registros eletrônicos e em papel, utilizando parâmetros indicativos (gatilhos). A estatística envolveu modelos de regressão linear e logística. Resultados: Foram estudados 239 pacientes, com média de idade de 67,5 meses, em 1818 dias de internação. A média de internação foi de 7,6 dias. Houve 110 eventos adversos medicamentosos provados, prováveis e possíveis, em 84 pacientes (35,1%). Observamos 138 ocorrências de gatilhos. As principais classes de medicamentos envolvidas foram: antibióticos (n = 41), diuréticos (n = 24), anticonvulsivantes (n = 23), sedativos e analgésicos (n = 17) e corticóides (n = 18). O número de drogas foi a variável mais relacionada à ocorrência de EAM. Esta última também se correlacionou com o tempo de internação (P < 0,001). A ocorrência do evento pode estar implicada no aumento de 1,5 dia de internação para cada evento. A idade inferior a 48 meses mostrou ser um risco significativo para eventos, com OR de 1,84 (intervalo de confiança IC 95% - 1,07 - 3,15, P = 0,025). O número de drogas recebidas apresentou correlação com o número de eventos (P < 0,0001). A chance de apresentar pelo menos 1 evento elevou-se linearmente à medida que o paciente recebia mais drogas. Conclusões: o uso de múltiplas drogas e a baixa idade favorecem a ocorrência de EAM, que, por sua vez, podem estar implicados no aumento do tempo de internação em UTI. A busca ativa sistematiza a abordagem do problema / Objectives: To describe incidence of adverse drug events (ADE) in children under intensive care, to avaliate risk factors and detection methods. Methods: Active search of charts and electronic patient records using indicative parameters (\"triggers\"). The statistical analysis involved linear and logistic regression. Results: 239 patients with a mean age of 67.5 months representing 1818 days of PICU hospitalization were studied. The average PICU stay was 7.6 days. There were 110 proven, probable, and possible ADEs in 84 patients (35.1%). We observed 138 instances of triggers. The major classes of drugs associated with events were: antibiotics (n = 41), diuretics (n = 24), antiseizures (n = 23), sedatives and analgesics (n = 17), and steroids (n = 18). The number of drugs administered was most related to the occurrence of ADEs. This was also related to the length of stay (p < 0.001). The occurrence of an ADE may result in an increase in the length of stay by 1.5 days per event. Patient aged less than 48 months also proved to be at significant risk for ADEs, with an odds ratio of 1.84 (confidence interval - 95% CI - 1.07 to 3.15, p = 0.025). The number of drugs administered also correlated with the number of ADEs (p < 0.0001). The chance of having at least one ADE increased linearly as the patient was administered more drugs. Conclusions: The use of multiple drugs as well as lower patient age favor the occurrence of ADEs, which in turn may result in increasing the length of PICU hospitalization. Our active search provides a systematic approach to the problem

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