O presente trabalho experimental focaliza o tema \"compostos fenólicos no café\". Dentre estes compostos se destacam os flavonóides, os ácidos clorogênico, cafêico, cafeilquinico, e seus isômeros. Na pesquisa foram avaliados quantitativamente, por espectrofotometria UV/VIS, as espécies fenólicas presentes após extração e complexação em amostras de cafés (cascas e sementes) com grãos em vários estágios de maturação. Foram obtidos valores na faixa de 10-6 mol.L-1 para fenóis totais nas cascas e nos grãos. O método de extração aqui proposto tornou-se bastante viável, sendo possível sua aplicação com tempo de preparo de amostras secas para análise de cerca de 40 minutos. As evidências experimentais decorrentes dessa pesquisa sugerem que tais espécies fenólicas (anti-oxidantes) podem ser aproveitadas de um material que é descartado (a casca do café), sendo, portanto um grande benefício econômico para a sustentabilidade do cultivo do café. / This experimental work has focused the theme \"Phelonic Compound in Coffee Beans\". Among these compounds have been shown flavonoids species, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, caffeinic acid and their isomer. The phelonic species has presented after extraction and complexation from coffee samples (peels and beans) using coffee beans in different grown and developed process has been evaluated in quantitative research by using UV/VIS Spectrophotometry Values have been got about 10-6 mol.L-1 in peels and beans. The proposed extraction method has been not only viable but its use possible with preparing time of dried samples for analyses in about 40 minutes. The experimental evidence resulting from this research has proposed that such phenolic antioxidant species can be made a good use of discarded material (the peel of coffee beans) therefore a great economical benefit for sustainable coffee cultivation.

The further usage of vegetable and plant waste from juice pressing industry as textile dyes is presented in this thesis. The thesis is focused on β-carotene (C40H56) dyestuff extracted from orange peel and carrot residue. The three organic solvents; ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and hexane/acetone (1:1 v/v) were used for the extraction. The analysis of the extract was done by RP-HPLC with a C18 column. The yield and the purity of the extracted β-carotene were determined. The highest yield was achieved with petroleum ether whereas the other two solvents were nearly as good. The highest and purest amount on β-carotene was found in the extracts of carrots. The dyeing process was continued with β-carotene dyestuff of orange peel and carrot residue extracted from 27 g of residue on 0,8 g cotton in the dyeing ratio 1:50. Unmordant and post mordanted bleached and mercerized cotton fabric was dyed. 10% alum of the weight fraction of cotton was used as mordant. Colour measurements (K/S, C*, L*, a*, b*, h and ΔE) and fastness properties as light- (ISO-Norm B02) and wash fastness (ISO 105 – C) were tested. Fair light fastness grades were achieved by β-carotene dyestuff of orange peel residue dyed on cotton fabric. Poorer were the grades for β-carotene dyestuff of carrot residue for both unmordanted and mordanted samples. The wash fastness couldn’t achieve reasonable results neither for β-carotene dyestuff from carrots nor orange peel residue, dyed on cotton fabric. / Program: Master programme in Textile Engineering

For the citrus processing industry the disposal of fresh peels has become a major concern for manyfactories. Orange peels are the major solid by-product. Dried orange peels have a high content ofpectin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed.The present work aims at utilizing orange peels for the production of ethanol by using the fungusMucor indicus. Hence, producing a valuable product from the orange peel waste. The biomass growthwas also examined, since the biomass of the fungus can be processed into chitosan, which also is avaluable material.The work was first focused on examining the fungus ability to assimilate galacturonic acid and severalother sugars present in orange peel hydrolyzate (fructose, glucose, galactose, arabionose, and xylose).Fructose and glucose are the sugars which are consumed the fastest whereas arabinose, xylose andgalacturonic acid are assimilated much slower.One problem when using orange peels as raw material is its content of peel oils (mainly D-limonene),which has an immense antimicrobial effect on many microorganism even at low concentrations. Inorder to study M. indicus sensitivity to peel oil the fungus was grown in medium containing differentconcentrations of D-limonene.At very low limonene concentrations the fungal growth was delayed only modestly, hence a couple ofhours when starting from spores and almost nothing when starting with biomass. Increasing theconcentration to 0.25% (v/v) and above halted the growth to a large extent. However, the fungus wasable to grow even at a limonene concentration of 1.0%, although, at very reduced rate. Cultivationsstarted from spore-solution were more sensitive than those started with biomass.Orange peels were hydrolyzed by two different methods to fermentable sugars, namely by dilute acidhydrolysis (0.5% (v/v) H2SO4) at 150 °C and by enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase, pectinase and β-glucosidase. The fungus was able to produce ethanol with a maximum yield of about 0.36 g/g after 24h when grown on acid hydrolyzed orange peels both by aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. Apreliminary aerobic cultivation on enzymatic hydrolyzed orange peels gave a maximum ethanol yieldof 0.33 g/g after 26 h.The major metabolite produced during the cultivations was ethanol. Apart from ethanol, glycerol wasthe only component produced in significant amounts. In cultivations performed aerobically on acidandenzymatic hydrolyzed orange peels the glycerol yields were 0.048 g/g after 24 h.Two different techniques were also examined in order to evaluate if the methods could be use asbiomass determining methods when solid particles are present in the culture medium. The problemwith solid particles is that they will be buried inside the fungal biomass matrix. Hence makingseparation impossible prior to dry weight determination in the ordinary way. However, none of themethods involving chitin extraction or chitosan extraction did show any good results.The results from the present work are rather clear, M. indicus was able to grow and produce bothethanol and biomass even when limonene was present in the culture medium. The maximum ethanolyield was achieved after about 24 h in cultivations performed on both acid hydrolyzed and enzymatichydrolyzed orange peels. However, in order to say if the method can be applicable at industrial scaleand made economically feasible the subject has to be investigated further.

Orange cultivation is a huge industry which increasing for each year. By the year 2010 theorange production of the world is expected to reach 66.4 million tons per year. Most of theoranges are used for orange juice production. Consequently, a large amount of organic wastes,including seeds, segment membranes and peel, counting up to half of the weight of usedoranges, are generated As alternatives to land filling and incineration, source separation andcomposting together with biogas production are being considered as suitable methods fortreating this fraction of wastes, because it holds a high amount of organic materials in form ofvaluable carbohydrate polymers. However, the presence of peel oil, limonene, known to haveantimicrobial effects, has showed to be a strong inhibitor for the biogas producingmicroorganisms. Therefore the orange peel waste (OP) was mixed with the organic fraction ofmunicipal solid waste (MSW) in this study to keep the concentration of this inhibitorycompound at low level.Based on the results from previous batch experiments, this study was performed in order toconfirm and develop the possible use of orange peel waste in biogas production. Since thebatch experiments showed that the methane production was not affected, when a mixture of70% MSW and 30% OP (calculated on the basis of volatile solids (VS) content added) wasused as substrate, a continuous anaerobic digestion experiment was performed using the samemixture of MSW and OP as a substrate in this study. Furthermore, a reactor utilizing onlyMSW was used as a control. Both reactors were operated during 35 days at thermophilicconditions (55ºC), with an organic loading rate of 3gVS/L/day and a hydraulic retention timeof 21 days. The methane production was around 0,5 Nm3/kgVS/day in both reactors duringthe first period of operation. However, the production of methane started to decrease after 20days followed by a sharp decrease during the last 5 days in the orange peel-containing reactor.Furthermore, a steadily increase (from 4,85g/L to 6,51g/L) in the total content of volatile fattyacids (VFA) could be observed here, while the total content of VFA in the control reactorremained at low levels (0,84g/L). A second experimental set up using a decreased amount ofOP (20% OP and 80% MSW) in the substrate mixture and operating at the same conditions sthe previous experiment was also performed and showed similar trends in the results. Thefailure of the process can be explained by inhibition in the system, which led to theaccumulation of VFA’s resulting in a decreased and finally no methane production. Thisinhibition might be caused by the accumulation of the inhibitory compound, limonene,presented in the orange peel waste. Therefore some treatment of the OP is necessary prior todigestion to avoid this inhibition. Batch digestion of treated vs untreated OP showed that themethane production of treated OP could be increased to 0,628 Nm3/kgVS compared to that of0,408 Nm3/kgVS from the untreated sample. Further investigations utilizing this treated OPfraction in continuous biogas process are necessary in the future.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-10T14:22:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Dennis Dantas de Sousa.pdf: 1176250 bytes, checksum: 9d455113be8bf6871e88e82e6a4fccb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T14:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Dennis Dantas de Sousa.pdf: 1176250 bytes, checksum: 9d455113be8bf6871e88e82e6a4fccb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The textile sector is known for the large use of chemicals and its high power to contamination of water resources due to the generation of large quantities of wastewater. This work aimed to produce and evaluate the flour banana peel as an adsorbent for the removal of textile dyes. The adsorbent was obtained by drying in an hothouse with air circulation banana peels cut into cubes, in different operating conditions of temperature, mass, and drying time. The adsorption kinetic tests were performed in finite bath using 2.5 g of biomass and a dye solution blue cassafix CA-2G, with a concentration of 200 mg.L -1 . In the study adsorption equilibrium was used 0.25g of banana peel flour and different concentrations of the dye solution ranging from 25 mg.L -1 and 200 mg.L -1 , with the contact time of 8 hours, under agitation of 80 rpm in finite bath. According to the statistical analysis of the experimental design 2 3 drying showed that factors (mass, time, temperature) are all statistically significant, and that the obtained model is statistically significant, considering that F (calculated) is larger than the F (tabulated). Among the models tested for the drying process the one that best adjusted the experimental data was the model proposed by Midili, common coefficient of determination (R 2 ) above 0.96 for all drying tests. It was found that the adsorbent with lower moisture levels, provides better dye removal efficiencies. In this work was obtained removal efficiency around 50% using a residence time of 60 minutes. The kinetic model of pseudo-second order showed better comparison of the experimental data, with determination coefficients above 0.97. The equilibrium isotherm model that best fit the experimental data obtained in the adsorption was the model proposed by Sips, obtaining coefficient of determination the value of 0.97047, showing that the adsorption cooperatively. The banana peel flour is a byproduct agro-industrial low-cost which proves to be an adsorbent potential for removing textile dye studied. / O setor têxtil é conhecido pela grande utilização de produtos químicos e seu elevado poder de contaminação dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo produzir e avaliar a farinha da casca de banana como adsorvente na remoção de corantes têxteis. O adsorvente foi obtido através de secagem em estufa com circulação de ar das cascas de banana em diferentes condições operacionais de temperatura, massa e tempo de secagem, e em seguida foram trituradas para se obter a farinha. Os ensaios cinéticos de adsorção foram realizados em banho finito utilizando 2,5g da farinha da casca de banana e uma solução de corante azul cassafix CA-2G, com uma concentração de 200 mg.L . No estudo do equilíbrio de adsorção utilizou-se 0,25g da farinha da casca de banana e diferentes concentrações da solução de corante variando entre 25 mg.L 1 e 200 mg.L -1 , com tempo de contato de 8h, sob agitação de 80rpm em banho finito. De acordo com a análise estatística do planejamento fatorial de 2 da secagem revelou que os parâmetros operacionais (massa, tempo, temperatura) são todos estatisticamente significativos e que o modelo obtido é estatisticamente significativo, tendo em vista que o F(calculado) é maior que o F(tabelado). Dentre os modelos testados para o processo de secagem o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi o modelo proposto por Midili, com um coeficiente de determinação (R 2 ) acima de 0,96 para todos ensaios de secagem. Foi possível constatar que o bioadsorvente com menores teores de umidades, apresenta melhores eficiências de remoção do corante. Obteve-se eficiência de remoção em torno de 50%, usando-se tempo de rotação de 60 minutos. O modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem apresentou melhor concordância com os dados experimentais, apresentando coeficientes de determinação de 0,97. O modelo de isoterma de equilíbrio que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais obtidos na adsorção foi o modelo proposto por Sips, obtendo coeficiente de determinação de 0,97, mostrando que a adsorção de forma cooperativa. A farinha da casca de banana é um subproduto agroindustrial de baixo custo que demonstra.

The problem of this study was to determine the perceived needs of selected Texas public school administrators in the areas of competence addressed in the PEEL (Performance Evaluation of the Educational Leader) definition of administrative competence. The conclusions included the following: 1. Between levels of administrative activity, differences were indicated in the high indexes of perceived need on the competency statements between the superintendency-level staff members (superintendent and his advisory staff who hold "line" positions) and the building-level administrators (elementary principals, junior high principals, and senior high principals). 2. Superintendency-level staff members tend to exhibit higher perceived needs on the competency statements relating to instruction and student-oriented responsibilities than do building-level administrators. 3. The size of a school district in which an administrator is employed, the number of years that an administrator has in educational administration, and the highest degree earned by an administrator cause no significant differences to appear in the manner in which an administrator assesses his perceived need on a particular competency statement.

Protein upgrading of orange peel waste was carried out by Solid Substrate Fermentation using an Aspergillus sp. inoculum in a waste peel mixture containing peel waste, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2 PO4), ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] and molasses. Fermentation lasted 72 hours at 30C. after which crude protein level in the substrate increased from 5% to 13%. Factors found to be important in determing the efficiency of the fermentation process included fermentable sugar content of the medium, nitrogen and mineral levels, initial temperature, PH, moisture, agitation of the medium, and size of particles constituting the substrate. Protein quality of the fermented peel was evaluated by PEP assay and a PER value of 0.78 was recorded. It is suggested that a low level of total amino acids is the major contributory factor to this low PEP value. Total amino acid level measured 5.75g per 100g fermented peel waste. / Master of Science (Hons)

Potato peel, a waste generated from potato processing is a disposal problem. But, it is a good source of phenolic compounds, sugars, and glycoalkaloids. This study examines the subcritical water extraction of phenolics, glycoalkaloids and sugars from potato peel and compares it to conventional solvent extraction. Experiments were conducted in a batch stainless steel reactor at 6 MPa, 2 mL/min and 100 to 240C for 30-120 min. The results revealed that highest recoveries of phenolic compounds (81.23 mg/100 g; fw) and sugars (75 mg/g; fw) were obtained using subcritical water at 180C and 30 min and at 160C and 120 min, respectively. Low content of glycoalkaloids (1.19 mg/100 g, fw) was obtained using subcritical water. The yields of phenolics and sugars using subcritical water were 40 and 45% higher than using a conventional solvent extraction method. Therefore, subcritical water might be a good substitute to organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol to obtain functional ingredients from potato peel. / Food Science and Technology

In 1990, a case came before the Ontario Human Rights Commission involving the collision of a religious rights policy enshrined in the Ontario Human Rights Code 1981 and a Peel Board of Education disciplinary policy prohibiting weapons including the kirpan, a dagger-like article of religious faith worn by baptized Sikhs. Harbhajan Singh Pandori claimed infringement of his religious rights as a Sikh under the Code. In a joint complaint, the Ontario Human Rights Commission alleged the Code had been violated in a Peel Board policy restricting the religious rights of Sikhs by prohibiting the kirpan. Attempts to mediate between complainant Sikhs and the Peel Board failed. The dispute went before an Ontario Human Rights Commission tribunal adjudicated by Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut who ruled that the kirpan was a religious symbol and could be worn to school subject to restrictions. The Pandori kirpan case illustrates the complexity of resolving issues of cultural and religious conflict in public institutions undergoing demographic change. Significant to the kirpan case were Canadian immigration policy changes which eliminated race and ethnicity from admission criteria. As a result, the Region of Peel witnessed significant intake of immigrants including Sikhs, some of whom insisted on their right to wear a kirpan. The extensive public debate that followed afforded valuable insight on the political process of policy-making in education and accommodating diversity in public educational institutions. The debate also set the stage for the development of the Peel Board’s equity policy documents--Manifesting Encouraging and Respectful Environments and The Future We Want launched in 2000. Despite the new equity documents, some observers have remarked that institutional change is slow unless pressure is applied by the courts or the Ontario Human Rights Commission. While the kirpan issue has been put to rest in Canada, issues of competing rights continue to challenge Canadians. The kirpan case demonstrates that balancing competing rights in a multicultural society is an ongoing struggle with no final resolution. In the twenty-first century, as Canada continues to diversify, debates concerning accommodation continue to be reflected in the public schools.

In 1990, a case came before the Ontario Human Rights Commission involving the collision of a religious rights policy enshrined in the Ontario Human Rights Code 1981 and a Peel Board of Education disciplinary policy prohibiting weapons including the kirpan, a dagger-like article of religious faith worn by baptized Sikhs. Harbhajan Singh Pandori claimed infringement of his religious rights as a Sikh under the Code. In a joint complaint, the Ontario Human Rights Commission alleged the Code had been violated in a Peel Board policy restricting the religious rights of Sikhs by prohibiting the kirpan. Attempts to mediate between complainant Sikhs and the Peel Board failed. The dispute went before an Ontario Human Rights Commission tribunal adjudicated by Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut who ruled that the kirpan was a religious symbol and could be worn to school subject to restrictions. The Pandori kirpan case illustrates the complexity of resolving issues of cultural and religious conflict in public institutions undergoing demographic change. Significant to the kirpan case were Canadian immigration policy changes which eliminated race and ethnicity from admission criteria. As a result, the Region of Peel witnessed significant intake of immigrants including Sikhs, some of whom insisted on their right to wear a kirpan. The extensive public debate that followed afforded valuable insight on the political process of policy-making in education and accommodating diversity in public educational institutions. The debate also set the stage for the development of the Peel Board’s equity policy documents--Manifesting Encouraging and Respectful Environments and The Future We Want launched in 2000. Despite the new equity documents, some observers have remarked that institutional change is slow unless pressure is applied by the courts or the Ontario Human Rights Commission. While the kirpan issue has been put to rest in Canada, issues of competing rights continue to challenge Canadians. The kirpan case demonstrates that balancing competing rights in a multicultural society is an ongoing struggle with no final resolution. In the twenty-first century, as Canada continues to diversify, debates concerning accommodation continue to be reflected in the public schools.