[pt] A literatura que estuda o efeito de fusões sobre rentabilidade do setor bancário chegou a resultados controversos, variando em direção e em magnitude. Este trabalho introduz duas novas metodologias, Propensity Score Matching e Differences-in-Differences, para estimar o efeito de fusões sobre a rentabilidade no setor bancário norte-americano e para estabelecer os links entre esses fatos. Os resultados indicam que as fusões geram pequeno efeito sobre a rentabilidade dos bancos, mas tal efeito é maior quando as operações envolvem bancos que atuam num mesmo mercado. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que as fusões aumentam a produtividade do trabalho, os ativos, a alavancagem, a concentração de mercado e os impostos sobre os lucros, mas reduzem os custos operacionais e o número de empregados. / [en] The literature has found causal effects of merger on profitability with distinct signs and magnitudes. This paper uses new approaches, the Propensity Score Matching and Differences-in-Differences, to estimate the causal effect of mergers on US bank`s profitability and to identify the links between them. The results point out that mergers has little effect on bank`s profitability, but this effect is bigger when operations involve banks in the same market. Moreover, mergers increase labor productivity, assets, leverage, market concentration and income taxes and decrease operational costs and the number of employees.

Le maintien des personnes à domicile est une perspective sérieusement envisagée dans le contexte actuel de vieillissement de la population. Selon les statistiques, près d'un habitant sur trois aurait plus de 60 ans en 2050, contre un sur cinq en 2005. Cependant, les solutions actuelles de téléassistance (bouton alarme sur un collier par exemple) ont montré leurs limites. La thèse consiste à étudier des applications du futur permettant de fournir à une personne maintenue à domicile ou à l’hôpital une meilleure solution alternative fondée sur les réseaux de capteurs, capable de mesurer certains de ses paramètres physiologiques et de transmettre des données importantes aux infirmières ou médecins. Ces applications doivent s’adapter aux besoins médicaux et avoir un coût économique faible. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur des solutions de type réseaux de capteurs qui ont un coût de développement et de mise en œuvre faibles. Ce type de réseaux de capteurs offre de nouveaux services tels que la surveillance médicale et l'amélioration de la sécurité par la propagation d'alertes d'urgence. Cependant, la forte mobilité et le changement rapide de la topologie du réseau présentent un verrou scientifique et social. En outre, l'interférence de différents capteurs augmente la difficulté d'implantation de ce genre de réseaux IEEE 802.15.4. Depuis ces dernières années, plusieurs solutions ont été étudiées, comme nous le verrons dans cette thèse. Nous nous intéressons à la fiabilité de transmission dans cette thèse, car un réseau de capteurs est très limité par la capacité de calcul, de stockage et de transfert. Nous nous interrogeons dans un premier temps sur la meilleure méthode pour la livraison des données. Nous avons sélectionné les protocoles unicast et multicast issus du domaine MANET dans le but de comparer leurs avantages et inconvénients dans le contexte des applications de surveillance médicale. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes de mise en place et au renforcement de la route dans chacun des protocoles. Les résultats de cette première étude montrent que les protocoles multicast s’adaptent mieux aux applications, car ils permettent de réduire le nombre de paquets transmis dans le réseau. Même si certains protocoles pourraient amener une meilleure performance (en ce qui concerne le débit utile) que d’autres, aucun protocole ne satisfait une application réelle. Nous travaillons sur l’exploitation d'un réseau hétérogène en distinguant les nœuds forts et les nœuds faibles. Dans ce cadre, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche, HMR, qui permet de mieux assurer la performance du réseau par rapport aux solutions existantes. Une dernière problématique à étudier dans cette thèse est l’agrégation de données, car les données à transmettre dans le réseau sont souvent périodiquement générées avec des tailles très restreintes (quelques octets, par exemple). Nos études montrent que l’agrégation de données est une bonne solution. Cette thèse a donné lieu à deux publications en conférences internationales avec comité de lecture. / Keeping people at home is a perspective seriously considered in the current context of population aging. According to statistics, nearly one in three would have more than 60 years in 2050, against one in five in 2005. However, current solutions telecare (alarm button on a necklace, for example) have shown their limits. The thesis consists in studying future applications to provide, to a person kept at home or in the hospital, a better alternative solution based on sensor networks. A solution capable of measuring some of its physiological parameters and transmit important data nurses or doctors. These applications must adapt to the medical needs and have a low economic cost. We focused on solutions for sensor networks having a low-cost of development and implementation. This type of sensor networks offer new services such as medical monitoring and improving security by the propagation of emergency alerts. However, the high mobility and rapid change of the network topology present a scientific and social lock. Furthermore, interference of various sensors increases the difficulty of implantation of such networks IEEE 802.15.4. In recent years, several solutions have been studied, as discussed in this thesis. We are interested in the transmission reliability in this thesis, as a sensor network is very limited computing capacity, storage and transfer. We inquire in the first instance on the best method for data delivery. We selected unicast and multicast protocols from the field MANET in order to compare their advantages and disadvantages in the context of medical monitoring applications. We are interested in mechanisms of implementation and strengthening of the route in each of the protocols. The results of this first study show that the multicast protocols are better suited to these applications because they reduce the number of packets transmitted in the network. Although some protocols may lead to better performance (as regards the throughput) than others, no protocol satisfies a real application. We are working on the operation of a heterogeneous network distinguishing between strong and weak nodes. In this context, we proposed a new approach, HMR, to better ensure network performance over existing solutions. A final issue to consider in this thesis is the aggregation of data, because the data to be transmitted in the network are often periodically generated with very small size (a few bytes, for example). Our studies show that data aggregation is a good solution.

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un mécanisme appelé Initial Spreading qui permet une optimisation remarquable des performances de TCP pour les connexions de petites tailles, représentant plus de 90% des connexions échangées dans l’Internet. Cette solution est d’autant plus intéressante que pour certaines technologies telles qu’un lien satellite, le temps d’aller-retour particulièrement long est très pénalisant, et des solutions spécifiques ont dû être implantées qui empêchent l’intégration du satellite dans un système de communication plus large. Nous montrons que l’Initial Spreading est non seulement plus performant, mais surtout plus général car pertinent dans toutes les situations. De plus, peu intrusif, il ne compromet aucune des évolutions de TCP passées ou à venir. / In this Ph.D. Thesis, we propose a mechanism called Initial Spreading that significantly improves the TCP short-lived connexions performance, and so more than 90% of the Internet connections. Indeed, if regular TCP without our mechanism can be considered as efficient for terrestrial networks, its behavior is strongly damaged by the long delay of a satellite communication. Satellite community developed then some satellite specific solutions that provide good performance, but prevent the joint use of satellite and other technologies. We show therefore that Initial Spreading is not only more efficient than regular solutions but enables also the use of an unique protocol whatever the context. Moreover, being non-intrusive, it is suitable for past and future TCP evolutions.

Confrontées à l'augmentation des coûts de mise en place et de maintenance des systèmes informatiques, les entreprises se tournent vers des solutions d'externalisation telles que le Cloud Computing. Le Cloud se basent sur la virtualisation comme principale technologie permettant la mutualisation. L'utilisation de la virtualisation apporte de nombreux défis donc les principaux portent sur les performances des applications dans les machines virtuelles (VM) et la prévisibilité de ces performances. Dans un système virtualisé, les ressources matérielles sont partagées entre toutes les VMs du système. Dans le cas du CPU, c'est l'ordonnanceur de l'hyperviseur qui se charge de le partager entre tous les processeurs virtuels (vCPU) des VMs. L'hyperviseur réalise une allocation à temps partagé du CPU entre tous les vCPUs des VMs. Chaque vCPU a accès au CPU périodiquement. Ainsi, les vCPUs des VMs n'ont pas accès de façon continue au CPU, mais plutôt discontinue. Cette discontinuité est à l'origine de nombreux problèmes sur des mécanismes tels que la gestion d'interruption et les mécanismes de synchronisation de bas niveau dans les OS invités. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux contributions pour répondre à ces problèmes dans la virtualisation. La première est un nouvel ordonnanceur de l'hyperviseur qui adapte dynamiquement la valeur du quantum dans l'hyperviseur en fonction du type des applications dans les VMs sur une plate-forme multi-coeurs. La seconde contribution est une nouvelle primitive de synchronisation (nommée I-Spinlock) dans l'OS invité. Dans un Cloud fournissant un service du type IaaS, la VM est l'unité d'allocation. Le fournisseur établit un catalogue des types de VMs présentant les différentes quantités de ressources qui sont allouées à la VM vis-à-vis des différents périphériques. Ces ressources allouées à la VM correspondent à un contrat sur une qualité de service négocié par le client auprès du fournisseur. L'imprévisibilité des performances est la conséquence de l'incapacité du fournisseur à garantir cette qualité de service. Deux principales causes sont à l'origine de ce problème dans le Cloud: (i) un mauvais partage des ressources entre les différentes VMs et (ii) l'hétérogénéité des infrastructures dans les centres d'hébergement. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux contributions pour répondre au problème d'imprévisibilité des performances. La première contribution s'intéresse au partage de la ressource logicielle responsable de la gestion des pilotes, et propose une approche de facturation du temps CPU utilisé par cette couche logiciel aux VMs. La deuxième contribution s'intéresse à l'allocation du CPU dans les Clouds hétérogènes. Dans cette contribution, nous proposons une approche d'allocation permettant de garantir la capacité de calcul allouée à une VM quelle que soit l'hétérogénéité des CPUs dans l'infrastructure. / As a reaction to the increasing costs of setting up and maintaining IT systems, companies are turning to solutions such as Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is based on virtualization as the main technology for mutualisation. The use of virtualization brings many challenges. The main ones concern the performance of the applications in the virtual machines (VM) and the predictability of these performances. In a virtualized system, hardware resources are shared among all VMs in the system. In the case of the CPU, it is the scheduler of the hypervisor that is in charge of sharing the CPU among all the virtual processors (vCPU) of the VMs. The hypervisor uses a time-sharing approach to allocate the CPU. Each vCPU has access to the CPU periodically. Thus, the vCPU of the VMs do not have continuous access to the CPU, but rather discontinuous. This discontinuity is causing many problems on mechanisms such as interuption handling and low-level synchronization mechanisms in guest OSs. In this thesis, we propose two contributions to address these problems in virtualization. The first is a new hypervisor scheduler that dynamically adapts the quantum value in the hypervisor according to the type of applications in the VMs on a multi-core platform. The second contribution is a new synchronization primitive (named I-Spinlock) in the guest OS. In a cloud providing a service of the IaaS type, the VM is the allocation unit. The provider establishes a catalogue presenting the different quantities of resources that are allocated to the VM regarding various devices. These resources allocated to the VM correspond to a contract on a quality of service negotiated by the customer with the provider. The unpredictability of performance is the consequence of the incapability of the provider to guarantee this quality of service. There are two main causes of this problem in the Cloud: (i) poor resource sharing between different VMs and (ii) heterogeneity of infrastructure in hosting centers. In this thesis, we propose two contributions to answer the problem of performance unpredictability. The first contribution focuses on the sharing of the software resource responsible for managing the drivers, and proposes to bill the CPU time used by this software layer to VMs. The second contribution focuses on the allocation of the CPU in heterogeneous clouds. In this contribution, we propose an allocation approach to guarantee the computing capacity allocated to a VM regardless of the heterogeneity of the CPUs in the infrastructure.

Esta dissertação trata do corpo performático, em especial na sua relação com a imagem. Situa-se nos limites entre arte, educação e filosofia; apresentando o corpo, a imagem e a performance junto à ações performáticas autorais desenvolvidas pela autora. Os conceitos são tratados junto ao pensamento da diferença, especialmente nos estudos deleuzeanos em torno do cinema, da arte, da criação e da subjetividade. Trabalha-se o problema da imagem como representação estratificada, moralizante, em busca de uma imagem performática, caósmica, na qual organismos, estratos e corpo sutil se misturam e borram as fronteiras do que se representa. A partir de ações, performances e vídeoperformances, mostra-se como pode o corpo domesticado pelas armadilhas do poder se fazer máquina autopoiética, criadora, nos termos de Félix Guattari, de um “território existencial heterogêneo”, único e nascente. A pesquisa, por fim, defende um corpo performático que se cria e se produz, sucessivamente. / This thesis/dissertation is about the performing-body, especially in its relation to the image. It is situated in the boundaries of art, education and philosophy; presenting the body, the image and the performance related to authorship performing actions done by the authoress. The concepts are processed within the thought of the difference, especially in the deleuzian studies about cinema, art, creation and subjectivity. The work is done on the issue of the image as a moralizing, stratified representation, on the search of a performing image, chaosmic, in which organisms, extracts and subtle body mingle and blur the boundaries of what is being represented. Based on actions, performances and video-performances, it is shown how the body, domesticated by the traps of power, become a self poetic machine, and according to Félix Guattari, create an “existential heterogeneous territory”, unique and nascent. Lastly, the research defends a performing-body which self creates and self reproduces successively.

La dissertazione analizza il processo creativo e il disegno che avviene nel momento in cui lo spostamento accade e si registra all’interno del treno nel período compreso dal 2012 al 2014. La ricerca rivela lo spostamento urbano come posto e il pavimento del vagone come la superfície di suporto. I disegni si formano dalla trasmissione degli impulsi e dei dondoli tramite instrumenti pendolari che oscillano in forme diverse ad ogni instante. Lo svillupo dell’atto performativo é stato intercalato dalla sperienza del corpo nei compiti acrobatici su tessuti aerei durante le lezioni di circo. Le azioni del quotidiano, come lo spostarsi e l’appendersi sono state le origini di questa ricerca basata sulle riflessioni di Peter Greenaway nel Le bruit des nuages, Anne Bénichou nel Questi documenti sono anche opere..., Albert Camus nel Mito di Sisifo e Leo Steinberg em Altri Criteri. La pratica artística nei disegni fatti com l’oscillazione del treno e le prestazioni sono riferite ai processi degli artisti Eduardo Costa, Carolee Schnemann, Rebecca Horn e William Anastasi. / Esta dissertação analisa o processo criativo e o desenho que ocorre no momento em que o deslocamento é realizado e captado no interior do trem, entre o período de 2012 a 2014. A pesquisa revela o deslocamento urbano como local e o chão do vagão como a superfície de suporte. Os desenhos são formados pela transmissão de impulsos e balanços, a partir de instrumentos pendulares que oscilam de forma diversa a cada instante. O desenvolvimento do ato performático foi intercalado pela experiência do corpo nas atividades acrobáticas em tecido aéreo durante aulas de circo. As ações do cotidiano, como deslocar-se e pendurar-se, geraram esta pesquisa ancorada nas reflexões de Peter Greenaway, em Le bruit des nuages, Anne Bénichou, em Esses documentos que são também obras... , Albert Camus, em O mito de Sísifo e Leo Steiberg, em Outros Critérios. A prática artística entre os desenhos feitos com o balanço do trem e as performances, são relacionadas com os processos dos artistas: Eduardo Costa, Carolee Schnemann, Rebecca Horn e William Anastasi.

Objective of the work was to analyze the results of performance testing and their usage in warmblood horses breeding. The active Czech warmblood stallions registered in The Czech warmblood breeders association on the list of stallions in 2012, were summarized into the overview. The results of mare performance tests (daughters of sires) and the results of offspring in jumping competitions were used for the analysis of the stallions. Stallions were divided according to available offspring data into three groups. The first group contains stallions who still can not have offspring in sport (young stallions), in the second group are stallions with no available record about the offsrping. The stallions in the third group have daughters passed the performance tests and offspring in sports, therefore we have analyzed this third group in detail. Stallions were ranked by the number of offspring and by the performance results of their offspring. Based on average results of the mare performance tests and the average number of points in jumping competitions were selected the top stallions, who also had to meet a criterion of the number of offspring (min. 10 mares on performance tests and min. 6 offspring in sport). Own performance and the performance of the progeny of these top ten stallions was compared with other equally or even more frequent stallions. Based on the results of mare performance tests and sports performance of the offspring were best assessed stallions: Comero, Phill, Le Patron, Radegast, Sargoni, Manillon Rouge, Amarillo, Dantes, Rock´n Roll and Calanthano. These all stallions met the criterion of the number of offspring. The breeder selection of the stallion doesn´t follow performance results and the number of offspring doesn´t copy the quality of the stallion, it means, that the selection of the stallion for each mare is based on other circumnstances. It means that the results of performance testing were not used in Czech warmblood breeding.

O presente trabalho tem como foco analisar o caráter de oralidade presente na poesia, demonstrando com o mesmo é apreendido mediante os atos de performance do texto poético. Buscou-se apontar que o recalque do aspecto oral da poesia em face da escrita tem provocado uma interpretação incompleta das manifestações poéticas em todas as culturas. A falta de estudos sobre o tema gera uma carência de nomenclaturas que buscou-se sanar mediante o estabelecimento de uma tipologia capaz de abranger, senão em totalidade, ao menos a maior parte dos atos de performance poética. Dado o caráter efêmero da performance, fez-se necessário que o texto se estabelecesse principalmente sobre gravações de poesias bem como da observação empírica de performances e a busca da descrição e análise dos efeitos que provocam nos espectadores, apontando assim para a recepção do texto poético em performance / The present work focuses the oral character present in poetry, trying to show how it manifests itself in the acts of performance of the poetic text. I have sought to point out that the repression of the oral aspect of poetry in face of its written dimension has brought an incomplete interpretation of the poetical manifestations in all cultures. The lack of studies concerning this topic creates an absence of conceptualization that I strove to solve through the creation of a tipology that might include at least some of the major aspects of the acts of poetical performance. Because of the ephemeral character of the performance act, this study relies on the description and analysis of playback recordings as well as on the empirical observation of performances, searching to demonstrate the effects that they induce on the audience, as part of a better undestanding of the process of reception of the poetic text

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre os novos padrões ideais e morais presentes na contemporaneidade: a exposição da intimidade e o culto a performance. Foram entrevistados 8 sujeitos usuários do facebook, principal rede social utilizada no Brasil. Foi utilizada um modelo de entrevista semi-estruturada, com conteúdo invisível, objetivando entender os usos e as influências do facebook sobre os sujeitos. E também foi utilizado o método de etnografia na internet, definida como netnografia. Os resultados apontam que a intimidade exposta no facebook está diretamente influenciada pelo culto à performance, sugerindo um novo eixo sobre a qual a autenticidade se estrutura. O fato dos perfis serem autoconstruídos provoca ainda mais as tendências performáticas. A interioridade humana é permeada por múltiplos aspectos e frequentes instabilidades, porém tais aspectos não parecem valorizados, sendo frequentemente negados. Torna-se importante ampliar estas discussões para que a vida humana tenha possibilidades de manifestações mais plenas. / This dissertation aims to reflect on the new standards and moral ideals in contemporary times: the exposure of intimacy and the cult of performance. Facebook is the main social network in Brazil and 8 users were interviewed. A semi-structured interview with invisible content was used, aiming to understand the uses and the influences of facebook on the subject. And also was used the method of ethnography in internet, defined as netnography. The results show that intimacy exposed on facebook is directly influenced by the cult of performance, suggesting a new shaft on which the authenticity is structured. The fact of the profiles be self-built causes even more performance trends. The human interiority is pervaded by multiple aspects and frequent instabilities, however such aspects do not seem valued, often denied. It is important to expand these discussions so that human life has possibilities to express itself in a more fulfilling way.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho é um estudo de caso cujo objeto consiste em um grupo de capoeira angola que passava por um momento de transição. A partir do rompimento entre os dois principais líderes do grupo sem mestre, investigou-se as tensões existentes reveladoras de diferentes pontos de vista sobre a capoeira e a atuação do mesmo em suas redes de relacionamento. Estas diferenças são significativas uma vez que estão relacionadas com as transformações em torno das concepções sobre esta atividade e também se inserem no contexto de transformações em curso na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Concebendo-se a capoeira angola como um estilo de vida, as diversas maneiras de pensá-la também geram diferentes maneiras de atuar na sociedade. A metodologia consiste na pesquisa qualitativa com observação participante. Escolheu-se a abordagem pela performance por se acreditar que os valores são comunicados também por meio das diferenças de movimentação. Ao final da pesquisa, concluiu-se que o grupo investigado passava por um momento de transição, que considero como uma passagem apoiada nas considerações de Victor Turner, já em vias de transição para a fase seguinte a partir da indicação do treinel que ficou responsável de se juntar a um grupo já estabelecido. / This work is a study of case which object consists of a group of capoeira angola that was passing through a transition moment. From the disruption between the two principal leaders of the group that was without master, there was the investigation of the present tensions revealing different points of view about capoeira and the way the group should act through its relationship nets. These differences are meaningful once they are related to the changes around the conceptions about this activity and they are also inserted on the context of transformations in progress at the Rio de Janeiro's city. Conceiving capoeira angola as a life style, the many ways of thinking about it also generate various forms of acting at the society. The methodology is the qualitative research with participant observation. The performance appproach was chose for the belief that values are communicated also by the differences among the movimention. At the final stage of the research, it was concluded that the investigated group was passing through a transition moment, which was considered as a passage, accordingly to Victor Turners studies, already going to the next phase from the indication of the responsible treinel to join a established group.