Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2017-11-28T13:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSTAND DE ALBUQUERQUE MELO - TESE PPGCS 2015..pdf: 38625547 bytes, checksum: 4b0166fe011344df85d6f39622f7818c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-28T13:57:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSTAND DE ALBUQUERQUE MELO - TESE PPGCS 2015..pdf: 38625547 bytes, checksum: 4b0166fe011344df85d6f39622f7818c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / CNPq / Partindo de uma perspectiva que observa a política do ponto de vista da cultura e de suas relações com o cotidiano, a presente tese de doutorado se propõe a investigar a interface entre a sociabilidade contemporânea e engajamento político-eleitoral a partir das interações estabelecidas no ambiente virtual da internet. O foco de análise é identificar as relações e influências entre as novas práticas comunicativas e de interação social, estabelecidas a partir das mídias sociais, e o surgimento de performances diferenciadas de mobilização em processos eleitorais. Para tanto, elegemos como objeto de estudo o caso das eleições estaduais majoritárias de 2010 e 2014 na Paraíba. O que une estes recortes temporais é a análise das performances de mobilização envolvendo duas figuras políticas específicas: Ricardo Coutinho (PSB) e Cássio Cunha Lima (PSDB), que possuem como característica em comum a adoção das mídias sociais enquanto ferramenta de comunicação e construção da imagem pública. O recorte foi estabelecido tendo em vista o período em que o uso eleitoral de plataformas colaborativas como o Facebook e Twitter se disseminou em todo o país e os personagens que iniciaram esse processo no contexto paraibano. Optamos por uma abordagem com viés antropológico, propondo uma etnografia das interações estabelecidas entre os usuários das mídias sociais, com o intuito de descrever e compreender as motivações e significados que orbitam em torno dos processos eleitorais e sua inserção no ritmo da vida cotidiana. Adotamos como categorias analíticas as noções de pós-modernidade e sociabilidade (MAFFESOLI), poder simbólico e capital social (BOURDIEU), por fim, performance e representação (GOFFMAN), além de perspectivas referentes à dinâmica de conversação em rede (RECUERO). Identificamos que as mídias sociais ampliam o espaço de expressão do eleitorado e estimulam a mobilização de grupos sociais antes desvinculados da política, embora reproduzam a personificação de poder e a legitimação de líderes carismáticos e/ou com capital social nas comunidades virtuais. A proliferação de boatos eleitorais e a ênfase no uso do humor e da imagem visual para a construção de representações sobre a política estão entre as principais características deste ambiente de interação. O uso eleitoral das mídias sociais reforça o acirramento de rivalidades e “municia” a militância com narrativas usadas na guerra de informação que caracteriza a disputa pelo voto. / From a perspective that looks at the culture of the point of view of policy and its relations with the everyday, this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the interface between contemporary sociability and political-electoral engagement from the interactions established in the virtual environment the internet. The focus of analysis is to identify the relationships and influences between the new communicative practices and social interaction, established from social media, and the emergence of differentiated performances mobilization in electoral processes. Therefore, we choose as the object of study case of the majority state elections of 2010 and 2014 in Paraíba. What unites these cuts is the temporal analysis of mobilization performances involving two specific political figures: Ricardo Coutinho (PSB) and Cássio Cunha Lima (PSDB), which have a characteristic in common the adoption of social media as a communication tool and construction public image. The clipping was established in view of the period in which the electoral use of collaborative platforms like Facebook and Twitter has spread across the country and the characters who began this process in the context of Paraiba. We opted for an approach to anthropological bias, proposing an ethnography of the interaction between users of social media, in order to describe and understand the motivations and meanings that orbit around the electoral process and its insertion in the rhythm of everyday life. We adopt as analytical categories post-modernity and sociability notions (MAFFESOLI), symbolic power and social capital (BOURDIEU), finally, performance and representation (GOFFMAN), and perspectives regarding the network conversation dynamics (RECUERO). We found that social media amplify the expression of the electorate space and stimulate the mobilization of social groups before disconnected from politics, although reproduce the embodiment of power and the legitimacy of charismatic leaders and / or capital in virtual communities. The proliferation of electoral rumors and the emphasis on the use of humor and visual image for the construction of representations of the policy are among the main features of this interactive environment. The electoral use of social media reinforces the intensification of rivalries and "arm" militancy with narratives used in information warfare that characterized the dispute by voting.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2976.pdf: 1024257 bytes, checksum: 6e0a06d059f29cb147e3849c559ecd9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-07 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Children with hearing impairments which study into the regular school can be isolated andrejected by their peer group and can exhibit more learning disability, emotional andbehavior problems than children that don't have deficiencies. Theoretical field of socialskills has been dedicated to the study of these questions. However the literature don tindicate which performances from the children could contribute or hinder the inclusion ofchildren with hearing impairments on their interpersonal relations, just as there a few dataon the relations between these performances and the social isolation and rejection by thepeer group, academic competence and behavior problems. This work was divided into tworesearches. The purpose of the research I consists in identify the inclusive social skills,by categorizing the pro-included performances and from the anti-included performances.Participated in this research I eight children with hearing impairments and 128 childrenwithout deficiency of eight classes of 1ª the 4ª grades of regular schools. By means offilming from the classes in the classroom and classes of the physical education, have beenidentified and categorized 30 pro-included performances and 20 anti-includedperformances from the children. The objective of the research II was observe the relationamong the pro-included performances and the anti-included performances and: a) the socialskills; b) the behavior problems; c) the academic competence; d) the sociometric statusfrom the children. Participated in this research II eight children with hearing impairmentsand eight children without deficiency of eight classes of 1ª the 4ª grades of regular schools.The statistically descriptive analysis suggested the relation among these performances andthe repertory of social skills and the academic competence from the children. The datarelative to the behavior problems and the sociometric status from the children don t suggestthe relation among these variables and the pro-inclusive performances and anti-inclusiveperformances. / Crianças com deficiência auditiva que estudam no ensino regular podem ser isoladas erejeitadas pelo grupo de pares e podem apresentar mais dificuldades de aprendizagem,comportamentos problemáticos e problemas emocionais do que as crianças que nãoapresentam deficiência. O campo teórico das habilidades sociais tem se dedicado ao estudodestas questões. Porém, a literatura não tem apontado quais os desempenhos das criançasque poderiam contribuir e/ou dificultar a inclusão da criança com deficiência auditiva nassuas relações interpessoais, assim como há poucos dados sobre as relações entre estesdesempenhos e o isolamento social e rejeição pelo grupo de pares, competência acadêmicae ocorrência de comportamentos problemáticos. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos.O Estudo I teve como objetivo identificar classes de habilidades sociais inclusivas, pormeio da categorização dos desempenhos pró-inclusivos e dos desempenhos anti-inclusivos.Participaram do Estudo I, oito crianças com deficiência auditiva e 128 crianças semdeficiência de oito classes de 1ª a 4ª séries de escolas regulares. Por meio de filmagens dasaulas em sala e de aulas de educação física, foram identificados e categorizados 30desempenhos pró-inclusivos e 20 desempenhos anti-inclusivos das crianças com e semdeficiência auditiva. O Estudo II teve o objetivo de observar a relação entre desempenhospró-inclusivos e desempenhos anti-inclusivos e: a) as habilidades sociais; b) a ocorrência decomportamentos problemáticos; c) a competência acadêmica; d) o status sociométrico dascrianças com e sem deficiência auditiva. Participaram do Estudo II, oito crianças comdeficiência auditiva e oito crianças sem deficiência de oito classes de 1ª a 4ª séries deescolas regulares. A análise estatística descritiva sugeriu a relação entre estes desempenhose o repertório de habilidades sociais e a competência acadêmica das crianças. Os dadosrelativos à ocorrência de comportamentos problemáticos e ao status sociométrico dascrianças não sugeriram a relação entre estas variáveis e a freqüência dos desempenhos próinclusivose anti-inclusivos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RitaGN_TESE.pdf: 4203429 bytes, checksum: 53186fc23919775a62dfadeb023f3c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-19 / Funda??o Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnol?gico / The work aims to investigate some of the educational actions developed in the differentiated Tapeba schools (CE), in their pedagogical practices. The reading of these practices as ritual of ethnic cultural resistance is accomplished by the approach of studies of experience and performance in the anthropology, as well as, the analytical perspective suggested by the dramaturgy ideas and social drama. So, taking a critical approach of the school, that conceives it, while time space privileged of possibilities of political social change, this work searches to notice the means of achievement of a differentiated education. I aim at, with that, to observe the ritual moments and perform?ticos of the pedagogic practices of Tapeba while important political-symbolic expressions of your collective experiences, looking at the process of construction of legitimacy of the school differentiated as scenery of creation of pedagogic rituals of resistance. Then, the Cultural Fair, Tapeba Indian Games, the Walking of Tapeba Indian`s Day and Carnauba Party by one side and the Cultural Classes, by another, promote a re-thinking on the experiences of Tapeba ethnicity, distinguishing also, in this process of identity affirmation, the political pedagogical role fulfilled by land re-taking. Finally, this work makes clear that Tapeba prove to be individuals with rights and at the same time they want to legitimate their differentiated school practices, Tapeba construct the meaning of their social actions in the educative and in other aspects of their communitarian living as well / O trabalho tem como unidade de investiga??o algumas das a??es educativas desenvolvidas nas escolas diferenciadas Tapeba (CE), observando as manipula??es t?ticas e estrat?gicas do tema do preconceito em suas pr?ticas pedag?gicas. A leitura dessas pr?ticas como rituais de resist?ncia ?tnico-cultural ? realizada por meio de uma aproxima??o com os estudos da antropologia da experi?ncia e da performance, bem como da perspectiva anal?tica sugerida pelas id?ias de dramaturgia e drama social. Partindo de uma abordagem cr?tica da escola, que a concebe enquanto tempo-espa?o privilegiado de possibilidades de mudan?a s?cio-pol?tica, busco observar os modos de realiza??o de uma educa??o diferenciada. Objetivo, com isso, observar os momentos rituais e perform?ticos das pr?ticas pedag?gicas dos Tapeba enquanto importantes express?es pol?tico-simb?licas de suas experi?ncias coletivas, atentando para o processo de constru??o de legitimidade da escola diferenciada como cen?rio de cria??o de rituais pedag?gicos de resist?ncia. Assim, a Feira Cultural, os Jogos Ind?genas Tapeba, a Caminhada do Dia do ?ndio Tapeba e a Festa da Carna?ba, por um lado, e as Aulas Culturais, por outro, promovem um repensar das experi?ncias de etnicidade tapeba, destacando-se tamb?m, nesse processo de afirma??o identit?ria, o papel pedag?gico-pol?tico desempenhado pelas retomadas de terra. Por fim, procuro evidenciar que, afirmando-se como sujeitos de direito, ao mesmo tempo em que buscam legitimar as suas pr?ticas escolares diferenciadas, os Tapeba constroem o significado de suas a??es sociais tanto no educativo quanto em outros aspectos de suas viv?ncias comunit?rias

L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier le lien entre le prix du pétrole et les performances macroéconomiques dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole. En adoptant une perspective d’économétrie appliquée, nous recourons à plusieurs techniques récentes de l’économétrie des données de panel. Pour cela trois thèmes sont envisagés. Nous identifions d’abord les fondamentaux de la croissance économique dans ces pays exportateurs de pétrole. En tenant compte du caractère dynamique de la croissance, nos résultats mettent en avant le rôle clé de la rente pétrolière dans l’explication de la croissance économique de ces pays. L’étude des interactions met en évidence qu’à court terme, un choc pétrolier positif améliore le compte courant et bénéficie à la croissance économique mais entraîne aussi une appréciation du taux de change dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole. Pour ce qui concerne les interactions hors prix du pétrole, celles-ci sont limitées. Nous montrons ensuite que les fondamentaux du taux de change effectif réel des pays exportateurs de pétrole reposent principalement sur les termes de l’échange, la productivité relative et les dépenses publiques. L’examen des mésalignements de change montre l’existence d’une forte hétérogénéité entre les pays étudiés. Nous montrons que le régime de change fixe est plus approprié pour diminuer l’ampleur des mésalignements dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole. / The aim of the thesis is to study the link between oil prices and macroeconomic performances in oil exporting countries. Adopting an applied econometrics approach, we use recent techniques of panel data econometrics. For this, three themes are envisaged. We identify first the main determinants of economic growth of these countries. Considering the dynamic nature of growth, our results highlight the key role of the oil rent in explaining economic growth in these countries. The study of macroeconomic interactions highlights that, in the short term, a positive oil price shock improves the current account and boosts economic growth but also leads to an appreciation of the exchange rate in oil exporting countries. Regarding the interaction between macroeconomic variables excluding oil prices, we find that they are relatively weak. We then show that the fundamentals of the real effective exchange rates in oil exporting countries are mainly the terms of trade, the relative productivity and government expenditures. The study of exchange rate misalignments shows the existence of a strong heterogeneity among the countries studied. However, our investigations highlight the key role of exchange rate regimes in explaining the magnitude of these exchange rates misalignments. In particular, we show that the fixed exchange rate regime is more appropriate to reduce the magnitude of the exchange rate misalignments in oil-exporting countries.

L'arithmétique par intervalles permet de calculer et simultanément vérifier des résultats. Cependant, une application naïve de cette arithmétique conduit à un encadrement grossier des résultats. De plus, de tels calculs peuvent être lents.Nous proposons des algorithmes précis et des implémentations efficaces, utilisant l'arithmétique par intervalles, dans le domaine de l'algèbre linéaire. Deux problèmes sont abordés : la multiplication de matrices à coefficients intervalles et la résolution vérifiée de systèmes linéaires. Pour le premier problème, nous proposons deux algorithmes qui offrent de bons compromis entre vitesse et précision. Pour le second problème, nos principales contributions sont d'une part une technique de relaxation, qui réduit substantiellement le temps d'exécution de l'algorithme, et d'autre part l'utilisation d'une précision étendue en quelques portions bien choisies de l'algorithme, afin d'obtenir rapidement une grande précision. / Interval arithmetic is a means to compute verified results. However, a naive use of interval arithmetic does not provide accurate enclosures of the exact results. Moreover, interval arithmetic computations can be time-consuming. We propose several accurate algorithms and efficient implementations in verified linear algebra using interval arithmetic. Two fundamental problems are addressed, namely the multiplication of interval matrices and the verification of a floating-point solution of a linear system. For the first problem, we propose two algorithms which offer new tradeoffs between speed and accuracy. For the second problem, which is the verification of the solution of a linear system, our main contributions are twofold. First, we introduce a relaxation technique, which reduces drastically the execution time of the algorithm. Second, we propose to use extended precision for few, well-chosen parts of the computations, to gain accuracy without losing much in term of execution time.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho investiga como se estabelecem as nomeaÃÃes entre torcidas e torcedores e que implicaÃÃes podem ser percebidas nas performances deles no contexto do futebol espetacularizado. Aqui, à entendido que hà um jogo ocorrendo nas arquibancadas de futebol, no qual as performances de torcedores e torcidas sÃo comunicadas ao pÃblico presente, mas tambÃm transmitidas a um nÃmero indefinido de pessoas que assistem, por exemplo, pela televisÃo. Esse jogo à um fenÃmeno cultural (se mantÃm mesmo apÃs finalizado) e atua paralelo ao que à disputado em campo (a partida de futebol em si), contendo elementos agonÃsticos semelhantes. As disputas circulam geralmente em torno das diversas maneiras de estar no jogo. Essas diferenÃas se expressam nas formas como torcem, cantam, vibram, o que usam no estÃdio, os lugares que escolhem para assistir Ãs partidas de futebol, dentre outros modos. Essa pesquisa tem carÃter antropolÃgico, utilizando-se principalmente de observaÃÃo participante e entrevistas em profundidade com membros de uma torcida do Cearà Sporting Club chamada Setor Alvinegro. Essa torcida se nomeia como âtorcida de alentoâ, uma barra brava ressignificada a partir da conduÃÃo de um outro habitus torcedor, em oposiÃÃo a um modelo entendido por eles como âtradicionalâ. A abordagem do jogo ocorre nas interaÃÃes face a face, geralmente nos estÃdios, com base numa perspectiva fenomenolÃgica, a partir de Schutz, e com o interacionismo, a partir das influÃncias de Simmel e Goffman. Nesse jogo, as vÃrias torcidas (aqui entendidas como equipes) estabelecem condutas (âideologiasâ) a serem performadas durante as interaÃÃes, o que cria condiÃÃes de disputas por reconhecimento, espaÃos e poder. No Ãnterim dessas disputas e tentativas de nomeaÃÃes, hà uma moral torcedora latente, como fio condutor que permite tambÃm o acontecimento de uma competiÃÃo em torno da universalizaÃÃo de um modo de participar do jogo, como se houvesse uma âverdadeiraâ maneira de demonstrar sua paixÃo clubÃstica. / This work investigates how to set appointments among supporters and fans and what implications can be seen in their performances in the context of spectacularized soccer. Here, it is understood that there is a game going on in the soccer bleachers, where the performances of fans and supporters are communicated to the audience, but also transmitted to an indefinite number of people watching, for example, on television. This game is a cultural phenomenon (is maintained even after processing) and acts parallel to what is played on the field (the soccer match itself), containing similar agonistic elements. Disputes usually circulate around the various ways of being in the game. These differences are expressed in the ways cheer, sing, vibrate, which use the stadium, the places they choose to attend soccer matches, among other ways. This research is anthropological, mainly using up of participant observation and interviews with members of a crowd of âCeara Sporting Clubâ called âSetor Alvinegroâ. This crowd is named as "torcida de alento" a new meaning from the conduction another habitus to fans, as opposed to a model understood by them as traditional supporters. The approach of the game occurs in face to face interactions, usually in stages, based on a phenomenological perspective, from Schutz, and interactionism, from the influences of Simmel and Goffman. In this game, the various supporters (here understood as teams) lay pipelines (ideologies) to be performing during interactions, which creates conditions for disputes by recognition, space and power. In the meantime these disputes and attempts to appointments, there is a latent moral supporter, as thread that also allows the event of a competition around the universalization of a way of playing the game, as if there were a "real" way to demonstrate your passion for a soccer team.

Les filtres plantés de roseaux à écoulement vertical (FPR-V) pour le traitement des eaux usées domestiques sont relativement bien développés en France et permettent de réaliser un traitement poussé de la matière carbonée et la nitrification. La robustesse de cette filière réside également dans sa capacité à accepter des surcharges hydrauliques en temps de pluie. Cependant ces limites d’acceptation hydraulique ne sont pas bien définies et demandent à être optimisées. La conception des FPR-V pour accepter des surcharges hydrauliques est un travail complexe car le contexte local affecte fortement les débits d’eau entrants dans la station lors d’un événement pluvieux. Dans de tels cas, la conception de filtres demande l’utilisation de modèles dynamiques. Ces modèles s’appuient le plus souvent sur une approche mécanistique et sont à l'origine conçus et utilisés pour la recherche. Cependant, si ces modèles sont des outils puissants pour décrire en détail la dynamique du FPR-V, ils sont généralement trop complexes à manipuler pour des utilisateurs non experts. Choisir entre une description détaillée et une manipulation facile dépendra des objectifs de modélisation. Quand des objectifs de dimensionnement global sont visés par les concepteurs, l'utilisation de modèles simplifiés semble une bonne alternative. Les modèles simplifiés sont faciles à utiliser pour la conception de FPR-V mais ils sont peu nombreux. Cependant ils sont adaptés à des configurations spécifiques liées au traitement des surverses de déversoirs d’orage, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les FPR-V traitant des eaux usées domestiques. En effet, pour ce type de FPR-V les vitesses d’infiltration du système varient considérablement. En conséquence, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de développer un modèle hydraulique simplifié des FPR-V qui permettra de guider les concepteurs dans le processus d’adaptation des FPR-V pour traiter les eaux usées domestiques des périodes de temps sec et de temps de pluie. Le modèle simplifié permet de relier (i) l’hydraulique du filtre, en simulant le temps de noyage à la surface, et (ii) les performances biologiques, en établissant des «alertes de dysfonctionnement », basées sur l'évaluation des performances épuratoires et sur les variations des formes azotées à la sortie du filtre mesurées en continu. Les «alertes de dysfonctionnement» représentent la charge hydraulique maximale qu'un filtre peut accepter sans compromettre son activité biologique. Le modèle simplifié a été utilisé pour la modélisation hydraulique du FPR-V à long terme (i) pour analyser l’impact du contexte local et la conception du filtre dans l’acceptation de surcharges hydrauliques. Grâce à cet analyse, (ii) on peut proposer les dimensionnements de FPR-V qui arrivent à mieux gérer l’acceptation des surcharges hydrauliques. / French vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) directly treating raw wastewater are known to perform well on for SS, COD and nitrification. They are also known to robustly cope with hydraulic overloads during rainfall events. Although numerous systems have been installed in areas equipped with a combined sewer, the limits of stormwater acceptance remain ill-defined and need to be improved. Looking at the various VFCW designs and usages reported in the literature, it is difficult to draw any consensus on their hydraulic limits. Consequently, designing VFCW to accept hydraulic overloads is a complex task, as local context strongly impacts inlet flows produced during rainfall events. Dynamic models appear a requisite for filter design in such cases. Numerical CW models have essentially focused on horizontal flow, with few attempting to study VFCW dynamics which are more commonly tackled via mechanistic models. Although mechanistic models are powerful tools for describing processes within the VFCW, they are generally too complicated to be readily used by designers. The choice between detailed description and easy handling will depend on the modelling aims. If the aim is a global design tool, simplified models offer a good alternative. However, the simplified models geared to studying VFCW dynamics are extremely reduced. They are easy-handling for design and well-adapted to specific purposes (combined sewer overflow -CSO- treatment) but not necessarily to VFCW treating combined sewer wastewater, where long-term infiltration rates vary significantly. Consequently, this PhD thesis work focused on developing a simplified hydraulic model of VFCW to guide designers through the process of adapting VFCW systems to treat domestic wastewater in both dry and rain events. The simplified model makes it possible to link (i) hydraulics, by simulation of ponding time variations, (ii) biological performances, by establishing “dysfunction alerts” based on treatment performance assessment and variations in online N forms effluent from the young VFCW. These “dysfunction alerts” plot the maximal hydraulic load that a filter can accept without compromising its biological activity. The simplified model was used to model long-term hydraulics in the VFCW (i) to analyze the impact of local context and filter design on hydraulic overload acceptance (using “dysfunction alerts” and bypass discharges) and (ii) to propose VFCW designs for accepting hydraulic overload in different contexts. The modelling demonstrates that VFCW can limit days with bypass discharges to less than 20 times per year without jeopardizing filter performances. Moreover, the most problematic scenario on stormwater treatment remains a watershed with high imperviousness coefficient and low slope under a Bretagne-type climate, demonstrating that the filter is more sensitive to periodicity and duration than to intensity of rainfall events.

Le système cardio-respiratoire joue un rôle prépondérant au sein d’un organisme, en permettant notamment l’apport et la distribution du dioxygène et des nutriments à l’ensemble des cellules. Mieux comprendre les modifications du système cardio-respiratoire au cours de la vie est donc un élément central dans l’évaluation de la capacité de l’organisme à répondre à ses différents besoins énergétiques, ainsi que dans la compréhension du phénomène de mortalité naturelle liée à la sénescence. Cette étude a été réalisée sur un vertébré à durée de vie extrêmement courte (~6 mois), le poisson Nothobranchius furzeri. La température, en plus d’être considérée comme l’un des principaux facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d’influencer la physiologie des téléostéens, est connue pour son effet régulateur sur la longévité. Ainsi, les individus étaient acclimatés à deux températures, 26 °C considérée comme la température optimale chez cette espèce, et une température réduite de 22 °C. Au niveau individuel, les réponses biologiques ont été explorées au travers des performances physiologiques comme mesure indirecte de la fitness : la capacité métabolique aérobie (AS), la croissance, les performances de reproduction, de locomotion et de digestion. A l’échelle sub-individuelle, les mécanismes de régulation de la fonction cardiaque ont été examinés via une étude morpho-fonctionnelle des cardiomyocytes. Les résultats mettent en évidence la présence au cours de la vie de deux phases bien distinctes délimitées par un âge optimal : (1) une première phase d’élévation de l’AS des stades juvénile à adulte ; suivie (2) d’une seconde phase, synonyme de déclin de l’AS, des indicateurs cardiaques et des niveaux d’activités ciblés, associés probablement à l’entrée en sénescence. Une réduction de température accroit la longévité, et retarde les effets néfastes du vieillissement sur l’AS, et les performances cardiaques. Cette étude contribuera à établir une vision globale des effets du vieillissement sur la fonction cardio-respiratoire et à mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors d’un allongement de la longévité par une réduction de la température. / Cardio-respiratory system plays a key role in an organism by delivering oxygen and nutrients towards the cells. Exploring its age-dependant changes is therefore a corner stone for assessing the organism capacity to meet its energetic needs along its life cycle, and for the understanding of mechanisms involved in the mortality due to aging process. This study was realized in a vertebrate with an extremely short lifespan (~6 months), the fish Nothobranchius furzeri. Temperature is an external factor that regulates longevity. Here, fish were acclimatized at two temperatures, 26 °C considered as the optimal temperature for this species, and 22 °C. Biological responses of fish were evaluated at individual level through the assessment of aerobic metabolic scope (AS), growth, reproduction, locomotion and digestion, which are considered to be relevant indirect measurement of fitness. Furthermore, mechanisms involved in the cardiac function regulation were explored through a morpho-functional study of cardiomyocytes. Along the individual life cycle, two phases were emphasized: 1) the first corresponds to AS elevation from the juvenile to the adult stages, following by 2) a second phase reflecting the entrance in the senescent stage, characterized by the decline in AS, cardiac performances and in activity level. A temperature reduction increases the individual longevity and slows-down deleterious effect of aging on both AS and cardiac function. This study will contribute to provide a global vision of senescent effects on cardio-respiratory system, and a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in temperature-dependent increase in longevity.

Le travail de thèse présenté ici apporte des éléments de compréhension sur l'influence de la gestion de l'eau et de la gestion thermique d'une PEMFC sur ses performances électriques. Un modèle bidimensionnel représentant les transferts de matière et de chaleur dans l'épaisseur d'une cellule élémentaire et le long des canaux d'alimentation est mis en place. Une partie spécifique de l'étude concerne la modélisation microscopique des agglomérats réactionnels et l'influence de l'eau présente dans ces zones actives sur les performances électriques locales et globales de la pile. Dans l'optique de réaliser un modèle pouvant s'intégrer à un système de contrôle, les transports couplés de l'eau liquide et vapeur, de la chaleur et des charges sont résolus analytiquement. Quelles que soient les conditions de fonctionnement, le modèle permet de calculer quel est l'état interne de la pile en terme d'hydratation, de production de courant et de chaleur. Le diagnostic de l'état interne de la pile en fonction des conditions opératoires permet de connaître précisément comment adapter les paramètres d'alimentation de la pile pour obtenir des performances électriques optimales. Les distributions locales d'eau, de courant et de température sont présentées en fonction de la stratégie d'alimentation en gaz de la pile et de l'orientation du circuit de régulation thermique. Une partie consacrée au diagnostic de fonctionnement d'une pile illustre en quoi l'utilisation du modèle et la connaissance de l'état interne de la pile apporte des informations primordiales lors de l'utilisation d'une pile à combustible / The present work contributes to the understanding of water management and thermal management of a PEM fuel cell influences on the electrical performances. A bidimensional model representing mass and heat transfer in the cell thickness and along distribution channels is done. A specific part of the study concerns a microscopic representation of reactive agglomerates. This part presents the impact of the liquid water presence on local and global current densities. In te vein of integrating this model in a total fuel cell control system, simplifications have been done and coupled mass, heat and charge transfers are solved analytically. For any operating condition, the model gives a complete view of the hydric, thermal and electric inner situation of the cell. This diagnosis of the inner state of the cell leads to find the operating conditions giving to the optimal electric performances. Water, current and temperature distributions are presenting for different gas feeding strategies and different thermal management configurations. A specific part is dedicated to illustrate how this local diagnosis of the cell state can be used to estimate its global electric performances

Les individus diffèrent les uns des autres dans leur manière générale de se comporter au fil du temps et entre les contextes, ainsi que dans leur habileté à ajuster leurs comportements lorsqu’un changement environnemental survient. Encore aujourd’hui, les causes proximales et ultimes de ces différences ne sont pas bien comprises. Certains défendent que différents compromis de risque liant les types comportementaux rapide/proactif-lent/réactif aux styles cognitifs rapide/inflexible-exact/flexible pourraient en partie expliquer le maintien de ces différences. Toutefois, il semble y avoir des écarts dans la littérature quant à l’existence et la nature d’un tel compromis vitesse-exactitude. Une explication serait que ce genre de relations entre la personnalité et la cognition peuvent être modérées par différents facteurs. Ici, nous explorons la possibilité que l’impulsivité d’action, l’impulsivité de choix et l’incertitude attendue interagissent sur les performances d’apprentissage et de renversement de l’apprentissage chez l’humain. Pour évaluer leur impulsivité, les participants devaient remplir le questionnaire d’impulsivité de Barratt et effectuer une tâche de signal de stop ainsi qu’une tâche de dévaluation temporelle expérientielle. Puis, leurs performances d’apprentissage et de renversement de l’apprentissage ont été mesurées avec une nouvelle tâche de renversement de l’apprentissage, sous différents niveaux d’incertitude attendue. Les résultats démontrent que les patrons de performances d’apprentissage et de renversement de l’apprentissage associés à l’impulsivité d’action dépendent de l’incertitude attendue et de l’impulsivité de choix. Ils appuient également l’idée que l’impulsivité ne serait pas inadaptée per se, ce qui pourrait en partie expliquer le maintien des différences interindividuelles d’impulsivité et de flexibilité. / Individuals differ in how they each generally behave across time and contexts, as well as in their ability to acquire new information, and flexibly adjust their behavioral responses when a change in contingencies occurs. Still today, the proximal and ultimate causes of these differences are not well understood. In recent years, some advocate that divergent risk-reward trade-offs linking fast/proactive-slow/reactive behavioral types to fast/inflexible-accurate/flexible cognitive styles could partly explain the maintenance of these differences. However, it seems that there is a discrepancy in the literature about the existence and nature of such a speed-accuracy trade-off. One explanation could be that the link between personality and cognition is moderated by different factors. Thus, we propose here an exploratory study on how impulsive actions, impulsive choices, and expected uncertainty may interact altogether on learning and reversal learning performances in humans. To assess their impulsivity, participants had to fill out the Barratt impulsiveness scale questionnaire and to complete both a stop signal task and an experiential discounting task. Then, their learning and reversal learning performances were measured in a new reversal learning task, under different levels of reinforcer uncertainty. Results show that learning and reversal learning performances patterns linked to action impulsivity depend on expected uncertainty and choice impulsivity. In addition, they also support the idea that these dimensions of impulsivity are not maladaptive per se, which may provide another line of explanation for the maintenance of variation in impulsivities and flexibility.