Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-08-29T15:51:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_pós_defesa.pdf: 13484145 bytes, checksum: d45c9d8ffd66532d7cea17f178e2fe9c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-29T15:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_pós_defesa.pdf: 13484145 bytes, checksum: d45c9d8ffd66532d7cea17f178e2fe9c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to develop and calibrate a distributed hydrological model used for a one-dimensional drainage of a peri-urban catchment using the optimization multi-objective method Non -dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA - II) for model calibration. Computational algorithms developed in MATLAB environment were adopted to make this study possible. This model allows a precipitation event to set the surface runoff hydrograph at any position of the watershed (planes or channels) regarding infiltration effect and soil physical characteristics. Objective functions were defined and used simultaneously to calibrate the model. From sensitivity analysis performed, it was found that the model is more affected by the parameters related to permeable areas. The model fit was very good, illustrating the applicability of multi-objective calibration in exploring ideal area and to obtain ideal solutions. Validation proved the efficiency of the model used for other different rainfall events in Samambaia stream basin, generating outputs with good accuracy and optimal theoretical value results for Nash & Sutcliffe coefficients of efficiency near the area region. / O presente trabalho propôs desenvolver e calibrar um modelo hidrológico distribuído unidimensional aplicado a drenagem de uma bacia hidrográfica peri-urbana utilizando o método de otimização multi-objetivo Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) para a calibração do modelo. Para tornar possível a realização deste trabalho foram adotadas rotinas computacionais desenvolvidas em ambiente MATLAB. O modelo desenvolvido permite, para um evento de precipitação, determinar o hidrograma de escoamento superficial em qualquer posição da bacia hidrográfica (planos ou canais) considerando o efeito da infiltração e das características físicas do solo. Foram definidas funções objetivo e aplicadas simultaneamente na calibração do modelo. Da análise de sensibilidade realizada, verificou-se que o modelo é mais impactado pelos parâmetros relativos às áreas permeáveis. O ajuste do modelo foi muito bom, ilustrando a aplicabilidade da calibração multi-objetivo em explorar a região ideal e obter soluções ideais. A validação comprovou a eficiência do modelo, aplicada a outros eventos chuvosos diferentes ocorridos na bacia do córrego Samamabaia, gerando saídas com acurácia satisfatória e resultados para os coeficientes de eficiência Nash & Sutcliffe próximos à região do valor ótimo teórico.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på hur dagens planeringspraktik klarar hanteringen av den komplexitet som planering utanför staden kan medföra. Med områden utanför staden koncentreras studien till den peri-urbana zonen, en zon av både rural och urban karaktär i anslutning till tätorter och som ofta pekas ut för exploatering och andra stadsmässiga funktioner när städer växer. Det blir uppenbart i studien att sådana zoner är svårdefinierade och därmed omöjliga att avgränsa och urskilja i kartor. Många forskare menar att zonerna kan studeras genom dess multifunktionalitet och genom att de ses som en process eftersom den peri-urbana zonen förändras i betydligt större skala än den mer konstanta staden och landsbygden. Men studiens syfte är inte att definiera och avgränsa det peri-urbana landskapet. Studien ämnar istället att sätta denna zon i en kontext av styrning, det vill säga hur den kommunala planeringen klarar av att styra sådana multifunktionella och föränderliga områden i takt med att kommuner utvecklas. Det har framgått i tidigare forskning att det saknas styrning av det peri-urbana landskapet och denna studie är ett sätt att undersöka sådana påståenden ur ett svenskt planeringsperspektiv.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-13T18:01:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaudiaCarvalhoDeMiranda_DISSERT.pdf: 2248623 bytes, checksum: d2af5e20a3afbada6f3edf3541315017 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-13T18:09:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaudiaCarvalhoDeMiranda_DISSERT.pdf: 2248623 bytes, checksum: d2af5e20a3afbada6f3edf3541315017 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T18:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaudiaCarvalhoDeMiranda_DISSERT.pdf: 2248623 bytes, checksum: d2af5e20a3afbada6f3edf3541315017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / O Portal de Peri?dicos da Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) tem como miss?o prover a Informa??o em Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (ICT) para usu?rios do meio acad?mico e ? considerado um instrumento relevante para a pol?tica de dinamiza??o da p?s-gradua??o para o desenvolvimento da Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (C&T) do pa?s. Apesar da sua import?ncia, existem poucos estudos focados na an?lise da efic?cia dessa pol?tica. Esta pesquisa visa preencher essa lacuna, pois busca analisar o uso do Portal de Peri?dicos da CAPES na realiza??o de pesquisas por mestres e doutores formados pelo Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Administra??o (PPGA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). A operacionaliza??o deste objetivo se deu atrav?s dos seguintes objetivos espec?ficos: a) caracterizar o perfil dos egressos do PPGA da UFRN quanto a motiva??o para o uso do Portal de Peri?dicos da CAPES; b) identificar os aspectos positivos e as dificuldades percebidas pelos egressos no processo de busca da informa??o no Portal de Peri?dicos da CAPES; c) identificar o grau de satisfa??o dos egressos no processo de busca da informa??o no Portal de Peri?dicos da CAPES; d) verificar o uso das informa??es obtidas pelos egressos ao acessarem o Portal para desenvolvimento de suas atividades acad?micas. A pesquisa ? do tipo descritiva, empregando uma estrat?gia metodol?gica mista, com predom?nio da abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi feita atrav?s de um question?rio online (websurvey). Para a an?lise quantitativa dos dados, foi empregado o m?todo estat?stico. Para a an?lise qualitativa, foi adotado o modelo te?rico-metodol?gico Sense Making de Brenda Dervin e a an?lise de conte?do das quest?es abertas. A amostra investigada foi composta por 90 egressos do PPGA da UFRN que defenderam suas disserta??es/teses no per?odo entre 2010-2013, representando 88% dessa popula??o. Quanto ao perfil dos egressos, a an?lise evidenciou que inexiste diferen?a quantitativa significativa no tocante ao sexo. Por?m, percebeu-se a predomin?ncia dos egressos do sexo masculino com idades entre 26 e 30 anos, enquanto que no sexo feminino, a maioria concentrou-se entre 31 e 35 anos. A maioria dos egressos tem forma??o em n?vel de mestrado e em sua maioria obtiveram bolsas para cursar sua p?s-gradua??o. Atestou-se tamb?m que a imensa maioria dos respondentes disseram ter utilizado o Portal durante sua p?s-gradua??o, sendo que os principais motivos apontados para seu n?o uso foram: a prefer?ncia por acessar outras bases e a falta de conhecimento do Portal. Observou-se que o material informacional mais utilizado no Portal foram as disserta??es/teses. Os dados tamb?m indicaram que a maior dificuldade para suprir as necessidades de informa??o, atrav?s do uso do Portal, foi o acesso ao texto completo. Destaca-se, tamb?m, que todos os que disseram ter utilizado o Portal, tamb?m afirmaram ter buscado outras fontes eletr?nicas para suprirem suas necessidades de informa??o. No que se refere ao uso das fontes de informa??o pesquisadas fora do Portal, foram identificadas fontes tais como: monografias, disserta??es, teses. Tamb?m ficou em evid?ncia que a fonte de informa??o eletr?nica mais utilizada foi a Scielo. Os resultados revelaram, portanto, que, em rela??o ao acesso e uso do Portal de Peri?dicos da CAPES, o Portal tem sido utilizado de forma regular durante a p?s-gradua??o, mas os egressos tamb?m acessam outras fontes de informa??o eletr?nicas para suprirem suas necessidades de informa??o. O estudo tamb?m comprovou a importante miss?o desempenhada pelo Portal para produ??o da comunica??o cient?fica brasileira, embora os usu?rios tenham reportado a necessidade de melhora de alguns aspectos, para que seu uso seja mais intenso, tais como: realiza??o de treinamentos peri?dicos para divulgar, incentivar e ensinar a utilizar o Portal de modo mais eficaz; investimento na amplia??o do acervo destinado ? ?rea de Ci?ncias Sociais Aplicadas e implementa??o de processos cont?nuos de avalia??o da satisfa??o dos usu?rios em rela??o aos servi?os prestados. / The Brazilian CAPES Journal Portal aims to provide Information in Science and Technology (IST) for academic users. Thus, it is considered a relevant instrument for post-graduation dynamics and the country?s Science and Technology (S&T) development. Despite its importance, there are still few studies that focus on the policy analysis and efficiency of these resources. This research aims to fill in this gap once it proposes an analysis of the use of the CAPES Journal Portal done on behalf of the master?s and doctoral alumni of the Post Graduate Program in Management (PPGA) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). The operationalization of the research?s main objective was possible through the specific objectives: characterize graduate profile as CAPES Journal Portal users b) identify motivation for the use of CAPES Journal Portal c) detect graduate satisfaction degree in information seeking done at CAPES Journal Portal d) verify graduate satisfaction regarding the use of the CAPES Journal Portal e) verify the use of the information that is obtained by graduates in the development of their academic activities. The research is of descriptive nature employing a mixed methodological strategy in which quantitative approach predominates. Data collection was done through a web survey questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was made possible through the use of a statistical method. As for qualitative analysis, there was use of the Brenda Dervin?s sense-making approach as well as content analysis in open ended questions. The research samples were composed by 90 graduate students who had defended their dissertation/thesis in the PPGA program at UFRN in the time span of 2010-2013. This represented by 88% of this population. As for user profile, the analysis has made evident that there are no quantitative differences related to gender. There is predominance of male graduates that were aged 26 to 30 years old. As for female graduates, the great majority were 31 o 35 years old. Most graduates had Master?s degree scholarship in order to support their study. It was also seen that the great majority claim to use the Portal during their post graduation studies. The main reasons responsible for non use was: preference for the use of other data bases and lack of knowledge regarding the Portal. It was observed that the most used information resources were theses and dissertations. Data also indicate preference for complete text. Those who have used the Portal also claimed to have used other electronic information fonts in order to fulfill their information needs. The information fonts that were researched outside in the Portal were monographs, dissertations and thesis. Scielo was the most used information font. Results reveal that access and use of the Portal has been done in a regular manner during post graduation studies. But on the other hand, graduates also make use of other electronic information fonts in order to meet their information needs. The study also confirmed the important mission performed by the Portal regarding Brazilian scientific communication production. This was seen even though users have reported the need for improvement in some aspects such as: periodic training in order to promote, encourage and teach more effective use of the portal; investment aiming the expansion of Social Sciences Collection in the Portal as well as the need to implement continuous evaluation process related to user satisfaction in regarding the services provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloDSJ.pdf: 1532738 bytes, checksum: 94763a76a879a203043b73e771013af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / We study the optical-phonon spectra in periodic and quasiperiodic (Fibonacci type) superlattices made up from III-V nitride materials (GaN and AlN) intercalated by a dielectric material (silica - SiO2). Due to the misalignments between the silica and the GaN, AlN layers that can lead to threading dislocation of densities as high as 1010 cm−1, and a significant lattice mismatch (_ 14%), the phonon dynamics is described by a coupled elastic and electromagnetic equations beyond the continuum dielectric model, stressing the importance of the piezoelectric polarization field in a strained condition. We use a transfer-matrix treatment to simplify the algebra, which would be otherwise quite complicated, allowing a neat analytical expressions for the phonon dispersion relation. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the localization and magnitude of the allowed band widths in the optical phonon s spectra, as well as their scale law are presented and discussed / Neste trabalho estudamos o espectro de f?nons ?pticos em estruturas peri?dicas e quasiperi?dicas (tipo Fibonacci) compostas pelos nitretos da fam?lia dos semicondutores III-V (GaN and AlN) intercalados por um material diel?trico (s?lica-SiO2). Devido ao desalinhamento entre as camadas da s?lica e do GaN, AlN, que pode levar a deslocamentos at?micos com densidade eletr?nica t?o alta quanto 1010 cm−1, e uma diferen?a de par?metro de rede (_ 14%), a din?mica dos f?nons ser? descrita por meio de um modelo te?rico em que as equa??es eletromagn?ticas e el?sticas est?o acopladas atrav?s do tensor piezoel?trico, ressaltando o campo de polariza??o piezoel?trica presente. Usamos tamb?m um tratamento de matriz transfer?ncia para simplificar a ?lgebra do problema, que seria, caso contr?rio, bastante complicada, permitindo uma express?o anal?tica elegante para a curva de dispers?o dos f?nons. Al?m disso, uma an?lise quantitativa da localiza??o e magnitude das larguras de bandas de energia permitida no espectro dos f?nos ?pticos, assim como a sua lei de escala s?o apresentados e discutidos

Submitted by Josiane ribeiro (josiane.caic@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T18:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_versao_final_maria_de_fatima_com_alteracoes_propostas_pela_banca.pdf: 2809962 bytes, checksum: 62236ef1d0de4d1761e5bbf72bcab1bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_versao_final_maria_de_fatima_com_alteracoes_propostas_pela_banca.pdf: 2809962 bytes, checksum: 62236ef1d0de4d1761e5bbf72bcab1bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A Educação Ambiental, em sua vertente transformadora, tem papel importante para a concretização de processos formativos e práticas relacionadas à constituição da agricultura de base agroecológica e a busca por Justiça Ambiental e Soberania Alimentar. Nesse sentido, a presente tese é resultado de um estudo efetivado junto/com os agricultores envolvidos no Projeto de Agricultura Urbana e Peri-Urbana realizado pelo Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (NUDESE/FURG) no biênio 2008/2009 e que apresentava como proposta a transição agroecológica. As políticas públicas relacionadas à questão da fome e produção de alimentos no Brasil defendem a Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana como uma prática que pode garantir a Segurança Alimentar das populações, mas essa é uma questão que carece ser problematizada e se configura no cerne do problema de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido. Então, partindo das leituras e pesquisas empíricas realizadas essa assertiva é confrontada tomando por base os fundamentos e princípios da Educação Ambiental Transformadora. A tese afirmada é a de que para além dos limites impostos pelo Capitalismo, o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura de base agroecológica – que traz em seu bojo a diversificação da produção e a criação de espaços de formação junto aos agricultores – contribui para a garantia de avanços na busca pela Soberania Alimentar. Além disso, possibilita espaços formativos importantes para a necessária aproximação entre a teoria e as práticas/ações desenvolvidas no campo da Educação Ambiental e da Agroecologia. Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar as mudanças/permanências na forma de organização da produção agrícola de base agroecológica realizadas pelas famílias; apontar os aspectos limitantes e as potencialidades do Projeto e analisar os desafios das ações da Educação Ambiental em sua vertente transformadora frente tal contexto, no que se refere às mudanças nas/das condições materiais e subjetivas que constituem a agricultura de base familiar. A metodologia desenvolvida na pesquisa partiu da revisão bibliográfica, envolvendo a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas. No que tange à discussão/reflexão dos dados/fontes utilizou-se da Análise Textual Discursiva. A partir do estudo realizado, cabe afirmar, corroborando para a ratificação da tese, que as ações desenvolvidas pelo NUDESE, seja no que se refere ao processo formativo ou voltadas à transição agroecológica, foram fundamentais na constituição de espaços de esperança/possibilidades de mudança das condições de injustiça socioambientais hodiernas. De toda sorte, há aspectos que limitaram a proposta em questão e que corroboram para a reafirmação da necessidade de superação do Capitalismo. Esse é o caso da não continuidade de financiamento do Projeto por parte do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS); a falta de dialogo e articulação mais intensa com o Poder Público Municipal em ambas as cidades estudadas; os problemas estruturais que estão presentes nas feiras livres; a ausência de discussões fundamentais ao longo do processo formativo desenvolvido pelo NUDESE, como é o caso da crítica a forma de organização da produção atual, e seus limites, a relação estabelecida entre os homens entre si e desses com a natureza da qual fazem parte e o protagonismo que os agricultores devem ter com relação às mudanças em sua forma de produzir e viver em um processo como esse. / This dissertation was based on a study carried out with farmers involved in the Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture Project which was developed by the Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (NUDESE/FURG), located in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, in 2008 and 2009. Results show that, beyond the limits imposed by capitalism, the development of Agroecologybased agriculture – which means the diversification of production and the elaboration of educational programs for farmers – has contributed to ensure advances in the search for Food Sovereignty. Furthermore, it has become an important space to discuss and work in Transformative Environmental Education in order to intertwine its theory and its effective practice/action along with the farmers. This study aimed at verifying whether the development of the proposal contributed to ensure the families’ Food Sovereignty and at identifying the limits and possibilities of this action regarding changes it generated and reflections/actions that helped to overcome Environmental Injustice which has been experienced as a whole nowadays. Besides, this research has three specific objectives, namely: to identify changes, if any, in the organization of the families’ Agroecology-based agricultural production; to show the limits and the potentiality the Project has; and to analyze the challenges of actions in Environmental Education in its transformative trend in this context, regarding changes in the material and subjective conditions that constitute family farming. The methodology comprised a literature review, participant observation and interviews with the farmers. Discursive Textual Analysis was used to discuss and reflect upon the data and sources. Actions developed by NUDESE, in terms of the educational process and practices that aim at agroecological transition, were fundamental to create spaces where hope and changes may happen, as opposed to the form of economic organization that prevails these days by defending the interests of agribusiness, rather than little units of family farming. However, there were aspects that limited the actions under investigation and that corroborated the need to cope with capitalism. One of them was the reason why the Project was not funded by the Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) anymore. In addition, this study pointed out the lack of dialogue and close interaction with the City Government in both cities under study, structural problems faced in street fairs and the lack of discussion throughout the educational program developed by NUDESE concerning the criticism aimed at the organization of the current production, the limits of capitalism, the relations that humans have established among themselves and with nature they live in and, finally, the farmers’ participation in changes related to how they can produce and life in a process like this one.

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.2 aims at providing access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and to end open defecation by 2030. Yet, 47 % of the population in Bolivia lacked access to basic sanitation services in 2012. There is a risk of actors focusing on only the construction of toilet facilities, without looking at the need for related service required for a sustainable development. El Alto is a rapidly growing city in Bolivia where the sanitation service is expanding fast. In order to enhance knowledge about the sustainability of existing sanitation systems in El Alto and to give recommendations for future development, this sustainability assessment was conducted. Two sanitation systems in El Alto were assessed against five sustainability criteria, related to: 1) health, 2) environment, 3) technical function, 4) socio-culture (institutional and user related) and 5) economy. The conventional sanitation system with sewers and an alternative small-scale sanitation system with urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) were selected as system options.  Results show that the "conventional system" entails higher health risks than the "UDDT system". For example, blockages in the main sewer lines cause overflows in the streets during rainy season when storm water gets mixed with potentially infectious wastewater. The UDDT system has a higher performance than the conventional system regarding the environment criterion, which is related to nutrients recovery and removal. Results related to the technical function criterion show that the conventional system has a better capacity to endure a change in quality or quantity of input products to the system. Both systems can handle the freezing temperatures in El Alto but the UDDT system has better resilience against climate change impacts such as flooding or drought events. The levels of complexity are reasonable in a local context for both systems. If assuming that the aspiration for flush toilets is as low in entire El Alto as in the area of investigation, results show that users of the UDDT system are more satisfied than uses of the conventional system. The dissatisfaction expressed by users of the conventional system mainly derives from malodors appearing during the wastewater overflows in the streets. The institutional capacity is stronger for the conventional system, making it harder for the UDDT system to expand. In addition, the UDDT system has difficulties with financing. Recommendations for future development are to inspect and renew the sewer network and to review and expand treatment capacity of the centralized treatment plant. Financial resources should be focused on the UDDT system where there is no sewer network. / Det globala hållbarhetsdelmålet 6.2 syftar till att senast 2030 säkerställa att alla har tillgång till fullgod och rättvis sanitet och hygien och att ingen behöver uträtta sina behov utomhus. År 2012 hade fortfarande 47% av Bolivias befolkning inte tillgång till acceptabel sanitet. Det finns en risk för att aktörer fokuserar på enbart snabb utbyggnation av toaletter, utan att ta hänsyn till behovet av relaterad service som krävs för en hållbar utveckling. För att sanitetssystem ska räknas som hållbara krävs, förutom att de skyddar hälsan, även att de är ekonomiskt genomförbara, socialt accepterade, tekniskt och institutionellt anpassade och att de skyddar miljön och hushåller med naturresurser. Med syftet att öka kunskapen kring hållbarheten av de existerande sanitetssystemen i El Alto, en snabbt växande stad i Bolivia, och för att ge rekommendationer till framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen, genomfördes en hållbarhetsanalys av två existerande sanitetssystem i området. Det ena var det konventionella systemet tillhörande avloppsledningar och det andra var ett alternativt småskaligt system tillhörande urinsorterande torrtoaletter (UDDT).  Resultaten visar på att det ”konventionella systemet” innebär högre hälsorisker än ”UDDT systemet” för arbetarna och för boende som vistas i områdena där systemen finns. Det dåligt underhållna avloppssystemet var den avgörande faktorn, eftersom under regnperioder orsakas översvämningar av avloppsvatten på gatorna. Det konventionella systemet orsakar ungefär sex gånger så höga utsläpp av övergödande ämnen som UDDT systemet. UDDT systemet har potential att återvinna ungefär 64 % av inkommande kväve medan den motsvarande siffran för det konventionella systemet är endast 9%. Det konventionella systemet klarar bättre av förändringar i kvalitet och kvantitet av inflöden än UDDT systemet men båda systemen klarar av perioder då minusgrader inträffar. UDDT systemet förväntas, till skillnad från det konventionella systemet, att kunna hantera eventuell torka eller översvämning bättre som kan inträffa till följd av klimatförändringar. Till stor del på grund av de årligt förekommande översvämningarna av avloppsvatten på gatorna verkar användarna av det konventionella systemet vara mindre nöjda med sitt sanitetssystem än vad användarna av UDDT systemet verkar vara. Det gäller då att viljan att skaffa vattentoaletter är lika låg i hela El Alto som i området där intervjuer gjordes. Den institutionella kapaciteten är högre för det konventionella systemet än för UDDT systemet, vilket gör det svårare för UDDT systemet att expandera. Dessutom har UDDT systemet finansiella svårigheter.  Rekommendationer för framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen i El Alto är delvis att underhålla och förnya avloppsledningarna och att expandera kapaciteten på det konventionella vattenreningsverket innan fler hushåll ansluts till ledningsnätet. Finansiella medel rekommenderas fokuseras på UDDT systemet i områden där avloppsledningar inte täcker. / El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6 Meta 2 incluye que hasta el 2030, se logre el acceso a servicios de saneamiento e higiene adecuados y equitativos para todos y poner fin a la defecación al aire libre. Todavía, 47 % de la población en Bolivia carecía de acceso a saneamiento básico en 2012. Para alcanzar la meta sin comprometer los otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, la Alianza Sustenable de Saneamiento (SuSanA) identificó cinco criterios de sostenibilidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de saneamiento. Estos criterios son relacionados con: 1) salud e higiene, 2) medio ambiente y recursos naturales, 3) tecnología 4) asuntos financieros y económicos, y 5) aspectos socioculturales e institucionales (SuSanA, 2008). Con el objeto de mejorar el conocimiento sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de saneamiento existentes en El Alto, una ciudad en rápido crecimiento en Bolivia, y para dar recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo, se realizó una evaluación comparativa sobre la sostenibilidad de dos de los sistemas. Se evaluó el ”sistema convencional”, que tiene conexiones al alcantarillado y una planta de tratamiento centralizado. Tabmbien se evaluó el ”sistema UDDT”, que tiene baños secos ecológicos de los cuales existen en menor escala en El Alto. Los resultados muestran que existe alto riesgo para la salud derivados del alcantarillado del sistema convencional. Durante la temporada de lluvia suele ocurrir bloqueos taponamientos en la red del alcantarillado. Los bloqueos causan desbordes de aguas residuales en las calles que se mezclan con aguas pluviales. Los resultados muestran también que emisiones de eutrofización son aproximadamente seis veces más altas que el sistema convencional en comparación con el sistema UDDT. El potencial para el reciclaje de nitrógeno se puede estimar en 64%del sistema UDDT y solo 9%del sistema convencional. Los resultados sobre robustez muestran que el sistema convencional tiene una mejor capacidad para soportar un cambio en la calidad o cantidad de productos de entrada al sistema. Ambos sistemas pueden manejar las temperaturas de congelación en El Alto, pero el sistema UDDT tiene una mejor resistencia contra los impactos del cambio climático, como una inundación o una sequía. Existe insatisfacción que expresan los usuarios del sistema convencional debido a los desbordes anuales de aguas residuales en las calles. En general, los usarios del sistema UDDT estaban satisfechos. Parece que la aspiración de inodoros con descarga de agua es más baja en El Alto comparado con una ciudad más al sur de Bolivia. Por que la capacidad institucional es más fuerte para el sistema convencional comparado con el sistema UDDT, es más fácil para el sistema convencional expandirse. Además, los recursos financieros no están asegurados para el sistema UDDT. Las recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo del situación de saneamiento es inspeccionar y renovar la red de alcantarillado existente y revisar y ampliar la capacidad de tratamiento de la planta de tratamiento centralizada antes de expandir la red de alcantarillado. Los recursos financieros deben centrarse en el sistema UDDT donde ya no existe una red de alcantarillado. / This thesis has been a pre-study linked to the Stockholm Environment Institute-led Bolivia WATCH program (contributing to more integrated sanitation and watershed management planning in Bolivia), and particularly to its sub-project ‘Comparative sustainability assessment of sanitation services’, which aims at generating a fair and comprehensive comparison between different sanitation system approaches. The comparative assessment, developed in collaboration with RISE, AguaTuya and Unicef, is expected to provide insights and guide future sanitation investments in Bolivia, but also highlight where both conventional and alternative approaches have improvement potential from a sustainability perspective in the Bolivian setting.

Herein, we report on the mechanochemical Scholl reaction of dendritic oligophenylene precursors to produce benchmark nanographenes such as hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC), triangular shaped C60 and expanded C222 under solvent-free conditions. The solvent-free approach overcomes the bottleneck of solubility limitation in this well-known and powerful reaction. The mechanochemical approach allows tracking the reaction process by in situ pressure measurements. The quality of produced nanographenes has been confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. This approach paves the way towards gram scale and environmentally benign synthesis of extended nanographenes and possibly graphene nanoribbons suitable for application in carbon based electronics or energy applications.

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